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1.
藻源性湖泛水体显黑颗粒的元素形态分析与鉴定 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
湖泛现象是我国超富营养化浅水湖泊面临的最严峻环境问题之一,水体发黑、发臭是湖泛水体最显著和基本的物理特征.针对太湖湖泛显黑颗粒缺乏从元素形态直接给出证据的问题,针对室内模拟藻体和沉积物存在下形成的湖泛水体,采用多种图谱分析技术,对厌氧截留分离的显黑颗粒物质及其化学组成和元素形态进行了分析鉴定.扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析与荧光光谱分析表明:湖泛水体显黑颗粒物质以藻类残体和悬浮沉积物颗粒物为主,其组成元素以C、O、Si为主;与未发生湖泛的对照样相比,湖泛水体显黑颗粒物样品中具有更高的Fe、S含量.X射线光电子能谱Fe、S微区分析进一步表明:湖泛显黑颗粒物样品中Fe主要以Fe(Ⅱ)的形式存在、S则以还原态S2-的形式赋存,两者具有共同化合成Fe S的充要条件.因此,缺氧厌氧条件下,湖泛水体的显黑物质组成是Fe S,它可由水体中Fe2+和ΣS2-通过化学共沉淀形成,并主要通过吸附于悬浮颗粒物之上而使得整个水柱呈现黑色,指示湖泛的暴发过程和维持状态. 相似文献
2.
底泥覆盖对浅水湖泊藻源性湖泛的控制模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
湖泛的发生与湖泊底部氧化还原条件和致黑致臭物充足供给直接相关.利用黄土和细沙对太湖湖泛易发区(月亮湾)底泥进行覆盖,模拟在湖泛可形成条件下,底泥-水体系及其界面主要物化性质与感官变化过程.结果表明:0.5 cm黄土和1.0 cm细沙的覆盖,从水色和嗅味半定量角度达到了对湖泛黑臭的控制,与对照组相比,覆盖组底泥间隙水中主要致黑物Fe2+浓度仅为对照组的1/3,主要致臭物甲硫醇和二甲基三硫醚等浓度则不到50%.进一步分析底部水体和底泥性质发现:经覆盖处理底部水体的溶解氧浓度提高近1倍,氧化还原电位基本处于250 m V以上水平,覆盖层1 cm左右表层氧化还原电位和p H均远高于对照底泥.以黄土为主的底泥覆盖,主要因阻隔了下层底泥中物质迁移供给和对厌氧微生物参与的控制,以及黄土本身性质对湖底物化环境的影响等,在藻体大量聚集和死亡的水柱环境中,较好地阻止了致黑致臭物的形成,从而较有效控制湖泛的发生. 相似文献
3.
湖泊水底Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度的快速增加是湖泛暴发最早发生于沉积物-水界面的主要前提,缺氧环境下水底扩散层附近Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的迁移是其在沉积物-水界面处稳定积累的重要原因.以蓝藻聚积水体沉积物-水界面为研究对象,应用湖泊过程模拟装置及间隙水被动采样等技术,重点研究了间隙水和底层上覆水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的垂向分布特征,并定量估算了二者的扩散通量及迁移方向.结果表明:湖泛样品水体沉积物-水界面处于典型的还原性环境,表层沉积物间隙水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度显著高于对照样品,二者在表层沉积物中积累趋势明显.湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处Fe~(2+)释放通量较高,表现出较强烈的自沉积物向上覆水方向的释放能力;而湖泛样品ΣS~(2-)在沉积物-水界面处释放通量为负,迁移方向为自上覆水向沉积物扩散.Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)在湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处不同的迁移特征证明:缺氧/厌氧条件下,湖泊水体表层沉积物间隙水中高浓度Fe~(2+)向上覆水的扩散为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了重要的物质基础;底层上覆水及界面水中SO~(2-)4在表层沉积物中被还原,为终端还原产物ΣS~(2-)为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了另一重要物质来源. 相似文献
4.
