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1.
The recent Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) indicated that observed 20th century changes in severalclimatic extremes are qualitatively consistent with those expected due to increasedgreenhouse gases. However, a lack of adequate data and analyses make conclusiveevidence of changing extremes somewhat difficult, particularly, in a global sense.In Canada, extreme temperature events, especially those during winter, can havemany adverse environmental and economic impacts. In light of the aforementionedIPCC report, the main focus of this analysis is to examine observed trends andvariability in the frequency, duration, and intensity of winter (Jan–Feb–Mar) cold and warm spells over Canada during the second half of the 20th century.Cold spell trends display substantial spatial variability across the country. From1950–1998, western Canada has experienced decreases in the frequency, duration, and intensity of cold spells, while in the east, distinct increases in the frequency and duration have occurred. These increases are likely associated with morefrequent occurrences of the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)during the last several decades. With regard to winter warm spells, significantincreases in both the frequency and duration of these episodes were observedacross most of Canada. One exception was found in the extreme northeasternregions, where warm spells are becoming shorter and less frequent. The resultsof this study are discussed within the context of climate warming expectations. 相似文献
2.
利用1960-2015年新疆阿勒泰地区7个气象观测站的日降水量资料和中国气象数据共享网提供的2014-2015年中国地面时降水0.1°×0.1°格点数据集,初步评估了阿勒泰地区人工增水效果。结果表明,人工增雪使阿勒泰地区冬季平均降雪量增加了20.80 mm,冬季降雪量占全年降水量的比例也由15.50%提高到22.39%。同一时期年平均降水量增加了39.47 mm,有一半以上来自冬季增雪量。人工增雨使阿勒泰地区夏季平均降雨量增加了16.59 mm,增雨率为4%,夏季增雨不如冬季增雪效果明显。 相似文献
3.
Spatiotemporal changes of global extreme temperature events (ETEs) since 1981 and the meteorological causes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xiao Song Zhao Zhang Yi Chen Pin Wang Ming Xiang Peijun Shi Fulu Tao 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):975-994
Of the various types of disasters caused by extreme climate and weather, extreme temperature events (ETEs) have led to a heightened awareness due to their increasing frequency, intensity, widespread distribution, and severe health impacts. Although many previous studies have surveyed the severe impacts of specific ETEs, few systematic studies have analyzed the temporal trends and the spatial patterns of this type of ETEs at the global scale. In the present study, disaster data from 1981 to 2010 compiled by Emergency Events Database were used to obtain a global view of the distribution of and the changes in the recorded ETEs. In addition, the daily maximum/minimum temperature data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction /Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 were used to explore the potential meteorological causes of these events. The results showed 2.7 and 6.4 increases in the frequencies of heat waves and cold spells per decade, respectively, since the 1980s. However, a large regional variability was found worldwide. Moreover, more than 40 % of the recorded ETEs occurred in Europe, and Asia experienced 33 and 26 % of the heat wave and cold spell events, respectively. Additionally, the global pattern for the occurrence frequency of ETEs in recent decades could be largely ascribed to the meteorological indexes: the heat stress index (HSI) and the cold stress index (CSI). The frequency of heat wave events increased from 1981 to 2010, and this trend is consistent with the increase in the HSI. However, the cold spell events did not appear to be reduced, as demonstrated by the disaster records, and this finding is inconsistent with the CSI trend. This result indicates that other factors also influence the occurrence of disaster events. 相似文献
4.
V. Bout-Roumazeilles N. Combourieu Nebout O. Peyron E. Cortijo A. Landais V. Masson-Delmotte 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(25-28):3197-3215
High-resolution clay mineralogical analyses were performed on sediment deposited during the last 50,000 yr in the Alboran sea (ODP Site 976). The clay mineral record is compared with pollen assemblages and with annual precipitation (Pann) and mean temperatures of the coldest month (MTCO) reconstructed with the modern analog technique (MAT). Enhanced contribution of palygorskite, a typical wind-blown clay mineral, characterizes the North Atlantic cold climatic events. Coeval development of the semi-arid vegetation (Artemisia rich) associated with a drastic fall of reconstructed precipitations and temperatures, suggest cold and arid continental conditions in the West Mediterranean area during North Atlantic cold events. The clay mineral association, especially the palygorskite content and the illite-to-kaolinite ratio, indicate western Morocco as one of the major source of the clay-size fraction during the North Atlantic cold events. The maximum abundance of Artemisia associated with the presence of Argania pollen both indicate Morocco as the main origin for pollen during these cold periods. The comparison of these pollen and clay mineral-specific features allows us to pinpoint western Morocco as the dominant source of wind-blown particles during North Atlantic cold events. These specific mineralogical composition and palynological assemblages reveal enhanced aridity over North Africa and intensification of winds favouring dust erosion and transport from North Africa toward the Alboran Sea during the North Atlantic cold events. According to atmospheric models, such a meridian transport (1) likely results from the development of strong and stable anticyclonic conditions over the tropical Atlantic and North Africa, similar to today's summer meteorological configuration and (2) implies a northward position of the westerly winds during North Atlantic cold events. Finally the synoptic situation over the West Mediterranean during the North Atlantic cold events is compared with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), suggesting that during the cold Atlantic events, weather regimes over Europe and North Africa may have been systematically shifted towards a positive NAO situation. 相似文献
5.
