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1.
Relative potency of PAHs and heterocycles as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in fish 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The relative potency of polycyclic aromatic compounds as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in fish was determined using data on CYP1A induction or AhR binding for 74 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocycles in teleost, avian, or mammalian systems from 18 published papers. Each PAH was assigned a fish potency factor relative to the potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as an AhR agonist. Two and three ring unsubstituted PAHs were generally inactive in fish, avian, and mammalian systems. Benzo[k]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were consistently the most potent PAHs, with fish potency factors of 0.001-0.002. Common structural features associated with higher potency PAHs included 4-6 rings containing fluoranthene or phenanthrene structures with an exposed bay region. These results show that PAHs can have similar potency as many dioxin-like PCBs, and AhR mediated toxicity should be considered in assessing the risks of PAHs in fish. 相似文献
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为了解和探讨3~5环PAHs对海水鱼类胚胎发育的毒性及作用方式,比较研究了菲(phenanthrene,Phe)、芘(pyrene,Py)、苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)单一暴露和三者各自与α-萘黄酮(α-naphthoflavone,ANF)联合暴露对海水青鳉(marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma)胚胎发育的毒性效应。胚胎体内EROD活性、发育畸形、孵化率和心律等毒性指标被测定,结果显示:Phe,Py和BaP对海水青鳉胚胎体内EROD活性的诱导能力大小为BaP>Py>Phe,各化合物对EROD诱导与发育畸形之间的关系较为复杂,除Phe所引起的EROD诱导与畸形指数之间呈显著相关(r=0.95,p=0.015)外,Py和BaP均无相关性;在100 μg/dm3 ANF影响下,CYP1A活性诱导被抑制,但胚胎发育的畸形指数被显著提高,ANF分别与Phe,Py和BaP的联合暴露对胚胎发育呈潜在的协同作用。本文研究初步表明,3~5环PAHs化合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用方式可能不同;CYP1A活性抑制在PAHs混合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用过程中未起到缓解毒性的作用,CYP1A抑制剂与PAH型CYP1A诱导剂的混合物对鱼类胚胎发育具有潜在的协同毒性作用,现有的PAHs混合物毒性风险评价方法可能低估了实际环境中PAHs的风险;海水青鳉早期生活阶段的心脏发育对PAHs混合物暴露较为敏感,可推荐其作为生物标志物指示PAHs或溢油污染。 相似文献
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Feral Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) were investigated for polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in the Karmsund strait, western Norway. This strait is highly contaminated with PAHs, and a main source is the chronic release of gas-scrubbing effluents from a local aluminium works. In both species, the level of biliary PAH metabolites and hepatic DNA adducts were higher in fish collected near the aluminium works. Interestingly, a significantly higher level of both biliary PAH metabolites and hepatic DNA adducts was found in corkwing wrasse as compared to cod, indicating a higher potential for genotoxic effects in this species. Hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in cod estimated by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and an immunoassay technique (ELISA), seemed to be weakly induced at the contaminated sites. At the most contaminated site, skin ulcers and fin erosion were detected in about 70 and 45% of the cods, respectively. The data demonstrated that both cod and corkwing wrasse may be suitable target species for PAH pollution monitoring. 相似文献
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Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major environmental contaminants. Fish species that are chronically exposed to these compounds can develop resistance to their toxic effects. In all fish species studied to date, toxicant resistance has been accompanied by decreased inducibility of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 1A (CYPIA). CYP1A induction is mediated through the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Although these compounds mediate their effects through this pathway, there have been resistant populations in which one chemical class cannot induce CYPIA expression (HAHs) while the other (PAHs) can. Resistance to PAHs was examined in a HAH-resistant population of Fundulus heteroclitus collected from a site contaminated with both compound classes (Newark Bay, NJ). Fish were injected intraperitoneally with the HAH 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, a PAH) or vehicle and sacrificed after 2 (B[a]P) or 5 days (PCB77, vehicle). We found no significant increase in CYP1A mRNA levels in resistant Newark Bay F. heteroclitus treated with either B[a]P or PCB77, while there was a 3.9 fold (PCB77) and 4.2 fold (B[a]P) increase in CYP1A mRNA in Flax fish relative to controls. AHR labeling studies revealed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of hepatic AHR in Newark fish (1,770 +/- 1,693.2 DPM) relative to Flax fish (6,082.5 +/- 1,709.9 DPM). Overall, these data suggest Newark F. heteroclitus are resistant to both PAHs and HAHs at the level of CYP1A mRNA, which might be mediated, in part, though lower expression of AHR. We are currently studying the promoter sequence to determine its role in chemical resistance. 相似文献
