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1.
T. G. Nefedova 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):256-273
The principles of systems mapping are employed in a model simulating the effects of human activity on the environment. The model takes the form of series of maps which are organized within three basic units or “blocks.” Block I contains general preliminary maps of land use and environmental change within an area which can serve as a basis for subsequent forecasting and proposals for improving land use. Block II contains maps that take stock of, evaluate, and predict human impacts on specific environmental components, and show the spatial distribution of measures proposed to ameliorate these impacts. Block III consists of maps synthesizing the component-related information of the preceding block for the purpose of providing summary assessments about the condition of the environment and land use conflicts in an area and targeting areas deserving the most comprehensive reclamation efforts. Methods of compiling the various maps are described in detail. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1986, No. 2, pp. 114–127. 相似文献
2.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):196-205
Visualization of reliability in spatial data has been the subject of considerable recent research activity. Animation has been suggested as one method to achieve this, and its application to various measures associated with class-area maps (classified satellite images and soil maps) has been discussed elsewhere. Animation is achieved by randomly selecting a location and then assigning it to a different map unit (cover or soil type) according to the information on the reliability associated with the original map or map units. In this article the same basic method is extended to mapping locational reliability in dot maps and surface error in a digital elevation model (DEM). In the former case, the dots, which are randomly located in the first place, are randomly relocated so that any meaningless positional information implicit in the location of the dots is lost while the meaningful information (the number of dots within a region) remains constant. In the DEM, animation uses a random field as an error surface, based upon the root mean squared error (RMSE). The amount of error at a location is constantly changed, giving no impression that the elevation is precisely known. The ability to vary the spatial autocorrelation within the error field provides a graphic illustration that the usual RMSE is not a sufficient method for the reporting of error in spatial databases. In both examples animation of reliability is believed to make a novel, but appropriate, use of the computer in cartography. 相似文献
3.
The authors attempt to identify and standardize the cartographic symbols (“images”) used to represent a variety of specific geomorphological features. A large number of cartographic representations of landform features found on geological-geomorphological maps are classified in terms of their basic pattern/configuration and the level of complexity within each major pattern type. It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 62-66. 相似文献
4.
B. B. Serapinas 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):247-255
The author outlines a method for quantitative analysis of the completeness of information presented on maps of varying scale, i.e., for determining, upon reductions in scale of an original map A, what magnitudes of loss in graphic detail will result in derivative maps B, C, D that are of equal relative completeness to the original. Empirical formulae are derived which describe intensities of selection typical of maps devoted to particular topics (stream networks, urban socioeconomic indices, etc.) and graphic methods are described which can be used to determine scale denominators at which specific reductions in the number of features can occur without losses in “completeness” or, conversely, the number of particular kinds of features that can be eliminated on maps (or portions of maps) upon reductions in scale without losses in completeness. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 5, pp. 17–23. 相似文献
5.
The authors describe how maps compiled according to non-spatial “metrics” or systems of scaling can be used in the support of urban planning and construction efforts. In particular, maps scaled according to travel time instead of ordinary distance reveal inadequacies not only in urban mass transit, but permit assessment of the rationality of urban land use as a whole, by demonstrating the degree of effort that urban residents must expend to perform such basic activities as shopping, the journey to work, and access to essential services. A methodology for the compilation of such maps is described. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1987, No. 1, pp. 100-105. 相似文献
6.
The World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources, scheduled for publication in the late 1980s, is an extensive cartographic summary of current knowledge about snow and ice. Roughly 750 maps organized under 17 broad themes cover topics such as glacier morphology, temperature and precipitation conditions in glacier formation, avalanches, meltwater runoff, sea ice, and past glaciation. The organization of the project is described along with the contents of major thematic sections, and examples of the use of basic initial maps to validate information used in more complex derivative maps are provided. Translated from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy, USSR Geophysical Committee Publication No. 51. Moscow: Mezhvedomstvenniy geofizicheskiy komitet, 1984, pp. 89-95. 相似文献
7.
V. V. Kozin 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):311-318
The basic methodology of structural-landscape mapping is outlined: (a) preliminary delineation, using remote sensing imagery, of macroregions where surface topography corresponds generally to underlying geologic structure; and (b) identification and mapping (at smaller scales) of landscape anomalies within these regions which indicate structural-tectonic disturbances of a particular type (oil-gas traps, for example). Various types of structural-landscape maps are then compared for the purpose of demonstrating both the multiplicity of uses for such maps and the importance of carefully selecting indices for mapping and optimal designs for specific uses, such as oil and gas exploration. Translated from: Izvestiya, Vsesoyuznoye Geograficheskoye Obshchestvo, 1984, No. 3, pp. 218-224. 相似文献
8.
