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1.
The Indonesian consumer market for clothing: Institutions, firms and organizational behaviours 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Markus Hassler 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2006,27(2):150-162
The clothing industry is widely cited as an industrial sector that is embedded primarily in buyer-driven structures of global commodity chains in which retailers and brand-name companies, rather than manufacturers, are the key driving forces. Analysis of clothing production systems within the commodity chain literature, however, has been predominantly Western-centric, with little emphasis on similarities and/or differences between competitors in different institutional and societal contexts. Therefore, this paper explores the ways in which international and domestic clothing brand-owners compete for market shares within Indonesia. The analytical focus includes important issues such as the influence of the regulatory policy framework on firm-specific behaviour as well as applied marketing strategies within individual fashion segments. 相似文献
2.
外部知识环境与内资企业新出口市场开拓 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自中国加入WTO以来,出口贸易发展迅速。从出口主体来看,内资企业的出口行为对区域经济增长和中国自身实力的提升尤为重要。建立对外联系、利用外部资源能够有效地促进内资企业拓展海外市场。论文使用中国海关库2001—2011年企业层面的进出口数据,借助条件逻辑回归模型研究地级市尺度上外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场产生的溢出效应。研究区分了影响内资企业海外市场拓展的3种外部知识环境,内资企业可以：从同一区域的外资企业处获得外部知识;与邻近区域企业形成跨区域联系,获取外部知识;从国外进口获取外部知识。通过对比3种外部知识环境对于地级市尺度内资企业开拓新出口市场的影响,发现：① 3种外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场均表现出积极作用;本地外资企业出口的溢出效应最大,本地企业进口的溢出效应次之,邻近城市企业出口溢出效应最小;② 中西部地区与东北地区的邻近城市企业出口溢出贡献最大,且3种外部知识环境带来的溢出效应均明显强于东部地区;③ 本地外资企业与邻近城市企业出口溢出对高技术产品的影响明显强于低技术产品。 相似文献
3.
全球-地方出口溢出效应对新企业进入出口市场的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
出口增长是驱动中国经济发展的关键力量,新出口企业进入是出口增长的微观体现。新贸易理论认为集聚外部性带来的知识溢出是影响企业出口决策的关键因素。出口地、目的国维度的知识溢出均有利于企业获取必要的出口知识,降低进入出口市场的难度。演化经济地理理论强调认知邻近是出口溢出发挥作用的前提,出口地、目的国维度的出口经验、产品关联是出口溢出的主要内容。论文利用2002—2011年中国海关贸易数据库,分析出口地、目的国溢出对新企业进入出口市场的作用。结果发现：① 出口溢出可以显著提升新出口企业进入概率,私营企业更倾向于进入出口溢出更强的出口地、目的国市场;② 出口溢出对跟随型企业,特别是本土跟随型企业进入的促进作用更强,国有集体企业更强调整体出口经验溢出,私营企业更强调产品知识溢出;③ 出口地溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新目的国,目的国溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新产品。论文完善了出口企业空间动态研究,拓展了出口溢出对出口决策作用的空间维度,也有助于深化对中国贸易空间的理解。 相似文献
4.
在实地调查的基础上,文章对南太行山区旅游客源市场现状进行了系统分析,认为该区旅游市场结构以国内游客占绝对优势;旅游者以中青年居多,其分布具有空间近距离性,行为特征表现为休闲观光比重大、散客多、逗留时间短等。针对这些特征,充分考虑南太行山旅游资源的特点、区位条件和旅游市场的发展趋势,规划了旅游市场的细分目标,并从形象营销、品牌营销、网络营销、绿色营销、整合营销等方面进行了针对性的市场营销扩展策略研究。 相似文献
5.