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Despite the fact that BaP is a carcinogen, mammalian immunosuppressant, and ubiquitous aquatic pollutant, knowledge regarding the effects of BaP on the immune system of fish is still lacking. To begin to fill this gap, studies were conducted in medaka to examine the effects and mechanisms by which BaP exposure might alter host immunocompetence. Fish, exposed by IP injection of BaP (2-600 microg/g BW), were examined after 48 h for effects upon immune function and CYP1A expression/activity. Benzo[a]pyrene, at a concentration below that which increased levels of CYPIA expression/activity (2 microg BaP/g BW) suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. Concentrations of BaP at 20 and 200 microg/g BW. suppressed antibody-forming cell (AFC) numbers, superoxide production, and host resistance against bacteria. In contrast, exposure to the low affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), neither induced CYP1A expression nor altered immune function. Given the lack of immunosuppressive effects produced by BeP, and the fact that exposure to the AhR antagonist (and CYP1A inhibitor) alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) ameliorated the suppressive effects of BaP upon AFC numbers, the AhR pathway (including CYP1A-mediated production of reactive BaP metabolites) appears important in mediating BaP-induced immunotoxicity in fish, as in mammals. In the past, the medaka has proven a successful model for assessing carcinogenic agents. These studies have demonstrated its utility for also determining the immunosuppressive effects of an important aquatic contaminant. 相似文献
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Short JW Springman KR Lindeberg MR Holland LG Larsen ML Sloan CA Khan C Hodson PV Rice SD 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(5):487-498
We deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) on beaches for 28 days at 53 sites in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate the induction potential from suspected sources of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A)-inducing contaminants. Sites were selected to assess known point sources, or were chosen randomly to evaluate the region-wide sources. After deployment, SPMD extracts were analyzed chemically for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These results were compared with hepatic CYP1A enzyme activity of juvenile rainbow trout injected with the same extracts prior to clean-up for the chemical analyses. Increased CYP1A activity was strongly associated with PAH concentrations in extracts, especially chrysene homologues but was not associated with POPs. The only apparent sources of chrysene homologues were lingering oil from Exxon Valdez, asphalt and bunker fuels released from storage tanks during the 1964 Alaska earthquake, creosote leaching from numerous pilings at one site, and PAH-contaminated sediments at Cordova Harbor. Our results indicate that PWS is remarkably free of pollution from PAH when nearby sources are absent as well as from pesticides and PCBs generally. 相似文献
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《Marine environmental research》2009,67(5):487-498
We deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) on beaches for 28 days at 53 sites in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate the induction potential from suspected sources of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A)-inducing contaminants. Sites were selected to assess known point sources, or were chosen randomly to evaluate the region-wide sources. After deployment, SPMD extracts were analyzed chemically for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These results were compared with hepatic CYP1A enzyme activity of juvenile rainbow trout injected with the same extracts prior to clean-up for the chemical analyses. Increased CYP1A activity was strongly associated with PAH concentrations in extracts, especially chrysene homologues but was not associated with POPs. The only apparent sources of chrysene homologues were lingering oil from Exxon Valdez, asphalt and bunker fuels released from storage tanks during the 1964 Alaska earthquake, creosote leaching from numerous pilings at one site, and PAH-contaminated sediments at Cordova Harbor. Our results indicate that PWS is remarkably free of pollution from PAH when nearby sources are absent as well as from pesticides and PCBs generally. 相似文献