V. G. Polyakov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):345-350
A series of soil and agricultural land-use monitoring activities planned and carried out under the auspices of a local branch of the recently formed State Agro-industrial Committee is outlined. A general discussion of the place of agricultural monitoring within the overall system of environmental monitoring is followed by detailed examples of the use of space photography in preparation of photomapbases of local-level land use maps and in the compilation of the thematic detail of related agricultural maps. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 1, pp. 145-149. 相似文献
9.
Lucien Wald 《国际地球制图》2013,28(3):31-36
Observations from space of the open water areas within Lake Chad are presented. They complement andsustain the earlier study of Mohler et al. (1989), which demonstrates a decrease of about 90 percent in surface between 1966 and 1986. Further, Meteosat images were processed to obtain weekly maps of albedo following the scheme of Mousssu et al. (1989). The analysis of these maps throughout the year reveals the functioning of the lake as well as the large variability of the open water areas during a year. 相似文献
10.
V. V. Vorob'yev A. V. Belov B. A. Bogoyavlenskiy V. S. Mikheyev Yu. S. Nikul'nikov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):235-245
A review of basic theoretical principles of “ecological” mapping and types of maps of the environment sets the stage for a more detailed treatment of ecological-geographic maps—maps portraying a wide range of nature-society and nature-nature relationships—as they are used in support of economic development and environmental monitoring in Siberia. Particular attention is devoted to the compilation of map series, which include ecological-geographical maps, for the Lake Baykal area, BAM service zone, West Siberia, and specific territorial production complexes (e.g., Kansk-Achinsk TPC). Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 10-18. 相似文献
11.
In this study, we develop a new method using self-organizing maps (SOMs) for the selection of hydrographic model generalization. The most suitable attributes of the stream objects are used as input variables to the SOM. The attributes were weighted using Pearson’s chi-square independence test. We used the Radical Law to determine how many features should be selected, and an incremental approach was developed to determine which clusters should be selected from the SOM. Two drainage patterns (dendritic and modified basic) were obtained from the National Hydrography Datasets of United States Geological Survey at 1:24,000-scale (high resolution) and used in order to derive stream networks at 1:100,000-scale (medium resolution). The 1:100,000-scale stream networks, derived in accordance with the proposed approach, are similar to those in the original maps in both quantity and visual aspects. Stream density and pattern were maintained in each subunit, and continuous and semantically correct networks were obtained. 相似文献
12.
Ye. V. Mel'nikov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):312-316
The author outlines, in diagrammatic form, a procedure for the joint use of old maps (topographic, land survey, etc.) and current space imagery to compile maps of environmental change. The ancient maps reveal land use and physical conditions which serve as a benchmark for evaluation of subsequent change. Space imagery is useful both in updating the current state of the environment and providing a cartographic base for the preparation of final maps. Selected areas of Moscow Oblast are used as test sites. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov, Geodeziya i aerofotos' yem-ka, 1985, No. 1, pp. 104-109. 相似文献
13.
The aim of this paper is to explore and describe a method of automated generalization designed to produce a map which strikes a balance between cartographic and hydrologic representations. Following a discussion of scholarly literature on generalization, we describe a novel method for automated generalization of hydrographic stream data, using the National Hydrography Data Set (NHDPlus) as an example. Traditional hydrography shows a fairly uniform density of stream flowlines over space. While this is pleasing to the eye, traditional methods tend to under-represent rivers in humid areas and over-represent them in arid areas. We address this problem through a method in automated generalization to produce a high-quality presentation of hydrographic data, suitable for display as a wall map or in an atlas. Streams are pruned based on a variable flow threshold, derived from the local mean annual precipitation by a regression equation. After running the model using different parameters, we produce a more satisfactory portrayal of stream networks in the United States that communicates the flow of water through rivers and reflects the regional climate. Specific advantages in generalizing with variable flow threshold include (1) the method allows for fine gradations in output scale; (2) the output maps tend to minimize density variations in the raw data; (3) the subjective criteria are easily derived; and (4) the method can be performed rapidly on large data sets, as long as the stream data has been enriched with reliable flow rates. 相似文献
14.
