共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
珠江三角洲及其附近地区河流阶地的分布与特征——广东河流阶地研究之二 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
依据珠江三角洲及其附近地区超过24条河流、80处河流阶地、97个沉积物年龄等情况,可知本区第一级半埋藏阶地具有天然堤地貌和加积型特征,与全新世河漫滩组成冲积平原.山前半埋藏洪冲积阶地与全新世洪冲积扇组成山前倾斜平原.这两种平原地貌衔接过渡,沉积物同期异相,全新统通常是上更新统阶地面被蚀低后的补偿性沉积.多项证据显示新构造运动趋势:在中更新世以间歇性构造抬升为主,自晚更新世以来却变成间歇性下沉或稳定.自晚更新世以来包括珠江三角洲及其汇入的各大河流中下游地区一起构造下沉,所以珠江三角洲不是断块型三角洲;横穿广从断裂和瘦狗岭断裂的众多小河河谷地貌在该断裂处无显著变化,显示自晚更新世这些小河河谷形成以来该两断裂无明显造貌运动. 相似文献
2.
通过地质、地貌及年代学等研究方法表明,经棚古湖区各组断裂均为第四纪早期形成的正断层;晚更新世经棚古胡消失以来有过3次强烈的区域性断裂活动,时间依次是晚更新世早期、晚期和全新世晚期;垂直升降运动为主要的活动方式,幅度可达100m以上,水平错动、掀斜抬升在这些断裂中也有所表现。新构造运动在经棚古湖形成、发展和消亡全过程及区域环境演变中具有决定性的作用。 相似文献
3.
秦岭北麓断裂带晚第四纪活动的地貌表现 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本区地貌特征反映秦岭北麓断裂带的活动特点是：①第四纪以来主要发生垂直运动，其活动性质与程度有差异性、阶段性。第一、二级阶地的形态和年代资料表征秦岭北麓断裂带晚更新世和全新世垂直位错幅度和平均速率。②河流阶地在上升盘出口处高度大，而向上游逐渐减小，反映第四纪以来，秦岭断块山地继续发生由北向南的掀斜运动。③被断层切割的冲洪积扇体的结构和堆积层的产状特征，反映出山麓带多发育铲形断层。 相似文献
4.
贺兰山东麓新构造运动特征初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文根据贺兰山东麓断裂带和地貌特征,讨论了断裂带活动的方式、次数和力学性质,表明新构造运动在不同地段造成不同地貌,但又受断裂整体活动的控制具统一性。确定晚更新世以来经历4次剧烈的活动,具右旋性质,并且构造相对稳定时间呈缩短趋势。 相似文献
5.
昌马断裂带活动构造地貌之研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文根据野外地质调查资料和人工探槽的剖折,并结合14C年龄数据,讨论了昌马活动断裂带晚更新世晚期以来形成的构造地貌的类型、特征及分期问题. 相似文献
6.
基于数字高程模型（DEM）及地理信息系统（GIS）技术,系统提取和分析了中条山北麓河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分等河流地貌参数。研究表明：河流坡降指标、河道陡峭指数及面积高程积分在永济至解州一带表现出较高的值;综合分析岩性、降水及构造等因素可知,新构造运动是控制中条山北麓河流地貌发育的主要因素,自北向南总体表现出增强的趋势,在永济南活动最强。前人研究表明,中条山北麓断裂晚第四纪以来构造活跃,全新世以来仍有多次活动,但不同部位活动强度各异,解州段晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率相比韩阳段及夏县段高,极高值在出现在永济南一带。可见,基于河流地貌参数获得的中条山北麓新构造运动强弱与断裂晚第四纪以来的活动强弱一致。 相似文献
7.
