共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 437 毫秒
1.
邓李才 《紫金山天文台台刊》2003,(2)
大质量恒星由于其高光度、短寿命和质量损失 ,对星系的积分光谱能量分布和重元素增丰起主导作用 ,从而在研究星系的形成和演化上具有特殊的意义。特别是随着天文设备的长足进展 ,我们可以回溯宇宙演化的历史 ,得到形成初期时星系的观测性质。那时 ,大质量恒星主导星系的辐射性质 ,这更加突出了对大质量恒星进一步了解的迫切性。但是大质量恒星的演化性质相对中小质量恒星而言 ,有很多不确定性。本文通过对比现有恒星模型与实测结果 ,对现有大质量恒星演化理论中存在的几个与对流和质量损失相关的问题进行了评述 ,并对从理论上 ,特别是通过数字模拟方法对这些问题进行诊断提出了展望。 相似文献
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恒星作为宇宙的基础组成元素,其形成过程一直是天文学中的重要研究对象。人们已基本了解中小质量恒星(质量小于8M_⊙)的形成和演化过程;受到数量少、嵌埋深、演化快和反馈剧烈等因素的影响,大质量恒星(质量大于8M_⊙)的形成过程依然谜团重重。介绍了小质量恒星形成的基本理论,以及吸积盘、竞争吸积、并合三种主流的大质量恒星形成模型;回顾了以往使用红外或射电望远镜对大质量恒星形成区的观测和分析,以及现阶段使用多波段巡天观测手段对大质量恒星形成区的研究成果;着重介绍了目前公认的大质量恒星形成的示踪物——分子外向流的理论和观测现状,以及大质量外向流的优秀候选体——绿色延展天体的发现、理论及观测研究情况。最后,对大质量恒星形成的理论和观测研究进行了总结和展望。 相似文献
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恒星的自转 ,是恒星结构和演化理论的难点。近年来有许多观测事实 ,特别是早型大质量星的观测事实 ,预示恒星的自转效应可能引起恒星内部的物质向外转移 ,造成恒星表面一些元素丰度超丰 ,并且对恒星结构和演化产生重要影响 ,因此 ,恒星的自转问题受到了越来越多的关注。考虑自转效应后 ,恒星结构和演化模型将是二维模型 ,本文综述了诸多作者如何将二维的恒星结构和演化模型简化为一维模型。作者在研究了以上作者的简化方法后 ,提出了一种比较简单的新方法。这种方法基于如下假设 :假设在等势面上的温度 ,密度 ,压强 ,光度 ,化学组成和角速度等物理和化学量近似于均匀分布 ,并且这些量与等价球面上的量相同。 (等价球面是假想的球面 ,它包围的体积与等势面包围的体积相等。)我们在等价球面上推出新的转动恒星结构和演化方程 ,构造出新的演化模型。这个模型与不考虑转动效应的演化模型相比 ,有以下变化 :流体静力学平衡方程变化 ;辐射温度梯度变化 ,并引起对流判据变化 ;星风物质损失和角动量损失增大。作为转动恒星结构和演化模型的应用 ,我们研究了中 ,小质量星中心氦燃烧阶段在赫罗图中的演化轨迹发生来回摆动 (又称为蓝回绕 )的物理机制问题。有诸多作者曾经研究了可以影响蓝回绕的各种因素。但是不知 相似文献
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恒星的自转，是恒星结构和演化理论的难点。近年来有许多观测事实，特别是早型大质量星的观测事实，预示恒星的自转效应可能引起恒星内部的物质向外转移，造成恒星表面一些元素丰度超丰，并且对恒星结构和演化产生重要影响，因此，恒星的自转问题受到了越来越多的关注。考虑自转效应后，恒星结构和演经模型将是二维模型，本文综述了诸多作者如何将二维的恒星结构和演化模型简化为一维模型。作者在研究了以上作者的简化方法后，提出了一种比较简单的新方法。这种方法基于如下假设：假设在等势面上的温度，密度，压强，光度，化学组成和角速度等物理和化学量近似于均匀分布，并且这些量与等价球面上的量相同。（等价球面是假想的球面，它包围的体积与等势面包围的体积相等。）我们在等价球面上推出新的转动恒星结构和演化方程，构造出新的演化模型。这个模型与不考虑转动效应的演化模型相比，有以下变化：流体静力学平衡方程变化；辐射温度梯度变化，并引起对流判据变化；星风物质损失和角动量损失增大。作为转动恒星结构和演化模型的应用，我们研究了中，小质量星中心氦燃烧阶段在赫罗图中的演化轨迹发生来回摆动（又称为蓝回绕）的物理机制问题。有诸多作者曾经研究了可以影响蓝回绕的各种因素。但是不知道这些因素之间的内在联系，更无法判断这些因素中哪些因素是主要的。我们根据前人已经知道的对流超射效应与自转效应对蓝回绕的影响正好相反的事实，想到对比对流超射效应和自转效应对于同一颗星和同一化学组成所造成的内部结构的不同，以发现有哪些物理因素对于产生蓝回绕起主要作用以及各种物理因素之间的关系。初步分析的结果认为：蓝回绕的形状和中心氦燃烧阶段的总产能率的变化相关联。当总产能率主要由壳层氢产能率的变化所提供时，蓝回绕主要与氢丰度变化区（μ－梯度区）的氢丰度分布轮廓（X－profile)，μ－梯度区的温度，以及对外流区的深入程度密切相关。当总产能率由氢燃烧壳层和氦核的产能率变化所提供时，蓝回绕不仅与μ－梯度区的特性腾，还与氦核的大小和温度密切相关。另外，本文也分析了转动恒星中的物理机制，确定了今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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AGB长周期变星是中小质量恒星演化到晚期时形成的，由于它们存在强烈的振动和巨大的星风物质损失，研究这类变星对于了解恒星振动性质、星风产生机制及恒星晚期演化都有十分重要的意义。本文比较广泛地考查了最近十几年来国际上对于AGB长周期变星观测和理论研究工作的现状，讨论了AGB长周期变星的主要观测性质以及恒星振动和演化理论工作中所取得的进展，同时也分析了目前研究工作中存在的一些问题和困难，指出今后研究工作中需要逐步加以解决的一些问题。 相似文献
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ＡＧＢ长周期变星是中小质量恒星演化到晚期时形成的，由于它们存在强烈的振动和巨大的星风物质损失，研究这类变星对于了解恒星振动性质，星风产生机制及恒星晚期演化都有十分重要的意义，本文比较广泛地考查了最近十几年来国际上对于ＡＧＢ长周期变星观测和理论研究工作的现状，讨论了ＡＧＢ长周期变星的主要观测性质以及恒星振动和演化理论工作中所取得的进展，同时也分析了目前研究工作中存在的一些问题和困难，指出今后研究工作 相似文献
