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1.
Impact of karst water on coal mining in North China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Coalfields in North China encompass more than ten Provinces. They contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous
strata. The lower three seams account for 37% of the total reserves and are threatened with intrusion of karst water from
the underlying Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush incidences have occurred, in which a large amount of water suddenly
flows into tunnels or working faces under high potentiometric pressure. Over 50 mines have been flooded over the last 30 years.
Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the
mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused sinkholes, dry springs, water supply shortage, and groundwater
contamination in the surrounding areas. One alternative water control measure is to make full use of the rock layer between
the coal seam and the karst aquifer as a protective barrier to prevent or constrain water flow from the underlying aquifer
into the mines. Grouting is effective when the hydrogeological conditions are favorable to this technique. Proper design of
the grouting program and experience of the contractor are also important for a successful application. 相似文献
2.
Z. Wanfang 《Environmental Geology》1997,30(3-4):280-284
The Hanxing mining area of North China includes three coalfields: Fengfeng, Handan and Xingtai. Six or seven coal seams can
be commercially mined in Permo-Carboniferous strata, among which the lower three, accounting for 37% of the total reserves,
are threatened with karst water from the underlain Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush accidents have occurred
and over 30 mines have been flooded, resulting in heavy economic losses and casualties. In order to avoid water inrushes and
keep the mines safely operational, dewatering in the karst aquifer was considered an essential measure. Unfortunately, this
practice has caused serious environmental problems such as surface subsidence (sinkhole), dry spring, and water supply shortage.
On the basis of a series of investigations and tests in the last 20 years, an alternative method, mining with water pressure,
has been proposed and is the main focus of this paper. By using this method, the karst water in the limestone can be preserved
to some extent and the coals can be mined in a relatively safe way.
Received: 22 March 1996 · Accepted: 8 April 1996 相似文献
3.
Coalfields in North China encompassing more than ten Provinces contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The lower three seams, accounting for 37% of the total reserves, are threatened with karst water from the underlain Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush incidences have occurred in which a large amount of water suddenly flows into tunnels or working faces under high potentiometric pressure and over 30 mines have been flooded over the last 20 years. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice has caused sinkholes, dry springs, water supply shortage, and groundwater contamination in the surrounding areas, which is environmentally not permitted. One of the alternative water control measures is to make full use of the rock layer between the coal seam and the karst aquifer as a geological barrier. Similar to the application in the nuclear industry where a geological barrier is used to contain radioactive wastes, the barrier of this application is considered a hydraulic barrier as well with the objective to prevent or constrain water flow from the underlying aquifer into mines. Its effectiveness to constrain water flow is described by a parameter referred to as hydrofracturing pressure (Phf). When the water pressure in the underlying aquifer exceeds Phf, a wedging effect takes place within the fractures of the geological barrier and, as a result, water inrush occurs. In-situ hydrofracturing tests were used to determine Phf in bauxite and silty sandstone at tunnels. The Phf in the silty sandstone is larger than that in the bauxite but they both vary with depth (distance from the bottom of the tunnel). Based on the test results, a new safety criterion for water inrush was derived for mines and it has been successfully applied to mining practices with the minimum effort of dewatering in the karst aquifer. The same criterion can also be applied to tunneling and quarrying in areas with similar geological conditions. 相似文献
4.
本文根据作者多年勘探实践,在总结分析近30个供水勘探成果的基础上,对我国北方煤矿区碳酸岩供水水文地质勘探类型;类型划分;供水水文地质勘探的基本特点与原则;不同勘探类型的勘探任务和勘探方法进行了深入探讨。 相似文献
5.
注浆改造是华北型煤田下组煤开采的有效防治水技术之一。但是目前该项技术只能解决浅部上组煤问题,随着采深的增大,注浆改造煤层底板薄层灰岩含水层已不能满足安全开采条件。以东庞矿下组9号煤开采为例,分析了奥陶纪峰峰组岩溶含水层富水特征,研究了对奥陶系顶部进行注浆改造的可行性和相关技术问题,得出,对东庞矿奥灰上部进行注浆改造在技术上是可行的,合理的注浆改造厚度为40 m。试验性注浆结果表明,钻孔涌水平均堵水率达到74%,注浆效果良好,并提出了下一步防治水工作建议。 相似文献
6.