对涪江上游流域地貌特征及其与断裂活动的相关性进行分析,有助于深入理解青藏高原东缘晚新生代以来的地貌演化过程,也可为该区域构造活动和河流发育历史研究提供参考依据。基于经空间叠加处理的海拔高程数据和地势起伏度数据,在涪江上游流域划分出15种地貌形态组合,在此基础上结合区域断裂活动状况,从研究区地貌类型、海拔高程、地势起伏度、干流下切深度、河道水平扭错等方面探讨流域地貌特征对断裂活动性的响应,结果表明:(1)虎牙断裂和龙门山断裂带逆冲活动驱动区域性间隙抬升使中海拔地貌区成为涪江上游流域地貌类型的主体;(2)虎牙断裂逆冲作用导致位于上盘的西侧块体具有更高的隆升幅度和海拔高程,并加剧了外营力侵蚀,形成了相对较高的地势起伏形态;龙门山断裂带三条主干断裂的上盘叠瓦式向上推移,使虎牙断裂东侧区域海拔高程和地势起伏度均自北向南逐级降低;(3)涪江上游流域一系列逆断层的差异活动导致位于断裂上盘区域的河道下切深度、下切速率总体上大于下盘区域。涪江干流对流经区域地表的切割,内、外营力的贡献比值大致为1.95∶1;(4)横跨断裂的涪江河道因断裂平移走滑而沿断裂走向发生同步弯曲,龙门山断裂带的区域性右旋作用使涪江干流及其支流的流向在龙门山地区发生系统性转变。 相似文献
8.
克里雅河地貌的形成与演化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
克里雅河源自昆仑山中段北坡的冰川，是塔里木盆地的一条较大内陆河流。笔者1988年参加塔克拉玛干沙漠综合考察。驻就克里雅河地貌基本特征和演化进行探讨。初步认为：（1）克里雅河发育，明显受控于构造断裂。大约在中更新世昆仑山强烈上升以后，冰雪作用得到最大发展，充足的水源有力地深切岩层，贯通汇入塔里木河。（2）历史时期以来，气候变化总趋势是旱化加强，人类活动主要沿河进行。随着第四纪后期高原山地的加速升，并向极端高寒荒漠方向发展，源头冰雪水愈益减少。中游人类活动日益膨胀，下游河道剧烈变迁，导致现今克里雅河的断流和退缩。（3）克里雅河正处塔里木菱形地块中轴部位，成为西北风和东北风吹扬的交汇复合地带。造就了风沙地貌沿河两侧以不同的方向排列、复合与组合。成为我国沙漠地貌中罕见的类型。 相似文献
9.
天山北麓河流纵剖面与基岩侵蚀模型特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文提取分析天山北麓10条河流的纵剖面,通过函数拟合纵剖面形态特征,同时运用基岩侵蚀力模型来研究河流纵剖面形态的发育演化过程,来揭示河流纵剖面的发育与构造活动之间的内在关系.研究表明:天山北麓河流地貌地形发育阶段处于河流侵蚀作用强烈的前均衡状态时期.塔西河的纵剖面凹曲度最大,向东西两侧河流凹曲度依次降低,乌鲁木齐河与四棵树河凹曲度最小,河流的凹曲度(θ)和河道坡度(Ks)的数值分布规律与所对应构造部位晚更新世以来的抬升速率和地壳缩短速度相一致,排除时间、气候因素和基岩性质影响因素后.发现晚更新世以来天山北麓河流纵剖面形态变化主要受构造抬升作用的影响. 相似文献
10.
第四纪构造运动对喀喇昆仑山北坡山地第四纪地质环境的形成和发展起到了极为重要的作用。中生代晚期的燕山运动使本区褶皱回返，进入大陆发展阶段，而形成一系列北西西向构造，奠定了本区地貌发育基本格局。第四纪期间，本区的主干断裂－康西瓦断裂再度复活，中－新生代地层褶皱，错断，沿断裂裂隙喷发的火山岩，穿透了河漫难阶地。山体剧裂的差异抬升，致使本区东西、西两部地貌形态变异很大。主干河流沿断裂活动强烈下蚀，呈直线性伸展，与沿主河新生的次一级张性断裂构成梳状水系。反映山地间歇性上升特点的河谷阶地，在两岸的阶地级数，分布高度上很不一致，显示了构造运动的差异性。 相似文献
11.