贸易保护、出口溢出效应与中国出口市场拓展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
在国际贸易摩擦不断升级的背景下,厘清贸易保护对中国区域经济发展的影响是中国当前面临的重要议题。既有演化经济地理学框架主要从供给视角出发,认为出口产品路径演化过程呈现依赖技术知识溢出的特征,忽略了需求视角的影响。基于中国海关库2002—2016年的数据,以中国出口产品进入新市场的演化路径为研究对象,本文将供需视角纳入同一解释框架,补充需求视角下的外部市场关联以及需求市场的贸易壁垒措施作为外部力量,试图探究贸易保护、出口溢出效应如何作用于中国出口市场拓展过程。研究发现：① 在出口产品结构升级的同时,中国出口目的地结构也在不断地向新兴市场国家和地区拓展。其中,东部与中部地区是出口拓展的主力区域,技术与资本密集型产品是出口拓展的主要产品类型。② 中国出口市场的拓展进程呈现出典型的路径依赖特征,包括供给视角下基于本地技术知识溢出的路径依赖与需求视角下基于目的地市场信息溢出的路径依赖。其中后者被长期忽视,但在中国出口市场拓展进程中扮演着十分重要的角色。③ 贸易保护作为一种外部冲击,可有效地削弱基于本地技术知识溢出和外部市场信息溢出的路径依赖。采用投资、区域合作等方式绕开贸易壁垒,实现出口产品与市场结构的多元化,是应对外部冲击实现可持续发展的长久之计。 相似文献
6.
市场分割与中国城市出口差异 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
出口贸易是中国经济增长的引擎,也是影响城市经济发展的重要因素。中国城市出口活动强度呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势,东部沿海地区的城市群表现最为优异。经济转型背景下地方政府采取的市场分割政策对中国城市出口差异有显著影响。基于新经济地理理论,在企业微观层面使用Heckman选择模型分析的结果表明：① 短期内,国内市场分割程度加剧导致企业因国内市场受限而替代性地进入国际市场以追求规模经济效益,从而通过增加出口企业数量提升城市出口表现;长期来看,市场分割限制了企业的规模经济效益和专业化分工能力,降低了出口企业的生产率和国际竞争力,从而损害城市出口贸易的可持续发展;这一机制还受到企业所有制及地理区位的影响。② 市场分割对企业出口行为的扭曲程度依外资企业、国有企业、私营企业的顺序递增。③ 在中国中部地区,改善省际交通条件有助于缓解国内市场分割对企业出口行为的扭曲作用,在东部和西部地区则不明显。 相似文献
7.
Like many other countries in Africa, Ghana has traditionally depended on a few export products—namely, cocoa, timber, and mineral resources—as the mainstays of its economy. The often‐volatile nature of the world market price of these products made the economy very vulnerable to fluctuations in the prices of export commodities. Moreover, the geographical distribution of these resources meant that only a few regions could participate in their production and export. This resulted in wide spatial and socioeconomic disparities between the producing and nonproducing regions. Within the past eighteen years, however, a shift seems to have taken place. Under the auspices of the ongoing structural adjustment programs, emphasis is being placed on nontraditional export goods. This is not only helping to reduce the vulnerability of the economy by diversifying the sources of export earnings, but also engendering participation in the export trade by regions that have been traditionally left behind. This study analyses the changing geography of the export trade of Ghana using data from the International Monetary Fund/World Bank, the Ghanaian government, the World Trade Organization, and field observation. The study argues that while these new trends and efforts are laudable, they cannot bridge the gap between the export producing and nonproducing areas and cushion the economy against the vagaries of the export market unless deliberate attempts are made to improve transportation and other basic infrastructure in the less‐endowed areas. 相似文献
8.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):513-527
Abstract Like many other countries in Africa, Ghana has traditionally depended on a few export products—namely, cocoa, timber, and mineral resources—as the mainstays of its economy. The often-volatile nature of the world market price of these products made the economy very vulnerable to fluctuations in the prices of export commodities. Moreover, the geographical distribution of these resources meant that only a few regions could participate in their production and export. This resulted in wide spatial and socioeconomic disparities between the producing and nonproducing regions. Within the past eighteen years, however, a shift seems to have taken place. Under the auspices of the ongoing structural adjustment programs, emphasis is being placed on nontraditional export goods. This is not only helping to reduce the vulnerability of the economy by diversifying the sources of export earnings, but also engendering participation in the export trade by regions that have been traditionally left behind. This study analyses the changing geography of the export trade of Ghana using data from the International Monetary Fund/World Bank, the Ghanaian government, the World Trade Organization, and field observation. The study argues that while these new trends and efforts are laudable, they cannot bridge the gap between the export producing and nonproducing areas and cushion the economy against the vagaries of the export market unless deliberate attempts are made to improve transportation and other basic infrastructure in the less-endowed areas. 相似文献
9.