Juha Schweighofer 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(1):23-40
Similarly to other modes of transport, inland waterway transport has to deal with weather events, affecting navigation conditions and the infrastructure on inland waterways. Most significant extreme weather events result from high precipitation, droughts and temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. Heavy rainfall, in particular in association with snow melt, may lead to floods resulting in suspension of navigation and causing damage to the inland waterway infrastructure as well as the property and health of human beings living in areas exposed to flooding. Long periods of drought may lead to reduced discharge and low water levels, limiting the cargo-carrying capacity of vessels and increasing the specific costs of transportation. Temperatures below zero degrees Celsius over a longer period may cause the appearance of ice on waterways, leading to suspension of navigation and possible damage to infrastructure, for example, buoys. Neither extreme weather events as well as climate change are new phenomena nor is their general occurrence expected to change suddenly. However, due to climate change, extreme weather events may change positively or adversely in severity and frequency of occurrence, depending on the respective weather event and the location of its occurrence. This paper gives an overview of the impact of extreme weather events on inland waterway transport in Europe, focussed on the Rhine–Main–Danube corridor, followed by a discussion on how climate change will change these events and their impacts. 相似文献
6.
卫星遥感首次监测到准噶尔盆地西北部的冬季融雪洪水 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2010年1月,新疆北部出现了多次寒潮和60a一遇的连续暴雪天气.在此期间,准噶尔盆地西北部的裕民县及其邻近地区2010年1月6日出现了融雪型洪水.2010年1月裕民降雪量高达95mm,较历年同期偏多5.8倍,突破历史极值;2010年1月1—20日裕民日平均气温均方差达6.5℃,气温升降剧烈,变化幅度大.通过EOS/MODIS卫星遥感监测发现,2010年1月5日裕民县及其邻近地区地表有明显成片的液态水痕迹,而在其前后时段该地区为积雪覆盖.2010年1月,裕民县出现极端降雪事件的同时,极端暖事件与极端冷事件交替出现,隆冬时节的异常升温造成阶段气温异常偏高,引发冬季融雪型洪水.气候变暖背景下,需加强对新疆区域极端天气气候事件的监测、分析及其形成机理的研究,加强区域气候变化影响评估工作,采取切实可行的措施应对气候变化. 相似文献
7.
Natural Hazards - Extreme weather events such as heat waves and cold spells affect people’s lives. This study develops a probabilistic framework to evaluate heat waves and cold spells. As... 相似文献
8.
Yihui Ding Xiaolong Jia Zunya Wang Xianyan Chen Lijuan Chen 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2009,3(2):129-145
The present paper has made a comparison of major similarities and differences of extreme cold events between the cold and
warm periods for recent 50 years, in order to gain a better insight into the impact of the global warming on extreme cold
events in China. Two typical events of low temperature, ice freezing and snow disasters that occurred in January 2008 and
in the winter of 1954/1955, respectively, are selected as representative cases for the cold period (1950’s–1970’s) and the
warm period (1980’s-present). The contrasting study has revealed that these two events both occurred under long-persistent
blocking circulation over Eurasian continent, with continuous invasions of strong cold air into China mainland. They nearly
brought about similar weather disasters such as extensive low temperature, record-breaking freezing rains and exceptionally
heavy snowfalls. However, due to active northward transport of warm and moist air from Bay of Bengal and Indo-China Peninsula
in the warm period, the January 2008 case had longer freezing rain days and heavier snowstorms in South China, thus leading
to much more severe damage to electric grids and transportations. The case of the 1954/1955 winter was a stronger, extreme
cold event than the case of January 2008, in terms of magnitudes of temperature drop and severity of impact on river icing.
It was gradually recovered to normal condition while the case of January 2008 had a very rapid recovery to warming condition
due to impact of the global warming. 相似文献
9.