K. S. Lazarevich 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):163-171
In a critique of maps used for geomorphological research (too cluttered to be read effectively, too general in respect to contour positioning), the author describes: (a) a methodology whereby conventional hypsometric maps can be corrected through the use of air photos, (b) outlines principles for symbol generalization and selection whereby the amount of geomorphological information perceived on hypsometric maps is increased, and (c) recommends the joint use of hypsometric, topographic photo-, and general geomorphological maps as the most effective means of terrain analysis. Translated by Larry Richardson, Glendale, CA 91202 from: Geomorfologiya, 1991, No. 2, pp. 38–45. 相似文献
15.
Abstract Riparian vegetation has a fundamental influence on the biological, chemical and physical nature of rivers. The quantification of riparian landcover is now recognised as being essential to the holistic study of the ecosystem characteristics of rivers. Medium resolution satellite imagery is now commonly used as an efficient and cost effective method for mapping vegetation cover; however such data often lack the resolution to provide accurate information about vegetation cover within riparian corridors. To assess this, we measure the accuracy of SPOT multispectral satellite imagery for classification of riparian vegetation along the Taieri River in New Zealand. In this paper, we discuss different sampling strategies for the classification of riparian zones. We conclude that SPOT multispectral imagery requires considerable interpretative analysis before being adequate to produce sufficiently detailed maps of riparian vegetation required for use in stream ecological research. 相似文献
16.
A method for the compilation of 1:3,000,000-scale maps of natural nival-glacial phenomena is proposed for an area of the High Pamir Range in Soviet Central Asia. Such maps depict the distribution, frequency and intensity/magnitude, and potential impacts of such natural hazards as avalanches, mudslides, “dirty snow” avalanches (combined avalanches-mudslides in late spring), icings (naledy), and glacier pulsations, and are used in the planning of construction and the maintenance of roads and other transportation corridors during winter and spring. Hypothetical examples of the use of the maps are provided. Translated from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovanly, USSR Geophysical Committee Publication No. 55. Moscow: Mezhduvedomstvenniy geofizicheskiy komitet, 1986, pp. 213–219. 相似文献
17.
The positional error in spatial data is defined as a vector by comparing the coordinates between the true position and the measured position. The standard tests to assess the positional accuracy use only the magnitude of the vector and omit the azimuth. This article suggests that the use of both values allows a much more complete analysis of the positional error. A set of tests is proposed that are relevant for this purpose and demonstrate that some important features are not identified by the common procedures. The test samples come from two datasets. The first is obtained from the comparison of 100 homologous points in two conventional maps, and the second one comes from the geometric calibration of a photogrammetric scanner. The results are analyzed and discussed, showing that important issues such as error anisotropy are detected only by means of the circular statistics tests and density maps of distribution. Therefore, tests that assess the goodness of fit for uniform distribution in azimuths, such as Rayleigh and Rao tests, give low probabilities (P = 0 and P > 0.01). Moreover, density maps working with both magnitude and angle can locate the outlier candidate and offer more information about the spatial distribution of error. 相似文献
18.
N. V. Alisov E. B. Valev Yu. V. Ilinich V. T. Zhukov N. S. Mironenko 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):161-165
General problems of complex atlas mapping—selection of scales and indices for mapping, standardization of legends, establishment of appropriate levels of generalization, etc.—are addressed using the first comprehensive economic atlas of CMEA member countries as an example. The Atlas itself contains general overview maps of economic linkages of CMEA member nationa with the world economy, maps devoted to economic transactions and patterns within the CMEA as a whole, and general economic maps of the individual member nations. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 4, pp. 3-6. 相似文献
19.
G. A. Gornostayeva V. T. Zhukov P. V. Petrov S. N. Serbenyuk O. V. Chernitsova 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):224-229
The paper describes a program for the complex (comprehensive) automated mapping of Moscow Oblast, performed jointly by various departments within the Moscow University Geography Faculty. The program was instituted during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) and includes among its objectives: (1) support for local economic management and planning; (2) promotion of basic research in automated cartographic and geographic information systems; and (3) the improvement of methods of complex mapping. A number of maps compiled to date are described, and sample maps produced by the Moscow University Automated Mapping System are presented. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1988, No. 1, pp. 54-59 by Jay K. Mitchell; PlanEcon, Inc.; Washington, DC 20005. 相似文献
20.
The authors present the results of experiments in the use of remote sensing imagery for construction of maps depicting human modification of nature. Four diverse areas within the USSR were selected as mapping sites, providing a broad range of environmental and land-use characteristics for investigation. Human impacts were most effectively mapped for two desert sites. The authors recommend combining satellite imagery with terrestrial spectrometric observations or color-infrared photography in investigations of environmental change in steppeland and forested territory. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 11-18. 相似文献