CLAUDIO Faccenna RENATO Funiciello† ‡ ALESSANDRO Bruni MASSIMO Mattei† LEONARDO Sagnotti‡ 《Basin Research》1994,6(1):35-46
During the Messinian—Pleistocene, the Peninsular Tyrrhenian margin underwent a NE—SW orientated stretching regime, with the formation of a NW—SE normal fault system and basins which are linked by NE—SW transfer fault zones. These fault zones border narrow and deep asymmetric basins. This paper uses geological and geophysical analysis (structural and stratigraphical data, seismic lines and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data) to look at the evolution of one of these transfer-related basins, located south of Rome (Ardea basin). Comparison with other similar features indicates that the common characteristics of these transfer structures are: (i) the slip vector along the transfer fault is mostly dip-slip, which means that the local extensional direction is orthogonal to the regional extensional direction; (ii) development of a narrow and deep half-graben basin. 相似文献
12.
João Carvalho Carlos Pinto Ruben Dias Taha Rabeh Luis Torres José Borges Ricardo Torres Henrique Duarte 《Basin Research》2017,29(5):636-657
This article focuses on the reinterpretation of well, seismic reflection, magnetic, gravimetric, surface wave and geological surface data, together with the acquisition of seismic noise data to study the Lower Tagus Cenozoic Basin tectono‐sedimentary evolution. For the first time, the structure of the base of the basin in its distal and intermediate sectors is unravelled, which was previously only known in the areas covered by seismic reflection data (distal and small part of intermediate sectors). A complex geometry was found, with three subbasins delimited by NNE‐SSW faults and separated by WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE oriented horsts. In the area covered by seismic reflection data, four horizons were studied: top of the Upper Miocene, Lower to Middle Miocene top, the top of the Palaeogene and the base of Cenozoic. Seismic data show that the major filling of the basin occurred during Upper Miocene. The fault pattern affecting Neogene and Palaeogene units derived here points to that of a polyphasic basin. In the Palaeogene, the Vila Franca de Xira (VFX) and a NNE‐SSW trending previously unknown structure (ABC fault zone) probably acted as the major strike‐slip fault zones of the releasing bend of a pull‐apart basin, which produced a WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE fault system with transtensional kinematic. During the Neogene, as the stress regime rotated anticlockwise to the present NW‐SE to WNW‐ESE orientation, the VFX and Azambuja fault zones acted as the major transpressive fault zones and Mesozoic rocks overthrusted Miocene sediments. The reactivation of WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE fault systems with a dextral strike‐slip component generated a series of horsts and grabens and the partitioning of the basin into several subbasins. Therefore, we propose a polyphasic model for the area, with the formation of an early pull‐apart basin during the Palaeogene caused by an Iberia–Eurasia plates collision that later evolved into an incipient foreland basin along the Neogene due to a NW‐SE to WNE‐ESE oriented Iberia–Nubia convergence. This convergence is producing uplift in the area since the Quaternary except for the Tagus estuary subbasin around the VFX fault, where subsidence is observed. This may be due to the locking or the development of a larger component of strike‐slip movement of the NNE‐SSW to N‐S thrust fault system with the exception of the VFX fault, which is more favourably oriented to the maximum compressive stress. 相似文献
13.
This article describes a proposed work-sequence to generate accurate reservoir-architecture models, describing the geometry of bounding surfaces (i.e., fault locations and extents), of a structurally complex geologic setting in the Jeffara Basin (South East Tunisia) by means of geostatistical modeling. This uses the variogram as the main tool to measure the spatial variability of the studied geologic medium before making any estimation or simulation. However, it is not always easy to fit complex experimental variograms to theoretical models. Thus, our primary purpose was to establish a relationship between the geology and the components of the variograms to fit a mathematically consistent and geologically interpretable variogram model for improved predictions of surface geometries. We used a three-step approach based on available well data and seismic information. First, we determined the structural framework: a seismo-tectonic data analysis was carried out, and we showed that the study area is cut mainly by NW–SE-trending normal faults, which were classified according to geometric criteria (strike, throw magnitude, dip, and dip direction). We showed that these normal faults are at the origin of a large-scale trend structure (surfaces tilted toward the north-east). At a smaller scale, the normal faults create a distinct compartmentalization of the reservoirs. Then, a model of the reservoir system architecture was built by geostatistical methods. An efficient methodology was developed, to estimate the bounding faulted surfaces of the reservoir units. Emphasis was placed on (i) elaborating a methodology for variogram interpretation and modeling, whereby the importance of each variogram component is assessed in terms of probably geologic factor controlling the behavior of each structure; (ii) integrating the relevant fault characteristics, which were deduced from the previous fault classification analysis, as constraints in the kriging estimation of bounding surfaces to best reflect the geologic structure of the study area. Finally, the estimated bounding surfaces together with seismic data and variogram interpretations were used to obtain further insights into the tectonic evolution of the study area that has induced the current reservoirs configuration. 相似文献
14.