Large-scale, low frequency modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and blocking, have an important modulation on the northern hemisphere weather and climate. In this paper, the physical mechanism studies on inter-decadal and decadal variability of NAO and blocking were summarized. The relationship between NAO regime transitions and the interannual variability of NAO in winter during was examined by using a statistical approach. The time-space relationship between NAO and European blocking were discussed. Based on two extreme cold and snowstorm events, the impacts on local weather especially the extreme events within the life cycle (two weeks) of the NAO and blocking were further examined. It was found that the frequently occurrence of the Eurasian extreme snowstorm was closely related to the special combination of NAO and blocking regime. In addition, the development of theoretical modes for NAO and blocking was discussed and issues that remain to be solved were proposed. 相似文献
10.
为了更好地理解降雪对气候变化的响应及机理,利用天山山区及周边49个站点日气象资料,采用参数化降雪判识方案提取降雪序列,以百分位阈值法分级别分析天山山区1961-2016年降雪事件变化特征。结果表明:①天山山区降雪量和降雪频次呈山区大于盆地,北坡大于南坡,自西北向东南递减的分布特征。②过去56年来,天山山区降雪量显著增加,降雪频次微弱增加;各级别降雪量和降雪频次变化趋势表现为:小雪显著减少,中雪变化平稳,大雪和极端降雪显著增加;降雪显著增加区域集中分布于天山北坡中部和伊犁河谷地区,降雪量的增加主要由极端降雪量和频次的增加所致。③年降雪量、大雪降雪量和频次、极端降雪量和频次在20世纪80年代中期发生突变增加,其他级别降雪量和频次无明显突变。④天山山区降雪量和极端降雪量的增加与气温变暖有关。 相似文献
11.
The ongoing greenhouse gas buildup and increase in near-surface air temperatures may have an impact on severe weather events in the United States. Output from some numerical modeling simulations suggests that the atmosphere over mid-latitude land areas could become more unstable in the future thereby supporting an increase in convective activity. However, despite the numerical simulation results, empiricists have been unable generally to identify significant increases in overall severe storm activity as measured in the magnitude and/or frequency of thunderstorms, hail events, tornadoes, hurricanes, and winter storm activity across the United States. There is evidence that heavy precipitation events have increased during the period of historical records, but for many other severe weather categories, the trends have been downward over the past half century. Damage from severe weather has increased over this period, but this upward trend disappears when inflation, population growth, population redistribution, and wealth are taken into account. 相似文献
12.
本文研究了前期冬季北极海冰与中国东部春季极端降水频次的联系及其可能机制,并进一步探讨了海冰异常信号对极端降水的预测价值。结果表明,前冬戴维斯海峡—巴芬湾区域海冰异常与中国东部春季极端降水频次经验正交分解第一模态(EOF1)之间存在密切联系。当前冬戴维斯海峡—巴芬湾区域海冰异常偏多时,冬季大气环流呈现出类北大西洋涛动(NAO)正位相的异常分布,并伴随经向的北大西洋三极型海温异常。该海温异常可以从冬季持续到春季,进而激发出从北大西洋到欧亚中纬度的纬向遥相关波列,在东亚地区引起气旋型环流异常。该气旋型环流异常会引起中国东部地区湿度显著增加,上升运动增强,从而为该地区极端降水的发生提供了有利的背景条件。相反,当前冬戴维斯海峡—巴芬湾区域海冰异常偏少时,其滞后引起的春季环流异常则不利于中国东部地区极端降水的发生。进一步的交叉检验结果表明,前冬戴维斯海峡—巴芬湾区域海冰异常信号对中国东部春季极端降水具有重要的预测价值。 相似文献
13.
利用鲁东南地区18个代表站1961-2015年的逐日降水量、逐日天气现象、积雪深度资料,对近55 a来降雪的气候特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：鲁东南地区年均降雪日数、强降雪日数、降雪量、强降雪量及年均雪深、年最大积雪深度的空间分布总体上山区多于平原和沿海,区域差异明显。21世纪00年代以前为多雪时期,以后为少雪时期。近55 a的年均降雪日数、强降雪日数、降雪量、强降雪量及年均雪深、年最大积雪深度皆呈减少趋势,降雪由多转少的转折年份均在1993年,年均雪深、年最大积雪深度的减少分别出现在1987年、1986年。鲁东南地区降雪主要集中在1-2月份,3月份强降雪量最大,平均雪深、最大积雪深度的最大月份分别出现在11月份、3月份。降雪时段为10月23日-次年4月28日,降雪的初终日西北部山区皆为最早。降雪日数、强降雪日数、降雪量、强降雪量、雪深均存在3 a的周期,最大积雪深度存在4～5 a的周期。 相似文献
14.