华北东部深部岩溶及煤矿岩溶水害特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对我国华北东部煤矿井开采深度迅速增加,矿井岩溶水害日益加重的客观问题,文章分析讨论了深矿井开采的基本概念,通过统计分析,得出中国东部主要煤矿井目前开采深度达到600 m左右且以12 m/a左右的速度向深部延伸的变化趋势。从华北东部地区沉积古地理环境与地壳运动演化史方面分析了该地区厚层奥陶纪灰岩的形成及其后期岩溶发育过程。通过对研究区几个重点矿区揭露的奥陶系灰岩岩溶发育特征在穿层和顺层方向上随深度变化规律的分析,揭示出华北东部主要煤矿区奥陶系灰岩岩溶发育特征在垂向上具有弱-强-弱和顺层方向上随埋深具有由强到弱的变化规律。提出了华北东部煤矿深部开采将面临的岩溶水害问题及其防治水技术思路。 相似文献
7.
对中国北方岩溶水研究方向的思考与实践 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国北方碳酸盐岩含水层连续沉积厚度大、分布范围广,蕴藏着丰富的地下水资源,是重要的国家级含水层。北方岩溶水集水资源、旅游资源、生态功能等于一体,在国民经济建设中具有举足轻重的地位,特别在城市供水和能源基地建设中发挥了不可替代的支撑性作用。近50年来,受大规模水资源开发利用和人类其它高强度活动影响,北方岩溶水环境问题凸显并带来了一系列负面效应,严重制约了水资源的可持续利用。在国家大力倡导生态文明建的大背景下,如何协调好北方岩溶区资源开发与环境保护,是水文地质工作行业需要着重思考的问题。本文从国家需求出发,提出北方断流岩溶大泉泉水复流的生态修复、闭坑煤矿酸性“老窑水”对岩溶水的污染防治、深层岩溶水的水和热资源开发利用等应作为未来一段时期北方岩溶水的重点研究方向,同时,对近年来在这几个方面开展的调查研究工作取得的成果了进行简要介绍。 相似文献
8.
露天开采是我国煤矿开采的两大方式之一。与地下开采煤矿类似，露天煤矿在开采过程中同样面临防治水问题，由于我国露天煤矿水害类型相对单一，国内学者鲜有对露天煤矿的水害特征和防治水技术进行深入研究。以我国露天煤矿分布范围为出发点，从充水水源、充水通道、充水强度3方面分析露天煤矿水害特征，得出大气降水、地表水和浅层地下水是主要充水水源；人为开挖形成的直通式通道、强渗透含水层或透水层、垂向导水钻孔、滑坡形成的地表裂缝等是主要充水通道；季节性变化明显、疏排水周期长、排水量大是露天煤矿疏排水主要水害特征的结论。归纳目前我国露天煤矿常用的7种防治水技术，提出露天煤矿由远及近、由上而下、由面至点的立体防治水技术体系。从地下水资源保护和生态环保角度出发，为实现露天煤矿绿色开采和可持续发展，提出以切断补给通道、减小矿坑疏排水量为目的的帷幕截流技术是今后露天煤矿防治水的主要技术方法。 相似文献
9.
焦作矿区岩溶水Cl-污染原因初探 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
焦作裂隙岩溶水系统是我国北方岩溶区发育比较典型的系统之一，岩溶水资源丰富，水质优良，是城市供水的主要水源，据近几年水质监测，岩溶水Cl^-逐年增加，水质变咸，在对焦作矿区地质，水文地质条件，岩溶水补给来源，地表污染源和污染途径分析的基础上，建立了二维非稳定溶质运移数值模拟模型，模拟了岩溶水Cl^-时空分布，证实岩溶水Cl^- 升高是人为污染所致，不同区域岩溶水有不同的污染源和污染途径。 相似文献
10.
经坊煤矿目前开采的山西组3号煤层逐步枯竭,矿井设计开采太原组8、9、14、15号煤层。奥陶系峰峰组是太原组煤层底板的间接充水含水层。以往大多数勘查成果得出该地区峰峰组岩溶裂隙发育较差,富水性弱-中等的结论,以至于个别矿井在奥灰带压开采危险性评价时甚至将其视为相对隔水层。因此,查明峰峰组的水文地质特征是太原组煤层能否实现安全带压开采的关键。通过岩心采取、抽水试验和水化学分析等多种手段的勘查认为:该地区峰峰组富水性普遍较强,处于主径流带附近富水性极强。该研究对于长治南部地区供水勘查和太原组煤层安全带压开采具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
11.