毛乌素沙地生态环境失调的研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
柳湾林分布区定位观测试验和室内实验、１４Ｃ测年、孢粉分析研究结果表明，毛乌素沙地生态环境失调的决定性因素是地质构造和地势，它决定了该地区干旱气候条件和丰富的沙源。第四纪以来的３００多万年间，气候干湿相间出现，总趋势向干旱发展，全新世以来更加明显。植被随气候变化演替，森林草原植物群落逐渐被旱生灌木植物群落代替，保持脆弱的生态平衡。干旱导致地下水位下降、水质恶化是沙区生态环境失调的主导因子，人为破坏生物群落使生态环境失调加速也是不可忽视的因素 相似文献
15.
Aline Concha-Dimas Mariano Cerca Sergio R. Rodríguez Robert J. Watters 《Geomorphology》2005,72(1-4):19-39
Pre-volcanic structure of the basement influences volcanism distribution and avalanche generation in volcanic edifices. Therefore, systematic studies of basement structure below volcanic chains are necessary to understand the deformation effects observed in the surface and vice versa. Based on a compilation of pre-existing data, interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images, and a collection of structural data we analyzed morphological and structural features of the Cofre de Perote–Pico de Orizaba (CP–PO) volcanic chain and its basement. We have identified three sets of regional lineaments that are related to basement trends. (1) NW 55° SE fractures are parallel to anticline folds observed in Cretaceous rocks that originated during Laramide shortening. These folds present an abrupt morphology observed only in the eastern flank but that is likely to continue below the volcanic chain. (2) NE 55° SW fractures are parallel to normal faults at the basement. We infer that these basement faults confine the CP–PO chain within a stepped graben with a total normal displacement of about 400 m. These faults have been active through time since they have affected volcanic deposits and induced the emplacement of monogenetic vents. Notably, lineaments of monogenetic vents concentrate where the basement is relatively shallow. (3) Another set of faults, oriented N–S, has been observed affecting the scarce basement outcrops at the western flank of the chain covered by lacustrine deposits. Lineaments measured in the volcanic edifice of Pico de Orizaba correlate with the regional trends.In particular, the NE 55° SW alignment of monogenetic vents and fractures at Pico de Orizaba suggest that the same dike trend exists within the volcanic edifice. A normal fault with similar orientation was documented at the NE continuation of an alignment crossing the volcanic edifice along the Jamapa canyon. In the absence of magmatic activity related to collapses, the displacement of NE 55° SW faults represents a potential triggering mechanism for generating avalanches at Pico de Orizaba volcano. Instability is enhanced by the presence of N–S trending fractures crossing the entire volcanic edifice and E–W fractures affecting only the present day cone. We conclude that mechanical instability of the volcanic chain is influenced by the basement structure heterogeneity, but further detailed studies are necessary at individual volcanoes to evaluate their effects on volcano deformation. 相似文献
16.