广东省近50年极端降水事件的时空特征及成因分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用广东省境内25个测站1961~2010年逐日降水资料,综合运用Mann-Kendall检验、正交分解函数和Morlet小波分析等方法,剖析了广东省极端降水的空间结构分布与时间变化特征,并从水汽辐合的角度解释了极端降水的时空特征。结果表明:全省极端降水事件的总量、频次、强度空间分布差异较大,从北到南,极端降水总量和强度增加,频次减少;全省大部分区域极端降水总量和频次都有增加的趋势;广东省极端降水受大尺度天气系统的影响,存在全区一致的多雨或少雨,但也存在东西、四周、中心以及南北的差异;极端降水空间异常可分为4个气候区(异常型),即粤东北区,粤西区,粤中部区以及粤东沿海区,各降水异常区存在20a左右的长周期、10a左右较长周期的和3~4a的短周期振荡;广东省极端降水与极端水汽辐合对应关系较好,区域内水汽辐合的改变可能是影响广东省极端降水变化的重要气候因子。 相似文献
15.
甘肃河西走廊地区气候暖湿转型后的最新事实 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用1981-2011年甘肃省河西走廊地区19台站逐日降水资料, 研究了该区域年和四季降水量、雨日、降水强度的气候变化特征. 结果表明: 整个河西走廊秋季及酒泉市东部到张掖市冬季降水呈显著增加; 夏季雨日显著减少, 秋季雨日显著增加; 秋季降水强度普遍增强. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代秋季、春季和冬季降水量占年降水量的比重分别提高了9.4%、3.9%和1.8%, 仍有暖湿化倾向, 其中, 秋季暖湿化显著, 而夏季降水比重却减少了15.3%, 有暖干化趋势. 2000年代降水量、雨日和降水强度极端气候事件明显增加: 从季节看, 秋季发生频率最高, 约占同季全部极端事件的80%左右, 其次是夏季和冬季, 各占60%, 春季和年各占50%; 从要素看, 雨日发生频率最高, 占全部极端事件的近70%, 降水量次之, 占60%, 雨强占50%. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代500 hPa、200 hPa和700 hPa 高度场、相对湿度及比湿有明显的年代际变化, 对秋季降水有利而对夏季降水不利. 相似文献
16.
降雪含水比（Snow-to-liquid ratio,缩写为SLR）是降雪深度预报中将定量降水预报（Quantitative precipitation forecast,缩写为QPF）转化为雪深预报所必须的重要参数。利用2009-2017年冬半年辽宁省国家基本站逐小时降水量、积雪深度加密观测资料以及地面气温、地面温度、极大风速、天气现象等资料,通过制定适合本研究的质量控制标准,严格筛选降雪事件,分析辽宁省SLR的变化特征以及气温对降雪含水比的影响,研究结果表明：（1）辽宁省小时SLR的平均值为11,略高于经验值10,虽然SLR变化范围跨度很大,但主要集中在2~20内变化,而SLR大于30的极端值出现频率较低;（2）平均SLR在辽宁省不仅存在明显的空间分布差异,还存在显著的月变化特征;（3）地面气温与SLR有很好的相关性,平均SLR在不同气温区间变化明显,在-15℃附近SLR存在峰值,峰值前随气温降低平均SLR明显增大,而峰值后随着气温降低SLR突然减小。研究结果为今后辽宁冬季降雪深度预报中合理使用SLR这一重要参数提供参考。 相似文献
17.
In previous research, winter weather conditions like precipitation and cold were recognized as factors affecting the change in traffic volume, and a simulation has been conducted to model the effect of weather factor on variations in traffic flow. A winter weather hazard model considering natural chronic hazards in the winter season has been proposed. To achieve this purpose, this research formulated a dummy variable winter weather traffic model while considering explanatory variables such as expected daily volume, snowfall, and temperature. This model was derived using six-year traffic data that were collected on a weigh-in-motion site on Highway 44, in Alberta, Canada. Precipitation and cold data collected from a weather station were linked with traffic data to model traffic variations caused by weather factors. The performance of the model, on the ground of temporal transferability and model specification, was tested using data from different years. The temporal transferability test confirmed that the model can be successfully applied regardless of the year. It was also revealed that each vehicle class prefers a different model specification in estimating correct traffic volume.
相似文献18.