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Zhanna M. Tairova Anders M.B. Giessing Rikke Hansen Ole Andersen 《Marine environmental research》2009,67(1):38-46
The possibility of using the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was investigated by exposure of the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor to several PAHs in the laboratory. Animals were exposed to pyrene alone and to five different PAHs – phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[k]flouranthene. After five days of exposure the concentrations of parent PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene were identified using three different analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/F), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The SFS measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene were validated by the more sensitive method HPLC/F. The positive correlation between total PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the polychaete tissues observed in experiments, suggests the feasibility of 1-hydroxypyrene as a suitable biomarker for total PAH exposure assessment. Furthermore, the possibility of employment of the simple and rapid SFS method instead of HPLC/F for biomarker analysis has been confirmed by the positive and significant correlation between results achieved by these two analytical methods. 相似文献
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Norwegian coastal waters are subject to PAH contamination from electrochemical industries such as aluminium smelters. Evidence of PAH exposure has been established in fish and bivalves. The present study tests the applicability of a novel crustacean PAH exposure biomarker to a PAH contamination gradient in the field (Karmsund Strait, SW Norway). Fluorescence analysis of urine samples collected from crabs at each site revealed 1-OH pyrene "equivalent" levels (indicative of pyrogenic PAH contamination) decreased with increasing distance from a point source of pyrogenic PAH (a large aluminium works). The assay was shown to be suitable for the detection of PAH exposure in wild crustacean populations, for discriminating between contaminated and clean sites and is also sufficiently sensitive to detect gradients of PAH contamination. The method provides a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive measure of biologically available PAH in crustaceans. 相似文献
10.
Deposit-feeding polychaetes constitute the dominant macrofauna in marine environments that tend to be depositional centers for organic matter and contaminants. Polychaetes are known to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from both particulate and dissolved phases but less is known about the mechanisms underlying elimination of accumulated PAHs. An important pathway of elimination is through biotransformation which results in increased aqueous solubility of the otherwise hydrophobic PAHs. Biotransformation in marine polychaetes proceeds in a two phased process similar to those well studied in vertebrates, phase I enzymes belonging to the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family, along with a few phase II enzymes have been identified in marine polychaetes. In this review we aim at highlighting advances in the mechanistic understanding of PAH biotransformation in marine polychaetes by including data obtained using analytical chemistry and molecular techniques. In marine polychaetes induction of CYP enzyme activity after exposure to PAHs and the mechanism behind this is currently not well established. Conflicting results regarding the inducibility of CYP enzymes from polychaetes have led to the suggestion that induction in polychaetes is mediated through a different mechanistic pathway, which is corroborated by the apparent lack of an AhR homologous in marine polychaetes. Also, none of the currently identified CYP genes from marine polychaetes are isoforms of those regulated by the AhR in vertebrates. Relatively few studies of phase II enzymes in marine polychaetes are currently available and most of these studies have not measured the activity of specific phase II enzymes and identified phase II metabolites but used an extraction technique only allowing determination of the overall amount of phase II metabolites. Studies in insects and various marine invertebrates suggest that in invertebrates, enzymes in the important phase II enzyme family, UDP-glucuronosyl transferases primarily use glucoside as co-substrate as opposed to the vertebrate cosubstrate glucuronic acid. Recent studies in marine polychaetes have however identified glucuronidation of PAHs indicating no mechanistic difference in co-substrate preference among UDP-glucuronosyl transferases between vertebrates and marine polychaetes but it might suggest a mechanistic difference between marine polychaetes and insects. 相似文献
11.