湖泊沉积物中微量金属二次迁移过程中微生物作用的实验研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
蓄积在湖泊沉积物中污染物质某些情况下可以成为威胁上覆水体水质安全的二次污染源．根据贵州省阿哈湖季节性缺氧的特性,通过控制氧化还原状况,设计了对该湖沉积物-水柱的原样／抑菌条件的培养实验．实验发现,微生物活动对界面附近氧化还原反应具有控制作用;改变水体的含氧状况可以显著影响上覆水体水质,包括表观性状和水体中污染物含量．聚类分析结果表明,早期成岩过程中Mn,Ga,SO4 2-,Cu,Cr,Pb和Co,Ni,Fe,Sc,V,Rb两大类分别具有相似的地球化学行为．根据实验结果,计算了厌氧培养过程中,微量元素的最大释放量,发现铁、锰在厌氧过程中可以大量向水体释放． 相似文献
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太湖湖泛形成研究进展与展望 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
回顾近些年对太湖湖泛形成的研究进展,参考国外关于黑斑和缺氧现象的相关研究成果,重点从湖泛的感官特征与描述、缺氧与污染效应、湖泛形成的物质和气象条件,以及微生物和底泥作用等方面,进行了系统综述,总结出湖泛发生条件与生消过程.从基本属性方面,归纳出湖泛是指在适当的气象和地形等条件下,富营养湖泊局部水域因长时间聚积大量藻体或水草等生物质,在微生物和底泥参与下,形成边界可辨、散发恶臭的可移动黑色水团,并导致水质恶化和一些生物死亡的极端污染现象的定义.文章最后从湖泛研究的新技术、新手段,沉积物有效成分提供机制,湖泛发生的关键参数阈值确定,以及致黑致臭物稳定性机制等方面,对未来发展进行了展望. 相似文献
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太湖草源性"湖泛"水域沉积物营养盐释放估算 总被引：22，自引：12，他引：10
于太湖草源性"湖泛"暴发期,采集柱状沉积物并应用peeper被动采样装置获得"湖泛"区原位沉积物间隙水.泥水样品分析表明:"湖泛"发生水域表层(0~7 cm)沉积物的含水率、孔隙度和有机质含量均明显高于对照区,其中有机质含量更是对照区样品的4倍左右,沉水植物残体促使表层沉积物物化性质改变的作用明显;"湖泛"发生水域表层沉积物间隙水中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、溶解性反应磷(SRP)及Fe2+含量远高于未发生区,植物残体降解对沉积物厌氧环境的营造显著.运用分子扩散模型对沉积物释放通量估算:"湖泛"发生区沉积物NH+4-N、SRP和Fe2+的释放速率分别是对照区的49.8、15.3和123.1倍.研究认为,草源性"湖泛"水体氮、磷等营养物含量升高的主要原因是沉积物的释放,而"湖泛"所营造的厌氧环境是氮、磷释放急剧增加的主要驱动因素. 相似文献
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沉积物中有机质的削减是黑臭水体治理的关键.Fenton(Fe^2++H2O2)试剂在有机污染废水和土壤原位修复中的应用广泛且效果良好;Fenton试剂也能很好地去除黑臭水体中的色度和浊度,但其氧化沉积物有机质的研究未见报道.为探究Fenton试剂对黑臭水体沉积物的氧化效果,本研究通过室内模拟实验用Fenton氧化法对黑臭河道沉积物进行处理,考察氧化过程沉积物特征和性质的变化;分析覆水后沉积物中污染物的释放特征,并和H2O2体系(无Fe^2+)进行比较.结果表明:Fenton体系显著提高了沉积物与上覆水的氧化还原电位,对黑臭河道沉积物中的有机质具有很强的氧化效率.在温度为28℃、H2O2为20%Q(Q为体系中沉积物有机质完全矿化的理论H2O2用量)和Fe^2+∶H2O2(摩尔比)为0.5∶1时,反应1 d,酸挥发性硫化物去除率为70.13%,沉积物总有机碳减少了22.14%,总有机氮减少了87.60%,生成了较多的铵态氮和硝态氮;由于铁对磷的钝化,沉积物中溶解性反应磷含量大幅减少.H2O2体系的氧化速度较Fenton体系慢,覆水后对体系中的Eh提高不明显.值得注意的是,Fenton体系会降低上覆水的pH,释放较多的铵态氮.需要联合其他技术(如微生物法),强化水体中有机质和氨氮的降解,以取得理想的修复作用. 相似文献
8.
