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目前空间数据库的研究集中于基于对象 (Object)空间数据模型的研究 ,而基于场 (Field)空间数据模型的研究相对进展较慢 ,将来的需求要求空间数据库增加基于场模型的功能 ,特别是考虑到空间动态过程模拟的需要。该文的目的是设计一种能镶嵌在GIS系统里的空间动态模型语言 ,为模拟复杂时空过程提供数据库管理和算法优化支持 ,并支持逻辑清晰的模型框架结构。该语言可为自然资源管理和生态环境应用提供定量和模拟工具 ,扩展了空间数据库基于场模型的应用。 相似文献
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以洪河国家级自然保护区为研究区,选取了多时相的Sentinel-1B和Sentinel-2A影像为数据源,制定出9种多时相主被动遥感数据组合方案,用于沼泽湿地遥感分类;分别对根据9种方案整合的多维数据集,进行基于尺度继承的多尺度分割,得到面向对象的分割影像,建立与不同方案对应的特征数据集;采用随机森林机器学习算法,对多维特征数据集进行特征优化,并进行参数调优,构建沼泽植物的最优遥感识别模型,实现对沼泽湿地中地物的识别与分类。研究结果表明,采用递归特征消除(recursive feature elimination,RFE)算法的变量优选和采样随机森林的参数调优,可以优化随机森林模型,显著减少数据冗余,整合多时相主被动遥感数据方案九的随机森林模型的最佳参数mtry和ntree分别为4和1500,模型训练精度为93.06%,Kappa系数为0.916,其模型训练精度在所有方案中最高;经过变量优选得到最佳特征变量组合,交叉极化方式的后向散射系数(Mean_VH)对于沼泽分类的重要性比同向极化方式的后向散射系数(Mean_VV)高;光谱特征是遥感图像分类的最主要特征,其中,红光和绿光波段(Mean_R和Mean_G)、多光谱红边波段(Mean_REG1和Mean_REG2)、近红外波段1(Mean_NIR1)、红边植被指数(CIgreen和CIreg)都对分类具有较高的重要性;纹理特征熵(GLCM_Entro、GLCM_Ent2)和位置特征像元坐标(X_Min_Pxl和Y_Max_Pxl)对沼泽湿地分类也起到重要作用,相对于其它特征,形状特征对分类的贡献性较小;利用方案九的数据得到的分类结果的总体分类精度为94.42%,主被动遥感数据的特征变量和不同时相的特征变量都对分类做出重要贡献,其中,6月的多光谱特征变量的贡献大于9月的变量;9月的SAR特征变量的贡献大于6月的变量;对分类贡献最大的9月的特征变量为多光谱红边波段2(Mean_REG2),对分类贡献最大的6月的特征变量为绿光波段(Mean_G);融合多时相主被动遥感数据源,可以将不同数据源、不同时相对分类具有较大贡献的特征变量集合在一起,充分利用光谱信息和雷达数据反映的结构信息,构建多维度最佳特征变量组合方案,有效提高沼泽湿地分类精度。 相似文献
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针对时空GIS发展所面临的时空表达不统一,高维扩展困难等问题,基于以多维统一和坐标无关为特征的几何代数理论,建立多维统一GIS构建的层次体系与方法。利用几何代数对象构造中几何维度与Grassmann维度的一致性,实现整合维度结构与几何关系的多维地理对象自适应表达。利用几何代数算子的特征内蕴与结构明晰特性,构建多维统一计算模型以及可支撑复杂地理计算的多维统一分析框架,进而建立基于几何代数的多维统一GIS系统架构与实现方案。对上述关键技术加以实现并进行了相关应用案例分析。结果显示,基于几何代数构建的多维统一GIS有望突破现有时空GIS的不足,可为以多维统一表达与运算为特征GIS的发展提供新的数学工具与实现途径。 相似文献
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数字拓扑研究现状及其在GIS中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
数字拓扑主要研究栅格空间中离散几何对象的拓扑性质,这些性质在GIS空间分析和栅格数据处理中非常重要。该文从图论、混合拓扑和公理型3方面对数字拓扑的研究现状进行了分类和综述,并讨论数字拓扑在GIS领域的应用,指出三维数字拓扑和球面数字拓扑是数字拓扑在GIS中的两个发展趋势和研究热点。 相似文献
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Assessment of rockfall susceptibility by integrating statistical and physically-based approaches 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
In Val di Fassa (Dolomites, Eastern Italian Alps) rockfalls constitute the most significant gravity-induced natural disaster that threatens both the inhabitants of the valley, who are few, and the thousands of tourists who populate the area in summer and winter.To assess rockfall susceptibility, we developed an integrated statistical and physically-based approach that aimed to predict both the susceptibility to onset and the probability that rockfalls will attain specific reaches. Through field checks and multi-temporal aerial photo-interpretation, we prepared a detailed inventory of both rockfall source areas and associated scree-slope deposits. Using an innovative technique based on GIS tools and a 3D rockfall simulation code, grid cells pertaining to the rockfall source-area polygons were classified as active or inactive, based on the state of activity of the associated scree-slope deposits. The simulation code allows one to link each source grid cell with scree deposit polygons by calculating the trajectory of each simulated launch of blocks. By means of discriminant analysis, we then identified the mix of environmental variables that best identifies grid cells with low or high susceptibility to rockfalls. Among these variables, structural setting, land use, and morphology were the most important factors that led to the initiation of rockfalls.We developed 3D simulation models of the runout distance, intensity and frequency of rockfalls, whose source grid cells corresponded either to the geomorphologically-defined source polygons (geomorphological scenario) or to study area grid cells with slope angle greater than an empirically-defined value of 37° (empirical scenario). For each scenario, we assigned to the source grid cells an either fixed or variable onset susceptibility; the latter was derived from the discriminant model group (active/inactive) membership probabilities.Comparison of these four models indicates that the geomorphological scenario with variable onset susceptibility appears to be the most realistic model. Nevertheless, political and legal issues seem to guide local administrators, who tend to select the more conservative empirically-based scenario as a land-planning tool. 相似文献
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Susceptibility assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides in El Salvador using logistic regression 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
This work has evaluated the probability of earthquake-triggered landslide occurrence in the whole of El Salvador, with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a logistic regression model. Slope gradient, elevation, aspect, mean annual precipitation, lithology, land use, and terrain roughness are the predictor variables used to determine the dependent variable of occurrence or non-occurrence of landslides within an individual grid cell. The results illustrate the importance of terrain roughness and soil type as key factors within the model — using only these two variables the analysis returned a significance level of 89.4%. The results obtained from the model within the GIS were then used to produce a map of relative landslide susceptibility. 相似文献