A series of analogue models are used to demonstrate how the multistage development of the Mid‐Polish Trough (MPT) could have been influenced by oblique basement strike–slip faults. Based on reinterpretation of palaeothickness, facies maps and published syntheses of the basin development, the following successive stages in the Mesozoic history of the south eastern part of the MPT were simulated in the models: (1) Oblique extension of the NW segment of the MPT connected with sinistral movement along the Holy Cross Fault (HCF, Early Triassic–latest Early Jurassic). (2) Oblique extension of both NW and SE segment of the MPT, parallel to the HCF (latest Early and Middle Jurassic). (3) Oblique extension of the SE segment of the MPT and much lesser extension of its NW segment connected with dextral movement along the HCF (Early Oxfordian–latest Early Kimmeridgian). (4) Oblique extension of the SE segment of the MPT and much lesser extension of its NW segment connected with dextral movement along the Zawiercie Fault (ZF, latest Early Kimmeridgian–Early Albian). (5) Oblique inversion of the NW segment of the MPT connected with dextral movement along the HCF (Early Albian–latest Cretaceous). (6) Oblique inversion of the SE segment of the MPT along the W–E direction (latest Cretaceous–Palaeogene). The different sense of movements of these two basement strike–slip faults (HCF and ZF) resulted in distinct segmentation of the basin and its SW margin by successive systems of extensional en‐echelon faults. The overall structure of this margin is controlled by the interference of the border normal faults with the en‐echelon fault systems related to successive stages of movement along the oblique strike–slip faults. This type of en‐echelon fault system is absent in the opposite NE‐margin of the basin, which was not affected by oblique strike–slip faults. The NE‐margin of the basin is outlined by a typical, steep and distinctly marked rift margin fault zone, dominated by normal and dip–slip/strike–slip faults parallel to its axis. Within the more extended segment of the basin, extensive intra‐rift faults and relay ramps develop, which produce topographic highs running across the basin. The change in the extension direction to less oblique relative to the basin axis resulted in restructuring of the fault systems. This change caused shifting of the basin depocentre to this margin. Diachronous inversion of the different segments of the basin in connection with movement along one of the oblique basement strike–slip faults resulted in formation of a pull‐apart sub‐basin in the uninverted SE‐segment of the basin. The results of the analogue models presented here inspire an overall kinematic model for the southeastern segment of the MPT as they provide a good explanation of the observed structures and the changes in the facies and palaeothickness patterns. 相似文献
17.
黄土高原侵蚀环境与侵蚀速率的初步研究 总被引：27，自引：2，他引：25
黄土高原的侵蚀是一个地质过程.晚更新世以前高原已经过三个大的侵蚀堆积旋迥,主要沟谷系统和黄土地貌的塬梁峁格局已经形成.全新世以来黄土的堆积逐渐减缓,而侵蚀则进入新的发展时期.在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下,土壤侵蚀加剧.根据侵蚀一堆积相关原理,利用黄河下游不同时期发育的冲积扇沉积模式,估算了全新世以来自然侵蚀速牵为7.9%,由于人类活动而引起的加速侵蚀的速率逐渐递增,至今已达到25%. 相似文献
18.
19.
The Baram Delta System, Brunei, NW Borneo, is a Tertiary delta system located on an active continental margin. Delta top regions in many Tertiary delta systems (e.g. Niger Delta) are thought to exhibit a normal‐fault stress regime and margin‐parallel maximum horizontal stress orientations. However, unlike in passive margin Tertiary delta systems, two present‐day stress provinces have been previously identified across the Baram Delta System: an inner shelf inverted province with a margin‐normal (NW–SE) maximum horizontal stress orientation and an outer shelf extension province with a margin‐parallel (NE–SW) maximum horizontal stress orientation. Before this study, there were few data constraining the inverted province other than in the vicinity of the Champion Fields. New data from 12 petroleum wells in the western inner shelf and onshore west Brunei presented herein confirm the margin‐normal maximum horizontal stress orientations of the inverted province. A total of 117 borehole breakouts, all documented in shale units, and one drilling‐induced tensile fracture (in a sandstone interval) reveal a mean maximum horizontal stress orientation of 117 with a standard deviation of 19°. This orientation is consistent with contemporary margin‐normal maximum horizontal stress orientations of the inverted province described previously in the vicinity of the Champion Fields that have been linked to basement tectonics of the Crocker–Rajang accretionary complex and associated active margin. However, stress magnitudes calculated using data from these 12 petroleum wells indicate a borderline strike–slip fault to normal fault stress regime for the present day; combined with the absence of seismicity, this suggests that the studied part of the NW Borneo continental margin is currently tectonically quiescent. 相似文献