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1.
Based on the magnetorotational model of a supernova explosion with core collapse, we investigate the significant processes of neutrino heating of the supernova shock. These processes should be taken into account in self-consistent modeling, since the neutrino heating mechanism is capable of increasing the explosion efficiency. We show that, even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (B ～ 1015 G) in the shock formation region, the heating rate is determined with good accuracy by the absorption and emission of neutrinos in direct URCA processes. Moreover, the influence on them of a magnetic field is reduced to insignificant corrections.  相似文献   

2.
We model the interaction of the supernova SN 1995G with a dense circumstellar (CS) gas in a thin-shell approximation. A model fit to the observed bolometric light curve combined with data on the supernova expansion velocity gives estimates for the density, mass (≈1 M⊙), and age (≈8 yr) of the CS envelope. The determined CS-envelope density is shown to be virtually independent of the assumed mass of the supernova envelope because of the high CS-gas density at which the forward shock wave is essentially radiative. The derived CS-envelope density is consistent with the Hα luminosity and with the presence of distinct Thomson scattering in the red wing of this line. The mass of the CS envelope together with its expansion velocity and age indicate that the CS envelope was ejected by the presupernova eight years before the supernova explosion through violent energy release (～6×1048 erg).  相似文献   

3.
We present contemporaneous optical and infrared (IR) photometric observations of the Type IIn SN 1998S covering the period between 11 and 146 d after discovery. The IR data constitute the first ever IR light curves of a Type IIn supernova. We use blackbody and spline fits to the photometry to examine the luminosity evolution. During the first 2–3 months, the luminosity is dominated by the release of shock-deposited energy in the ejecta. After ∼100 d the luminosity is powered mostly by the deposition of radioactive decay energy from 0.15±0.05 M⊙ of 56Ni which was produced in the explosion. We also report the discovery of an astonishingly high IR excess, K − L '=2.5, that was present at day 130. We interpret this as being due to thermal emission from dust grains in the vicinity of the supernova. We argue that to produce such a high IR luminosity so soon after the explosion, the dust must be pre-existing and so is located in the circumstellar medium of the progenitor. The dust could be heated either by the UV/optical flash (IR echo) or by the X-rays from the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar material.  相似文献   

4.
The position of the knee in the Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectrum is shown to depend on the explosion energy distribution function of supernovae (SN). The position of the knee in the GCR spectrum can be quantitatively explained by the dominating contribution of hypernovae with explosion energies of (～30–50)×1051 erg, the fraction of which must be no less than 1% of all SN. The model reproduces the main features in the spectrum of all particles measured in extensive air shower (EAS) experiments: the knee in the spectrum of all particles at energy of about 3 PeV, the change in slope by δγ ～ 0.3–0.5 after the knee point, and the steepening of the spectrum near 1018 eV. The model predicts a smooth knee if the SN explosion energy distribution is universal and a sharp knee if the hypernovae represent a separate class of events. The suggested model of the GCR spectrum is essentially based on the assumption that a spread in explosion energies exists and that the assumptions of the standard model for the CR acceleration in supernova remnants are valid.  相似文献   

5.
We propose a model for the bolometric light curve of a type-Ia supernova (SN Ia) that explodes in a dense circumstellar (CS) envelope. Our modeling of the light curves for SN 2002ic and SN 1997cy shows that the densities of the CS envelopes around both supernovae at a radius of ～7×1015 cm are similar, while the characteristic ejection time for this envelope around SN 1997cy does not exceed 600 yr. We analyze two possible evolutionary scenarios that could lead to the explosion of a SN Ia inside a dense C S hydrogen envelope: accretion onto a CO white dwarf in a symbiotic binary and the evolution of a single star with an initial mass of about 8M⊙. If the hypothesis of a SN Ia explosion in a dense CS envelope is correct for SN 2002ic and SN 1997cy, then we must assume that the the rapid loss of the red-supergiant envelope in several hundred years and the subsequent explosion of the CO white dwarf are synchronized by some physical mechanism. This mechanism may be related to the contraction of the white dwarf as it approaches the Chandrasekhar limit. We show that the formation of a (super-)Chandrasekhar mass due to the merger of a CO white dwarf and the CO core of a red supergiant followed by a supernovae explosion is unlikely, since this mechanism does not provide the required synchronization of the rapid mass loss and the explosion.  相似文献   

6.
Detailed observations of the [Oiii]5007 Å emission from the elliptical rings around SN 1987A suggest a model wherein the two faint, outer rings are due to emission from two circular toroids moving outwards (at 25 km s–1) along a bipolar cone centred on the site of the supernova. The brighter, central ring is expanding radially outward at 8.3 km s–1. The rings must have been created 2-3 × 104 years before the supernova explosion and are thought to be a consequence of the interaction of stellar winds emanating from the progenitor system during the final stages of its evolution to a supernova.  相似文献   