English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) are two sympatric flatfish species which show markedly different responses to chemical contaminant exposure. Whereas English sole develop hepatic neoplasms, the prevalences of which are strongly linked to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), evidence of neoplasia is virtually nonexistent in starry flounder, even those residing in areas with very high levels of PAH in the sediments. Because PAHs are activated to genotoxic forms by the action of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) in teleosts, we are examining the hypothesis that variation in the hepatic expression of this major inducible cytochrome P450 isozyme may contribute to the differential contaminant response. These two species were captured in the Duwamish Waterway, a contaminated area of Puget Sound, Washington. Catalytic activity of CYP1A [determined as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity] was measured in the liver to quantitatively assess the relative induction of CYP1A in these two species, and AHH activity was significantly higher in English sole than in starry flounder (p = 0.015). Cellular expression of CYP1A was determined by immunohistochemical localization of tissues, using an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method, with polyclonal rabbit anti-cod CYP1A. The results showed a markedly reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of starry flounder, which is consistent with the apparent resistance of this species to the development of hepatocellular neoplasia. This reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of contaminant-exposed fish was previously seen in oyster toadfish from the Elizabeth River, Virginia, and this species is also apparently resistant to hepatocellular neoplasia. 相似文献
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There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a greater hazard to aquatic organisms than previously demonstrated, due to their potential to cause photo-induced toxicity when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The consequences of photo-induced toxicity are reported here for embryo-larval stages of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, following exposure to pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. During laboratory investigations, significant increases in toxicity were observed in the presence of environmentally attainable levels of UV-radiation, compared with embryos exposed to PAH alone, at levels previously deemed to have little acute biological effect. The phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene completely inhibited the development to the D-shell larval stage when embryos were simultaneously exposed to 5 microg l(-1) PAH and ultraviolet light (UVB = 6.3 +/- 0.1 microW/cm2 and UVA = 456.2 +/- 55 microW/cm2). A linear relationship was also demonstrated for benzo[a]pyrene phototoxicity with decreasing UV light intensity. 相似文献
14.
J. W. Anderson J. M. Jones S. Steinert B. Sanders J. Means D. McMillin T. Vu R. Tukey 《Marine environmental research》1999,48(4-5)
In 1993 collections of marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were deployed 1 m from the water surface at six sites in San Diego Bay for 88 days. A similar mussel deployment was conducted in 1995, except the animals were deployed 1 m off the bottom and only for 32 days. After recovery from the sites, tissue was extracted with dichloromethane and the solvent extracts analyzed for chemical contaminant content and the ability to produce CYP1A1 induction in a transgenic cell line (TV101L cells). The cells used in the assay (P450 RGS) are stably transfected with a plasmid containing firefly luciferase linked to human CYP1A1 promoter sequences. Induction (fold increase compared to control) was determined by luminometry 16 h after application of small volumes (2–10 μl) of solvent extracts to cultured cells. Small mussels deployed in the Naval Station (NAV) in 1993 exhibited very high bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 52 μg/g) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in addition to very strong induction of CYP1A1 measured by reporter gene system (RGS) responses. Large mussels deployed at the NAV station in 1993 and intermediate-sized animals placed at three stations within the NAV station in 1995 accumulated 13–29 μg PAH/g and exhibited relatively high RGS responses. Correlation of RGS responses for all mussel samples to the measured PAH concentrations was 0.85 (r2). When the concentrations of seven specific PAHs found in the samples are converted to benzo[a]pyrene equivalents, from previously derived toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for this test system, and compared to measured RGS responses, the correlations are approximately 0.9. The results of these studies indicate that the RGS biomarker can be used as a screening tool for detection of CYP1A1-inducing compounds in tissues, and an estimate of potential human health or ecological risk from ingestion of contaminated organisms. Positive RGS responses can be followed by detailed chemical analyses of PAHs and coplanar PCBs using the same extract. 相似文献