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Thomas C. Waugh Sara Hopkins 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):457-467
Abstract With the increasing importance of parallel computing, attention must be given to utilising these resources efficiently. This article describes an algorithm to use cooperating parallel processors to solve the problem of vector polygon overlay, one of the most computationally-intensive problems in the GIS arena. The basic algorithm, which is described here using natural language, is not specific to a particular parallel architecture but has elements that are best suited to particular configurations, namely distributed-memory Multiple Instruction stream Multiple Data stream (MIMD) architectures. The intention is to provide an algorithm which utilises the potential of such architectures by distributing the computational load over several cooperating processors. 相似文献
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Many modern hydrological models require data inputs provided by automated digital terrain analysis functions incorporated into GIS. These inputs include fields representing surface flow directions, up-slope contributing areas, and sub-catchment partitions. Existing raster-based terrain analysis tools, including both those in off-the-shelf GIS packages and those in the recent literature, were designed to work with digital elevation data in mountainous topography. For highly variable topography, which may include large flood plains, lakes, wetlands, and other relatively flat areas, existing tools cannot accommodate the variable signal-to-noise in the source elevation data without significant human intervention to handle special cases. A general model for calculating flow directions, up-slope contributing areas, and sub-catchment partitions that automatically adapts to the variable information content of grid-based elevation data sets is presented here. The model uses a combination of breadth-first search and global optimization to extract the maximum amount of signal from any location within the data. The model is demonstrated to work well in handling topography dominated by large flood plains, lakes and other flat areas without the need for a large number of empirical rules. An important contribution of the approach is the handling of explicit hydrologic features, which makes the spatial representation closely related to hydrological processes. The results have important implications for developing hydrological models that are tractable in large, heterogeneous watersheds using moderate resolution data. 相似文献
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遗传算法和GIS结合进行空间优化决策 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
资源的有效利用和管理往往涉及到空间的优化配置问题。例如需要在空间上确定n个设施的最佳位置。当选址问题涉及多个目标和不同的约束性条件时,就会变得十分复杂。利用一般的brute-force搜索方法无法对涉及高维数据的问题进行求解。利用遗传算法和GIS结合来解决复杂的空间优化配置问题,具有智能的搜索方法可以大大提高空间的搜索能力。在基于进化的优化过程中,根据GIS的空间数据来计算不同解决方案 (染色体) 的适应度。针对不同的应用目的,GIS可以给出不同的适应度函数。实验表明,所提出的方法比简单的搜索方法和退火算法有更大的优越性。该方法在处理复杂的空间优化问题有更好的表现。 相似文献
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Stefan Steiniger Erwan Bocher 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1345-1370
Over the past few years the world of free and open source geospatial software has experienced some major changes. For instance, the website FreeGIS.org currently lists 330 GIS‐related projects. Besides the advent of new software projects and the growth of established projects, a new organisation known as the OSGeo Foundation has been established to offer a point of contact. This paper will give an overview on existing free and open source desktop GIS projects. To further the understanding of the open source software development, we give a brief explanation of associated terms and introduce the two most established software license types: the General Public License (GPL) and the Lesser General Public License (LGPL). After laying out the organisational structures, we describe the different desktop GIS software projects in terms of their main characteristics. Two main tables summarise information on the projects and functionality of the currently available software versions. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of open source software, with an emphasis on research and teaching, are discussed. 相似文献
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ANIL K. SINHA THOMAS C. WAUGH 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):91-99
Abstract GEOVIEW, an integrated system, uses relational database technology and a graphics package (Graphical Kernel System) to offer a flexible environment in which to develop applications of geographical information systems (GIS). It has facilities to represent data in different spatial data structures. Data are stored and retrieved efficiently by using variable length raw data. The unified representation offers the benefit of storing entities in a single relation and eases the process of overlaying different entities. GEOVIEW also provides a mechanism for tailoring user interfaces to suit the needs of different applications by means of a facility to generate macros and menus. Processing requirements for GIS applications can be supported by using tools provided by relational database technology and by graphics packages. High-level language interfaces which can process dynamic statements and bind dynamic variables are needed to develop an efficient database interface module. A graphics segment facility is essential to provide editing functions and to maximize the use of the local processing power of graphics workstations in the graphics interface module. Further improvements in performance can be made by using the array fetch facility and linear keys for spatial searching. 相似文献