湖泊生态系统产甲烷与甲烷氧化微生物研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
湖泊生态系统是重要的大气甲烷来源,其甲烷释放量占全球自然生态系统的40%.产甲烷和甲烷氧化微生物在湖泊甲烷生产和消耗过程中发挥关键作用.本文综述了近期有关湖泊生态系统甲烷产生与氧化过程的研究进展,重点介绍产甲烷与甲烷氧化微生物在湖泊中的分布特征、代谢途径以及调控机制.现有研究表明,湖泊中甲烷的生成不仅仅依靠赋存于沉积物和水体厌氧层的产甲烷古菌,还可能来自有氧环境中其他产甲烷微生物的代谢作用.湖泊中的甲烷在脱离水体逸散至大气之前,被甲烷氧化微生物利用,转化成二氧化碳和小分子有机化合物(如甲醇、甲醛和甲酸等).除了传统依赖氧气作为电子受体的好氧氧化过程外,新近研究还揭示了多种厌氧甲烷氧化过程,包括依赖还原硫酸盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐以及Fe~(3+)/Mn~(4+)等金属离子的甲烷氧化过程.文献综合分析表明,反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化过程主要发生在淡水湖泊中,而硫酸盐还原型主要发生在高盐度或者高碱度湖泊中.水体温度、溶解氧浓度可以显著影响产甲烷与甲烷氧化微生物的丰度与群落结构,其他湖泊环境条件,如盐度、pH和有机质类型等都可能改变产甲烷与甲烷氧化微生物的分布和代谢活性.不同湖泊类型的比较研究,有助于全面掌握影响湖泊产甲烷与甲烷氧化微生物的时空分布与代谢特征的主导因素. 相似文献
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改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体的综合效果研究:Ⅲ.模拟湖泛水体的应急治理效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索原位解决湖泛引起的水体感官和水质恶化问题,本研究在室内考察了改性当地土壤对湖泛黑物质的絮凝去除效果及土壤和沙子覆盖对絮体再悬浮的抑制作用,并在梅梁湾围隔实验中考察了改性当地土壤湖泊综合修复技术对模拟湖泛水体嗅味物质和营养盐的去除及水体溶解氧(DO)的改善效果.室内研究结果表明,壳聚糖改性土壤对湖泛水体黑物质的絮凝去除效果比聚合氯化铝更佳,在55 mg/L的壳聚糖改性土壤投加量时,水体浊度从对照的 >2000NTU降低到5 NTU,土壤和沙子覆盖能够有效地减少湖泛水体黑物质絮凝去除后的再悬浮.现场研究结果表明,该技术处理30 min后总氮和总磷的去除率达到97.0%,嗅味物质DMTS和MIB的去除率达到75.0%以上,水体表层DO增加了75.0%,底层DO增加了183.5%.改性当地土壤湖泊综合修复技术对湖泛水体的感官和水质起到明显的应急改善效果. 相似文献
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细菌群落组成对微囊藻水华分解过程的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究细菌群落组成对微囊藻水华腐败分解过程的响应,在太湖梅梁湾沿岸进行为期11 d的原位围隔实验,模拟蓝藻水华聚集分解过程,并监测了此过程中水体环境因子和细菌群落组成.结果表明,水体理化因子和细菌群落组成在微囊藻水华分解的过程中发生了显著变化.冗余分析显示细菌的群落组成与水体氧化还原环境(溶解氧或氧化还原电位)、pH值、浮游植物生物量和营养盐浓度(总磷、硝态氮浓度)密切相关.研究还发现了某些与微囊藻水华分解密切相关的特殊细菌类群,其中隶属于黄杆菌科(拟杆菌门)的一个类群在微囊藻厌氧分解的阶段占据显著优势,其功能有待于进一步研究. 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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Ingvar B. Fridleifsson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(1-2):242-252
In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future. 相似文献