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The need to develop powerful tools to detect exposure and effects of POPs and emerging contaminants in Mediterranean cetaceans led us to develop a suite of sensitive non-lethal biomarkers in integument biopsies of free-ranging animals. In order to propose induction of CYP1A1 and CYP2B, detected by Western blot analysis, as biomarkers of exposure to OCs, PAHs and PBDEs, a three-phase experimental protocol (in vitro experiments, calibration experiments and field applications) was followed using fibroblast cell cultures and biopsies of Mediterranean Stenella coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus. This methodology was confirmed to be sensitive and stable in comparison to previous methods used to detect CYP1A1 in biopsies, enabling analysis of several inducible proteins in non-lethal samples and analysis of material from stranded animals. 相似文献
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From sediment bioassay to fish biomarker--connecting the dots using simple trophic relationships. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C A Rice M S Myers M L Willis B L French E Casillas 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5):527-533
Two common problems in applying and interpreting invertebrate bioassays and fish biomarkers in sediment toxicology are the wide gap between significant effects concentrations determined by these two approaches, and a general lack of ecological context. We have devised an exposure system that is able to reconcile much of the disparity between invertebrate bioassay and fish biomarker results by incorporating realistic ecological processes based on deposit feeding and predator-prey interactions. This system relates the disturbance of interest (sediment contamination) to biologically meaningful effects in a resource of interest (marine flatfish) via a realistic contaminant vector (a deposit-feeding polychaete worm). In this pilot study, polychaetes (Armandia brevis) were exposed for 28 days to clean sediments supplemented with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), para-para dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp'DDE), Aroclor 1254, or field sediments collected from two sites in Puget Sound, Washington, contaminated predominantly with polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or chlorinated compounds. Exposed worms were then fed live to juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) for 10 or 12 days. At the end of the exposure period, fish were measured for length and weight, sacrificed, and preserved for either routine histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis of cytochrome P450 1A induction, or 32P post-labeling determination of hepatic PAH-DNA adducts. Growth of predatory flatfish was lower than reference in all but one of eight groups fed contaminant-exposed polychaetes; however, statistically significant reductions in growth were only observed in three of these eight groups, at least in part due to low statistical power. Juvenile sole from all contaminant-exposed groups showed increased expression of CYP1A, and fish exposed to BaP-exposed worms showed clear evidence of hepatic PAH-DNA adducts. This method allows the concurrent evaluation of sediment contamination at multiple biological and ecological levels. These results indicate that sediments determined to be nontoxic by common invertebrate bioassays may have the potential to cause adverse effects at higher trophic levels. 相似文献
20.
Biomarker induction in tropical fish species on the Northwest Shelf of Australia by produced formation water 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Normal operation of oil well platforms results in the discharge of produced formation water (PFW). The expression of CYP1A, CYP2M1- and 2K1-like proteins was examined for use as possible biomarkers of PFW exposure. A pilot study on the Northwest Shelf of Australia had indicated that PFW contamination possibly contributes to induction of CYP1A-like proteins in Gold-Spotted Trevally (Carangoides fulvoguttatus). The pilot study samples were re-examined for CYP1A, and, in addition, CYP2K1/2M1-like proteins. In a subsequent caged fish study in the same location a second species, Stripey seaperch (Lutjanus carponotatus), caught at a clean site, were distributed to three caging sites in a PFW gradient from the Harriet A production platform: A (near-field), B (far-field) and C (a non-impacted reference site). Fish were sampled at time (T) T = 0, T = 3 and T = 10 days. Significant increases of CYP1A, one CYP2K1- and two CYP2M1-like proteins were noted at Site A at T = 10d. For another CYP2K1-like protein, a significant increase was observed at Site A only at T = 3d. These results support a previous study indicating that CYP1A protein is sensitive to PFW exposure. Importantly, statistically significant environmental induction of both CYP2M1- and CYP2K1-like proteins in tropical fish due to PFW exposure had not previously been described and induction of enzymes in the CYP2 family suggest new biomarkers for PFW. In addition, the novel response of one CYP2K-like protein requires further verification, but offers promise for improved monitoring of sub-lethal responses in marine organisms. 相似文献