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V.F. Rodriguez-Galiano M. Chica-Olmo M. Chica-Rivas 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(7):1336-1354
Mineral exploration activities require robust predictive models that result in accurate mapping of the probability that mineral deposits can be found at a certain location. Random forest (RF) is a powerful machine data-driven predictive method that is unknown in mineral potential mapping. In this paper, performance of RF regression for the likelihood of gold deposits in the Rodalquilar mining district is explored. The RF model was developed using a comprehensive exploration GIS database composed of: gravimetric and magnetic survey, a lithogeochemical survey of 59 elements, lithology and fracture maps, a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper image and gold occurrence locations. The results of this study indicate that the use of RF for the integration of large multisource data sets used in mineral exploration and for prediction of mineral deposit occurrences offers several advantages over existing methods. Key advantages of RF include: (1) the simplicity of parameter setting; (2) an internal unbiased estimate of the prediction error; (3) the ability to handle complex data of different statistical distributions, responding to nonlinear relationships between variables; (4) the capability to use categorical predictors; and (5) the capability to determine variable importance. Additionally, variables that RF identified as most important coincide with well-known geologic expectations. To validate and assess the effectiveness of the RF method, gold prospectivity maps are also prepared using the logistic regression (LR) method. Statistical measures of map quality indicate that the RF method performs better than LR, with mean square errors equal to 0.12 and 0.19, respectively. The efficiency of RF is also better, achieving an optimum success rate when half of the area predicted by LR is considered. 相似文献
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D. C. MASON D. G. CORR A. CROSS D. C. HOGG D. H. LAWRENCE M. PETROU 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):195-215
Abstract Remotely-sensed data constitute a major potential source of input to geographical information systems (GIS)However, these data often have a relatively poor classification accuracy compared with that of the cartographic data from maps with which they may be combined in the course of GIS analysis. The possibility exists of using data sets (in the form of digital maps) resident within a GIS in order to improve this accuracy, before the classified image is incorporated into the GIS. Results are discussed from a British Alvey Information Technology project to develop a system for the knowledge-based segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed terrain images, in which the knowledge contained in digital map 相似文献
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One of the most important tasks for managers of many natural protected areas is achieving a balance between conservation of nature and recreational opportunity. This paper presents a framework based on geographic information system (GIS) and regression tree analysis of optimized recreational trail location for flexible, user-defined input parameters. The method utilizes: (1) the GIS to create a database containing field data and existing GIS/cartographic materials; (2) regression tree analysis to establish the relationships between indicators of degradation and environmental and use-related factors for existing trails, as well as to predict trail degradation for potential new trials; (3) least-cost path algorithm within a GIS framework to optimize trail route.The framework was applied to the Gorce National Park in the south of Poland. A large sample (>4500) of the field collected data about degradation of the existing trail network was linked with data about soil, geology, geomorphology and relief, and with information about the type and amount of recreational use. Based on the existing relationship, predicted trail degradation was calculated and routes for two examples of trails (hiking and motorized) were designated. The proposed methodology is objective and quantitative, and can also include knowledge of local stakeholders. The framework has the potential to design new trails (or to re-route old ones), characterized by the best possible solution for recreational and conservation functions to coexist, by routing visitors through trails with the lowest possible impact. 相似文献
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基于球体退化八叉树的全球三维网格与变形特征 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
基于投影的度量空间变换为数字地球及数字区域建设带来了几何裂缝、投影变形等问题,解决问题的根本途径是摒弃投影.直接在球体流形空间建立统一的地球空间基础框架.该文将球面离散网格向球体内部扩展,基于球体退化八叉树提出一种全新的全球三维空间网格剖分方法--球体退化八叉树网格(SDOG).SDOG具有多层次、多分辨率特性,且网格单元面积、体积变形稳定,可对包括地球在内的任意球体进行有序的多层次三维空间剖分,可为全球空间数据集成组织与检索、多层次空间建模与可视化、地球系统科学研究等提供统一的地球空间基础框架. 相似文献