外资企业对内资企业出口能力提升和出口市场拓展具有重要影响。本文基于2000—2016年中国地级市出口数据,分析中国内资企业出口市场拓展格局,研究外资效应对内资企业进入新出口市场和出口额增长的影响,并依据经济和技术复杂度检验外资效应的区域和产业异质性。描述性分析发现：① 内资企业出口在国内呈多级连片格局,逐渐向非洲和拉丁美洲等新兴市场拓展。② 处于低复杂度城市/产业的内资企业更倾向于拓展新出口市场,处于高复杂度城市/产业的内资企业则倾向于提升出口额。计量模型结果表明：① 外资企业推动了内资企业出口额增长,但抑制了其进入新出口市场,分别表现出溢出效应和竞争效应。② 从区域和产业异质性来看,外资企业仅在高复杂度城市/产业阻碍了内资企业出口市场拓展,表现出竞争效应;而在低复杂度城市/产业则表现为溢出效应。③ 相较于低经济复杂度城市,高经济复杂度城市的内资企业受到的竞争和溢出效应均更强。 相似文献
10.
近年来,沙漠旅游呈现蓬勃发展之势。应用问卷调查法对国内居民的沙漠感知形象进行调查,在此基础上进一步对其沙漠旅游行为意向进行研究。结果表明,沙漠旅游具有广阔的市场前景,人们对沙漠旅游十分向往,愿意支付较高的旅游费用并花费较长的旅游时间,但对沙漠的感知形象支离破碎,且对已开发的沙漠旅游景区认知度较低。研究还发现,市场营销力度不够和交通可达性差是阻碍目前中国沙漠旅游业发展的主要因素。提出推动中国沙漠旅游快速发展的3点建议,即丰富旅游产品体系,重点发展观光旅游;塑造鲜明旅游形象,加大市场营销力度;提高交通可达性,完善旅游配套设施。 相似文献
11.
以2001—2016年入境外国休闲旅游者的数据为基础,通过地理集中度、市场收敛性和市场竞争态3项指标再分析旅华外国客源市场的时空特征,结果发现：旅华外国客源市场集中度较高,近6成客源来自亚洲,且主要依赖于韩国、俄罗斯、美国和马来西亚等核心市场;市场多样性不足,远程洲际市场对中国旅游规模的增长贡献不大;韩国最具竞争优势,蒙古最具发展潜力,其他市场的竞争潜力相对较弱。最后,通过比较休闲旅游数据与总体旅游数据的结果,发现以往基于总体入境旅游数据的研究结论有偏差：在市场占有率上,日本、蒙古、菲律宾和印度被高估,泰国和印度尼西亚被低估;在市场贡献上,意大利、瑞士、荷兰和加拿大被高估,马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国、新加坡和美国被低估;在市场竞争地位上,蒙古、菲律宾和印度被高估,泰国被低估。 相似文献
12.
中国在美洲OFDI的基本特征与决定因素 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用2004-2014年中国在OFDI（Outward Foreign Direct Investment, 对外直接投资）的4616家企业数据,分析了其行业结构特征、地理分布特征及其变动,建立了东道国的属性特征和东道国—母国的关系特征相融合的OFDI区位决定模型,定量识别了中国在美洲OFDI的国别决定因素及其行业间差异。研究发现：① 中国在美洲OFDI的国家分布高度集中,行业主体是服务业,国有企业为主导投资者,私营企业投资地位不高。但随时间推移,国家分布趋于离散,制造业地位提升、服务业地位下降,私营企业比重上升。② 国内制造业企业是中国在美洲OFDI的投资主体,且投资行业高度集中于批发零售、商务服务、进出口贸易,这是制造业企业构建国际价值增长链,参与全球化的客观表现,印证了其逐步且连续的国际扩张历程。与制造业公司向服务领域的延伸不同,进出口贸易公司、商务服务公司侧重于原有主营业务优势的拓展。③ 关系变量的引入,有效提升了OFDI国家差别的解释力度。出口显著促进了OFDI,符合互补模型的表现,预示着中国在美洲的OFDI仍处于熟悉海外市场的初始阶段。在这一阶段,良好且紧密的政治社会关系能有效促进OFDI,并且民间力量的推动逊色于国家力量的推动。④ 中国在美洲的OFDI,市场寻求动机最为明显,能源获取动机、技术获取动机、降低生产成本的动机,没有获得模型的充分确认。⑤ 与批发零售业、商务服务业、制造业追求市场规模的共性不同,地质勘查与开发业更侧重于资源寻求,并由此决定了良好政治关系以及国有企业的特殊重要性。 相似文献
13.