Extremely cold weather has an important influence on winter production and life in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. This paper uses the daily minimum temperature data of ground observation stations during extreme cold weather from 1974 to 2021 in the Greater Khingan Mountains region, monthly circulation index data, the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were analyzed by climate statistical method; The abrupt changes and periods of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were tested by Mann-Kendall method and Morlet wavelet analysis; calculating the recurrence period of extreme minimum temperature by empirical frequency method; correlation method was used to analyze the circulation factors which had significant influence on the number of extremely cold days. The results are followed: (1) The spatial distribution of extreme cold days in the Greater Khingan Mountains region was not uniform, and gradually decreasing from northwest to south. The extreme cold days was at most 717 d in Huzhong, and at least 29 d in Gagadaki, the extreme cold days in the whole region mutated in 1979, and the average annual extreme cold days decreased 14.2 d after the mutation compared with that before the mutation, and the annual extremely cold days have a significant cycle of 2 to 4 years. (2) The extreme minimum temperature in the whole region mutated in 1990, before the mutation the extreme minimum temperature was low and after the mutation began to rise, the significant cycle of annual extreme minimum temperature was 4 to 5 years, the extreme lowest temperature was -49.6 ℃ in Mohe, followed by -49.2 ℃ in Huzhong; the extreme lowest temperature occurs once every 2 years, once every 5 years and once every 10 years in Huzhong, while the extreme lowest temperature occurs once in 20 years, once in 50 years and once in 100 years in Mohe. (3) SCAND teleconnection patterm has a good correlation with extreme cold days in winter(January, February and December)in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. Positive growth of the circulation mode, it has great influence on the extreme cold weather in winter in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China). 相似文献
19.
1961-2010年西北干旱区极端降水指数的时空变化分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
结合绝对阈值和百分位法定义极端降水事件的优点,提出了一种更灵敏的检测极端降水事件的方法. 该方法不仅能检测出常用降水指数无法检测到的降水量稀少地区尤其干旱区的极端降水事件,同时也能过滤掉其检测到的降水量丰富地区的虚假极端降水事件. 此方法首次被应用于统计1961年1月至2010年2月西北干旱区72个气象站点的年和季节的极端降水指数（大降水和强降水指数）,并分析了极端降水指数的时间变化趋势及其空间分布特征. 结果表明：西北干旱区春（3-5月）、秋（9-11月）、冬（12月至次年2月）三季极端降水指数无显著（P>0.05）变化趋势,夏季（6-8月）大降水的频率和降水量以及大降水降水量占总降水量的比重都显著增加;新疆地区极端降水指数为增加趋势的区域基本都分布在海拔较高（约海拔1 000 m以上）的地区;西北干旱区东部极端降水指数变化趋势的空间分布有明显的季节差异,表现为夏、秋季大部分地区为增加趋势,冬、春季大部分地区为减小趋势. 相似文献
20.
1961 - 2017年中国东北地区降雪时空演变特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用东北地区162个气象台站逐日降水量和天气现象数据, 采用统计分析方法, 对近57年（1961 - 2017年）降雪的气候特征和时空演变规律进行了分析。结果表明： 降雪量和降雪日数最多出现在12月, 小雪和中雪最多出现在11月或12月, 大雪和暴雪在冬末春初出现概率最高。降雪分布为山地大于平原, 平原地区自北向南、 自东向西减少, 降雪高值区主要位于大兴安岭北部、 小兴安岭和长白山区, 降雪强度中心位于长白山区和辽宁中部平原地区。年、 秋季、 冬季、 春季降雪量占同期降水量比例分别为4.7%、 7.0%、 84.4%和7.6%; 辽宁省西部山区和南部大连地区日最大降雪量占年总降雪量比例最高, 最长连续降雪日数在2 d以下, 降雪较高纬度地区更为集中。近57年降雪量和降雪强度分别以1.93 mm?（10a）-1和0.11 mm?d-1?（10a）-1的速率显著增加, 降雪日数以2.08 d?（10a）-1速率显著减少; 降雪量增加主要表现为各等级降雪量的增加, 降雪日数减少主要是微量和小雪日数的减少, 降雪强度增加主要为大雪和暴雪降雪强度的增加。年、 秋季和冬季降雪量占同期降水量比例平均每10年增加0.36%、 0.48%和0.45%, 春季以0.11%?（10a）-1的速率减少。中雪、 大雪和暴雪对降雪贡献率均呈增加趋势, 小雪降雪量和微量降雪日数贡献率减少; 1987年降雪量和降雪日数突变后, 微量降雪日数和暴雪日数、 小雪降雪量贡献率改变显著。就区域平均而言, 2001 - 2017年的降雪量较1961 - 1980年增加了27.8%, 降雪日数减少了22.4%。 相似文献