The mining depth of main coal mines could reach around 600 m in eastern North China, and extends to the dept with speed of around 12 m/a. As the basement of eastern North China-type coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the main water source that influences the carboniferous coal seam mining. As the deep karst water has large buried depth and high water pressure (8–12 MPa), with10–30 m space between high pressure aquifer and coal seam, the geological area of deep coal occurrence is often forbidden for mining. Environmental damage, to a greater or lesser degree, is caused by coal mining. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of mining areas, this paper introduces the hydrogeological survey work of ultra-high confined karst water deep in the coal seam floor within researched region for preventing and controlling water disaster of the mine. After researching into the hydrogeological investigation data in the researched region, we explored the hydrodynamic and water chemical characteristics of deep karst water by using pumping test, dynamic observation, and dewatering test. Finally, this study suggests that the hydraulic pressure of deep mining could be mined, on the circumstances that reasonable and effective of water prevention measures are taken based on a detailed survey on water abundance of deep karst. 相似文献
12.
华北型煤田煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
华北地区岩溶水系统分布广泛、水质好、水量丰富,是城镇工矿企业的重要水源,也是维护生态稳定的重要因素。华北型煤田大部分位于岩溶水系统之中,煤炭开采时水患与缺水并存,煤水矛盾突出。在总结了华北型煤田中煤炭基地的煤层及含水层发育情况的基础上,根据岩溶水系统的补径排条件、煤层分布区与岩溶水补给区的位置关系、地形地貌等因素,将采煤对岩溶含水层破坏类型分为三种类型:直接破坏、间接破坏型和无影响型;按地下水类型划分;将煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式划分为破坏顶板孔隙水、破坏底板岩溶水及破坏岩溶水、裂隙水、孔隙水3类,近而根据含水层性质及埋藏条件,含水层与煤层的位置关系,对煤矿开采对区域含水层破坏的模式划分了亚类。在进行含水层破坏类型和破坏模式划分的同时,也对各类型的特征进行较为详细的说明,为该区的煤炭开采和水资源的保护指明了方向。 相似文献
13.
The Hg concentrations in 108 samples, comprising 81 coal samples, 1 igneous rock, 2 parting rock samples and 24 water samples from the Huaibei Coal Mining District, China, were determined by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The abundance and distribution of Hg in different coal mines and coal seams were studied. The weighted average Hg concentration for all coal samples in the Huaibei Coalfield is 0.42 mg/kg, which is about twice that of average Chinese coals. From southwestern to northeastern coalfield, Hg concentration shows a decreasing trend, which is presumably related to magmatic activity and fault structures. The relatively high Hg levels are observed in coal seams Nos. 6, 7 and 10 in the southwestern coal mines. Correlation analysis indicates that Hg in the southwestern and southernmost coals with high Hg concentrations is associated with pyrite. The Hg concentrations in surface waters in the Huaibei Coal Mining District range from 10 to 60 ng/L, and display a decreasing trend with distance from a coal waste pile but are lower than the regulated levels for Hg in drinking water. 相似文献
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16.
大同煤田东北区寒武-奥陶系岩溶水以承压状态赋存于煤层底板之下,是当地重要供水水源,为确保煤田安全开采同时保护地下水资源,需对大同煤田东北区岩溶水系统特征进行分析。文章利用钻探、测井手段及水化学、水位监测数据、矿井开采资料及实地调查对研究区内岩溶水系统特征进行分析,认为研究区寒武-奥陶系岩溶顶板标高变化特征与煤向斜发育特征一致,岩溶含水层厚度发育极不均匀;研究区大部分地区为弱径流区,水化学类型以HCO3·Cl-Na型为主;地下水水源补给为西部上覆含水层越流补给和东部露头区入渗补给;研究区水位逐年下降,且呈逐年增大下降趋势,这是由于区内人工排泄点增多、人工抽采量大导致;研究区岩溶水峰值水位滞后雨季一到两个月。依据本结论对研究区煤田安全开采及岩溶水合理取用有指导意义。 相似文献
17.