Especially since 2012 Chinese companies have acquired stakes as investors and constructors of overseas ports in both high-income and emerging economies. These initiatives play an important role in the construction of a Maritime Silk Road and China's Belt and Road Initiative(BRI). Although a result of many factors, of which Chinese port investments are only one, macro-geographical gravity methods show that distance impedance and increases in the export market potential, export supply capacity and access to imports of these countries drove increases in income per capita. Export supply capacity rose particularly in Southeast Asia and more recently in Sub-Saharan Africa. In difficult times for the world economy, countries in which China invested in overseas port infrastructure saw increases in national export market potential and income per capita, due to reduction in the impedance of distance, while in the case of developing economies export market supply capacity and access to imported capital equipment and intermediate goods improved. 相似文献
14.
Patrick O’Keeffe 《The Australian geographer》2018,49(4):497-515
ABSTRACTThe Australian government deregulated the wheat export market in 2008, ending 60 years of statutory wheat marketing by the Australian Wheat Board (AWB). In this article, I explore the discursive shifts which contributed to this change. I adopt a genealogical approach to this research, by collecting and analysing policy documents produced between 1983 and 2012, to understand how truths—such as efficiency, competition and the ‘good farmer’—were constructed and reproduced to facilitate wheat export market deregulation in Australia. Through analysing the case of wheat export market deregulation, and the process by which this shift was made possible, this article contributes more broadly to research examining the neoliberalisation of Australian rural industries, and the discursive construction of norms, values and identities to facilitate these changes. 相似文献
15.
从总贸易、出口、进口、外资和人员5个视角构建对美风险系数，测度和比较各省区市对美外贸风险的地理差异。结果表明：上海、浙江和福建与美国的进出口贸易规模最大，对美国市场的依赖程度最高，面临的综合外贸风险最大；河南尤其需要防范对美国的出口风险；海南、新疆、天津和西藏等需要加强从美国进口的风险管理；重庆除了需要防范对美出口风险外，还因为实际利用美资最多且依赖程度最大，亟需加强外资风险管理。宁夏和山西虽然从美国的引资规模不大，但是对美资的依赖程度最高，亟需提升外资多元化水平。从人员跨境流动风险来看，上海、北京和浙江面临的风险最大。中国各省区市在应对美国出口管制时应该加强外贸风险的识别和管理，针对不同的风险采取差别化的防范和化解措施。 相似文献
16.
近年来,逆全球化趋势上升,许多国家对中国竖起贸易壁垒,在此背景下,如何提升城市的出口韧性已成为重要研究议题。现有文献普遍关注本地产业结构与区域韧性的关系,发现多样化产业结构有助于缓解贸易壁垒造成的外部冲击,但是较少探讨外部市场结构的作用。本文使用2001—2016年中国海关数据库贸易数据,引入市场关联概念,首次构建市场相关多样化指标,研究在贸易壁垒冲击下,中国城市出口市场相关多样化对城市出口韧性的影响。研究发现：① 市场相关多样化程度较高的城市,表现出更高的城市出口韧性,其可借助互补性的出口经验和风险分散的市场结构,减小贸易壁垒产生的直接和间接影响。② 外资比例较高、具有国家级经济开发区的城市,由于城市内部企业集聚程度高和信息交流频繁,更容易发挥市场相关多样化的作用。③ 城市相关多样化的市场结构很难抵抗发达国家（地区）贸易壁垒带来的冲击。本文认为地方政府应高度重视城市出口韧性,积极招商引资、申请经济开发区、保持对外联系,推动企业集聚、多举办展会以促进企业间贸易经验交流,尤其是要促进发展中国家的出口信息扩散,要积极引导本地企业利用本地已有贸易市场信息,拓展新市场。 相似文献
17.