7.
The neutral hydrogen emission at 21 cm has been investigated with the RATAN-600 radio telescope in the vicinity of the supernova remnant HB9. A clumpyHI shell with radial motions surrounding the remnant has been detected. Its measured parameters contradict the connection with a shock wave from a supernova explosion. The shell formation under the action of a wind from a star that exploded as a supernova at the end of its evolution seems more realistic. The characteristics of the star obtained from the observed shell parameters are the following: a wind power of 0.5 × 1038 erg s?1, a mass-loss rate of 3.7 × 10?5 M ⊙ yr?1, and an age of 3 × 106 yr. Given the measurement errors, the mass of the star is estimated to be >8M ⊙.  相似文献   

8.
If Type II supernovae – the evolutionary end points of short-lived, massive stars – produce a significant quantity of dust  (>0.1 M⊙)  then they can explain the rest-frame far-infrared emission seen in galaxies and quasars in the first Gyr of the Universe. Submillimetre (submm) observations of the Galactic supernova remnant, Cas A, provided the first observational evidence for the formation of significant quantities of dust in Type II supernovae. In this paper, we present new data which show that the submm emission from Cas A is polarized at a level significantly higher than that of its synchrotron emission. The orientation is consistent with that of the magnetic field in Cas A, implying that the polarized submm emission is associated with the remnant. No known mechanism would vary the synchrotron polarization in this way and so we attribute the excess polarized submm flux to cold dust within the remnant, providing fresh evidence that cosmic dust can form rapidly. This is supported by the presence of both polarized and unpolarized dust emission in the north of the remnant where there is no contamination from foreground molecular clouds. The inferred dust polarization fraction is unprecedented  ( f pol∼ 30 per cent)  which, coupled with the brief time-scale available for grain alignment (<300 yr), suggests that supernova dust differs from that seen in other Galactic sources (where   f pol= 2−7  per cent) or that a highly efficient grain alignment process must operate in the environment of a supernova remnant.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
ASASSN-15lh is a super luminous supernova, whose light curve is similar to that of the type Ia supernova (SN Ia). Since the luminosity of SN Ia is directly related to the decay of 56Ni, in this paper, we consider the de-excitation energy of the new nuclei, and calculate the energy generated by the decay of 56Ni in the explosive environment of ASASSN-15lh. The calculated mass of 56Ni needed by the ASASSN-15lh explosion is 31.32 M⊙. This result agrees with the estimation of the mass of 56Ni ≥ 30 M⊙ derived from the observed light curve of ASASSN-15lh. No agreement has reached for the explosion mechanism of supernova ASASSN-15lh so far. The calculation in this paper provides a reference for the further study on the progenitor and explosion mechanism of the supernova ASASSN-15lh.  相似文献   

11.
We numerically solved the two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic problem of the explosion of a low-mass neutron star in a circular orbit. In the initial conditions, we assumed a nonuniform density distribution in the space surrounding the collapsed iron core in the form of a stationary toroidal atmosphere that was previously predicted analytically and computed numerically. The configuration of the exploded neutron star itself was modeled by a torus with a circular cross section whose central line almost coincided with its circular orbit. Using an equation of state for the stellar matter and the toroidal atmosphere in which the nuclear statistical equilibrium conditions were satisfied, we performed a series of numerical calculations that showed the propagation of a strong divergent shock wave with a total energy of ～0.2×1051 erg at initial explosion energy release of ～1.0×1051 erg. In our calculations, we rigorously took into account the gravitational interaction, including the attraction from a higher-mass (1.9M⊙) neutron star located at the coordinate origin, in accordance with the rotational explosion mechanism for collapsing supernovae. We compared in detail our results with previous similar results of asymmetric supernova explosion simulations and concluded that we found a lower limit for the total explosion energy.  相似文献   

12.
2D numerical simulations of magnetorotational (MR) supernova mechanism are described. It is shown that magnetic field is amplified due to the differential rotation after core collapse. When magnetic pressure reaches some level, a compression wave starts to move outwards. Moving along steeply decreasing density profile the compression wave transforms quickly into fast MHD shock. The magnetorotational instability (MRI) was found in our simulations. MRI leads to the exponential growth of the components of the magnetic field. The MRI significantly reduces MR supernova explosion time. Configuration of the initial magnetic field qualitatively defines the shape of MR supernova explosion. For the quadrupole-like initial poloidal field the MR supernova explosion develops mainly along equatorial plane, the dipole-like initial field results in MR supernova developing as mildly collimated jet along axis of rotation. The explosion energy of MR supernova found in our simulations is ∼0.5–0.6×1051 erg.  相似文献   