Yunfeng Li Jianguo Feng Wei Wang Weifeng Wan Yaoguo Wu Donghui Hou 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(4):741-749
Feicheng Basin is an important energy base in Shandong Province, China. The Ordovician limestone is the main aquifer for water
supply in the basin. As a result of the current practice in which individual water users control the exploitation of the karst
water, the regional groundwater level has dropped more than 30 m over the last 20 years. The groundwater is overdrawn in approximately
300 km2 because of the poor management from 1981. A numerical model with distributed parameters is developed for the karst aquifer
to help properly manage the water resource and sustain its utilization. The responding matrix method is used to couple the
prediction model and the management model. The objective of the modeling exercises is to obtain the maximum amount of water
while keeping the water level drawdown within an acceptable level. The optimum management scheme is selected among two proposed
designs. The recommended measures from this study include (1) improvement of water use efficiency in industries, (2) comprehensive
utilization of the water pumped from the mines, and (3) improvement of the irrigation practice. When the domestic water supply
and corporates water demand take the top priorities, the numerical modeling provides a useful tool to help with the rational
distribution of the karst water resources among different water users. 相似文献
18.
含水煤层水害形成机理及防治技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在煤炭开采过程中,煤层常被视作隔水或弱透水地层。然而,孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿（简称孟巴煤矿）主采的Ⅵ号煤层平均厚度为33 m,富水性较强,开采过程中多次突水,表现出煤层成为含水层的特殊水文地质现象,与我国东北、西北侏罗纪煤田局部地区出现的煤层含水现象类似。综合分析了煤层空隙特征、储水结构及地下水补给条件这3项含水层形成的必备要素,揭示了孟巴煤矿特厚煤体含水层的形成机制。从煤体的微观结构、物理力学性质及区域构造发育特征着手,对煤体是否具有储存地下水的空间进行了研究;结合室内岩石渗透性测试及现场大型抽水试验,分析了煤层顶、底板岩层的透水/阻水特性,对煤层是否具备含水层的储水结构进行了研究;采用水力连通试验等手段,查明了特厚煤体含水的主要补给水源。研究表明,有机质的煤化作用和后期地层应力作用,使得煤体自身结构存在大量的含、导水裂隙,在具备较好的补给条件并满足含水层储水结构的情况下,煤体可成为含水地层。针对煤体含水层的水害特点,提出特厚含水煤层"疏"、"排"结合的水害防治技术,为煤体含水地区煤矿安全开采提供技术支撑。 相似文献
19.
岩溶大泉是中国北方岩溶地下水的主要天然排泄形式,它们集供水、旅游、生态等功能于一体,是重要的自然资源。自20世纪后期,受自然、特别是人类大规模开发、采煤等活动的影响,有近30%的岩溶大泉断流,其中不乏中外闻名的大泉。十七大以来,各地政府积极响应党中央国务院加强生态文明建设的号召,启动了一些重要断流岩溶大泉复流的生态修复工程。本文根据北方断流岩溶大泉的结构模式与成因,提出了包括利用上游水库蓄水、调节渗漏段河水流量、在河流渗漏段实施人工增补工程、在岩溶地下水强径流带和排泄区采取关井压采、封堵泉口下游自流井、对煤矿带压区进行监控、补给区分区植树造林措施的复流模式;以山西太原晋祠泉为实例,在对各项复流措施效果进行定量优化评价的基础上,得出抬高汾河二库水位至设计标高、关闭岩溶地下水强径流带内白家庄煤矿降压排水井、封堵处置泉口下游自流井是近期经济可行的有效措施的结论;最后利用建立的泉域地下水渗流数值模型,预测实施三项近期措施后,晋祠泉水可望在2年左右的时间实现复流,该结论以期为晋祠泉及北方岩溶区其他同类型岩溶泉水生态复流工作提供示范与参考。 相似文献
20.
The karst paleo-sinkhole is a special geological structure widely found in the coal measures of northern China. Some paleo-sinkholes
have high permeability and connectivity, making them excellent connectors between the karst aquifer and the coal seam. Consequently,
during coal extraction disastrous water inrushes take place frequently, which cause severe loss not only in mine submersions
and personnel casualties, but also in environmental quality. Locations and the geological and hydrogeological characteristics
of paleo-sinkholes in northern China are presented. In-situ drilling and excavation results show that paleo-sinkholes have
different hydrogeological behaviors in different regions and in different mines. Based on observed data, mining-induced strata
failure in the seam floor is analyzed. The existence of paleo-sinkholes increases the floor strata failure zone. Numerical
simulation then is adopted to model coal mining with the effects of both the paleo-sinkholes and the water pressure in the
confined aquifer. Analyses of the simulation conclude that the paleo-sinkhole induces the increase in the strata failure and
deformation. These make water inrushes more likely to happen. 相似文献