外资企业出口溢出与内资企业的出口市场开拓 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
改革开放以来,外资企业对于中国经济增长和本土企业成长发挥了重要的作用。使用中国海关统计的2001-2011年间企业层面的出口信息,构建城市—产品—出口目的地尺度的平衡面板数据,通过条件逻辑模型方法,探究中国外资企业出口对内资企业出口决策的溢出效应。实证结果显示：外资企业出口活动对内资企业出口决策存在显著的正向溢出效应。此外还考虑了出口目的地和出口地区的异质性,并发现当出口目的地与中国存在较大的经济、地理、政治或制度距离时,外资企业对内资企业的出口溢出效应更显著;中国中西部城市的外资企业出口溢出效应比东部城市更为突出。检验结果表明外资企业出口活动在内资企业开拓国外新市场的过程中能够发挥重要促进作用。 相似文献
18.
中国的保险市场历来被国际保险业公认为是下一个最具开发潜力的市场。加入WTO以来,外资寿险公司在中国的投资进入快速扩张期,区位分布范围不断扩大。本文回顾了外资寿险公司在华发展历程,总结了其区位分布特点,并对其区位选择因子进行了实证分析。结果表明,外资寿险公司的保费收入与区域人均城镇收入水平正相关,而与区域第三产业发展水平和FDI呈负相关。未来外资寿险公司将向经济发展水平较高而市场发育程度相对较低的区域发展。 相似文献
19.
TAIWANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND TRADE WITH THAILAND 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Thailand has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and an important factor contributing to this phenomenal growth is foreign direct investment (FDI). Taiwan's investment in Thailand, led by small and medium sized companies in labour intensive and relatively low technology industries, has increased dramatically since 1986. While Western multinational companies have been interested in using FDI to expand their markets in the host country, Taiwanese FDI — in a pattern similar to Japanese FDI of the 1970s — has been taking place in selected developing countries to lower production costs and export manufactured products to third country markets. Taiwan's exports to Thailand have also shown a marked increase since the Taiwanese government allowed large scale FDI in 1986. Although small at the global scale, Taiwanese investment in Thailand has contributed to an increasingly integrated East Asian economy. 相似文献
20.
Warwick E. Murray 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2000,21(3):355-373
The economically vulnerable and geographically isolated states and territories of the Pacific Islands find themselves increasingly powerless to resist the recent accelerated diffusion of globalisation and the economic options that this entails. Neoliberal policy has arrived in the ocean region later than elsewhere in the tropical world and in the developing world in general. However, it now almost exclusively frames regional and state policy agendas, and is profoundly restructuring economies and societies across the region. Agriculture, by far the leading economic sector in Pacific Island countries, has been targeted specifically for reform. The cultivation of non-traditional agricultural exports has formed the centrepiece of the evolving strategy. As well as "staple" exports such as sugar, copra, and taro going to non-traditional markets, "exotic" niche products are being developed for export to high income markets in Europe, Asia and North America. A major example of such a product is kava – a "traditional" crop used in the preparation of a ceremonial and/or social drink. Psycho- and physiological properties have been identified in the plant by the pharmaceutical industry that is marketing a range of kava products. Produced widely across the Pacific, Fiji is the major export source. This paper traces the evolution of globalisation in the Pacific Islands, placing the current wave of neoliberalism in its historical context. It goes on to outline the evolution of the Fijian kava export sector, and investigates some of the local socio-economic impacts of recent market growth. Given the evidence presented in this study, the paper asks if the power relations evolving under contemporary neoliberal globalisation are likely to be any different from those that existed during colonial globalisation. 相似文献