13.
The neutral hydrogen at 21 cm has been investigated with the RATAN-600 radio telescope around the supernova remnant G 65.3+5.7, which has the largest angular sizes in the group of shell remnants. An expanding HI shell left after an old supernova explosion with an energy of ∼1051 erg and an age of 440 000 yr coincident in coordinates with the radio and optical remnant has been discovered. Since an X-ray emission from a much younger (27 000 yr) supernova remnant is observed in the same region and the shells detected by nebular lines have probably intermediate ages, we suggest that several successive supernova explosions have occurred here.  相似文献   

14.
The neutrino luminosity of several models of neutron stars has been computed according to the photon-neutrino coupling theory and compared with that of the current-current coupling theory. It is shown that the NSR process alone should have cooled the core of the neutron star created in a supernova explosion in 1954 A.D. to a temperature around 2×109 K according to the photon-neutrino coupling theory.The emission power of the star is greater than the emission power of the X-ray source discovered in the Crab Nebula; so the source may be interpreted as the thermal radiation of the star according to the photon-neutrino coupling theory.  相似文献   

15.
We consider nearby young black holes formed after supernova explosions in close binaries whose secondary components are currently observed as the so-called runaway stars. Using data on runaway stars and making reasonable assumptions about the mechanisms of supernova explosion and binary breakup, we estimate the present positions of nearbyyoung black holes. For two objects, we obtained relatively small error regions (～50–100 deg2). The possibility of detecting these nearby young black holes is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
We present an analysis of archival X-ray observations of the Type IIL supernova SN 1979C. We find that its X-ray luminosity is remarkably constant at (6.5 ± 0.1) × 1038 erg s?1 over a period of 12 years between 1995 and 2007. The high and steady luminosity is considered as possible evidence for a stellar-mass (～5–10 M⊙) black hole accreting material from either a supernova fallback disk or from a binary companion, or possibly from emission from a central pulsar wind nebula. We find that the bright and steady X-ray light curve is not consistent with either a model for a supernova powered by magnetic braking of a rapidly rotating magnetar, or a model where the blast wave is expanding into a dense circumstellar wind.  相似文献   

17.
We present a real-time supernova neutrino burst monitor at Super-Kamiokande (SK). Detecting supernova explosions by neutrinos in real time is crucial for giving a clear picture of the explosion mechanism. Since the neutrinos are expected to come earlier than light, a fast broadcasting of the detection may give astronomers a chance to make electromagnetic radiation observations of the explosions right at the onset. The role of the monitor includes a fast announcement of the neutrino burst detection to the world and a determination of the supernova direction. We present the online neutrino burst detection system and studies of the direction determination accuracy based on simulations at SK.  相似文献   

18.
We consider an improved rotational mechanism of the explosion of a collapsing supernova. We show that this mechanism leads to two-stage collapse with a phase difference of ～5 h. Based on this model, we attempt a new interpretation of the events in underground neutrino detectors on February 23, 1987, related to the supernova SN 1987A.  相似文献   

19.
The dependences of various parameters for S-and C-type supernova remnants (SNRs) on their diameters are investigated. Only SNRs with D≤40 pc that expand initially within H II regions and, subsequently, in dense media are considered. The expansion velocities and thermal electron densities of these SNRs were found to decrease with increasing diameter, on average, as D ?1 and D ?0.5, respectively. H II regions hamper the detection of SNRs; this effect is particularly pronounced in regions with 270°≤1≤300° and 330°≤1≤360°. The X-ray luminosities of SNRs born in dense media increase by an order of magnitude when their diameters reach ～30 pc. After the SNR diameters reach ～40 pc, their radio and X-ray luminosities decrease sharply.  相似文献   

20.
Wilson has found that the neutrino transport mechanisms is unable to generate a supernova explosion in stars with collapsing iron cores. We have utilized Wilson’s analysis to investigate the behavior of the overlying potentially explosive layers which Wilson omitted. The outer boundary of the core of Wilson’s models moves in such a, manner as to deliver a shock to the base of the envelope. We have numerically followed the progress of such shocks into the envelope of a realistic model obtained from evolutionary calculations. We find that only shocks so strong as to be inconsistent with our treatment are capable of ejecting material. For reasonable shocks the nuclear burning does not proceed rapidly at densities below ?～106g cm?3, and the nuclear energy released is less than the shock energy in all models that come near to ejecting matter. The initial model adopted here, which is based on a particular set of evolutionary calculations and which neglects rotation and magnetic fields, seems destined to generate a black hole. The creation of a black hole in such a way is probably not attended by a supernova explosion.  相似文献   

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