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<正>恒星的化学元素丰度特征能够反映其形成和演化历史.以化学元素丰度为手段,研究了银河系中恒星的径向迁移对银河系化学演化的影响,以及球状星团中渐进巨星支(AGB)恒星的多星族问题.近年的观测和理论研究表明:恒星在银盘里有径向迁移.基于详细的银河系化学演化模型,再采用分布函数模拟恒星径向迁移过程,研究了恒星的径向迁移对银盘径向元素丰度梯度的影响.结果显示: 相似文献
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第一代恒星（星族Ⅲ恒星）标志着宇宙从暗物质时代到现在已知的宇宙的转折点。目前对第一代恒星（星族Ⅲ恒星）的观测结果表明，在银河系中还没有发现零金属丰度的恒星，金属丰度[Fe/H]≤-2.5的恒星极少。由于近几年的BPS巡天，银河系中已知的极端贫金属丰度的恒星数目大大增多。目前，可探测到的极端贫金属星的金属丰度[Fe/H]最低约为－4．1。金属丰度在－4到－3之间的恒星大约有100多颗，这些恒星的运动学特性非常类似于其它晕星。然而还没有发现第一代恒星，或金属丰度[Fe/H]≤-5的恒星。关于第一代恒星的形成过程、初始质量函数以及存在于银河系的什么地方，都还没有任何直接的证据。但第一代恒星确实存在。第一代恒星这个谜一般的实体，向观测和理论天文学家提出了巨大挑战。为探测和预言银河系中的第一代恒星，天文学家提出了许多观测方案和理论模型。对有关第一代恒星在观测和理论研究上的进展进行了综述。 相似文献
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In recent years there has been much debate, both observational and theoretical, about the nature of star formation at high
redshift. In particular, there seems to be strong evidence of a greatly enhanced star formation rate early in the Universe’s
evolution. Simulations investigating the nature of the first stars indicate that these were large, with masses in excess of
100 solar masses. By the use of a chemical model, we have simulated the molecular signature of massive star formation for
a range of redshifts, using different input models of metallicity in the early Universe. We find that, as long as the number
of massive stars exceeds that in the Milky Way by factor of at least 1000, then several ‘hot-core’ like molecules should have
detectable emission. Although we predict that such signatures should already be partly detectable with current instruments
(e.g. with the VLA), facilities such as ALMA will make this kind of observation possible at the highest redshifts. 相似文献
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Francesca Matteucci Antonio Pipino 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(2):489-496
We have studied the effects of a hypothetical initial generation containing very massive stars [ M > 100 M⊙ , pair-creation supernovae] on the chemical and photometric evolution of elliptical galaxies. To this purpose, we have computed the evolution of a typical elliptical galaxy with luminous mass of the order of 1011 M⊙ and adopted chemical evolution models already tested to reproduce the main features of ellipticals. We have tested several sets of yields for very massive zero-metallicity stars: these stars should produce quite different amounts of heavy elements than lower-mass stars. We found that the effects of Population III stars on the chemical enrichment is negligible if only one or two generations of such stars occurred, whereas they produce quite different results from the standard models if they continuously formed for a period not shorter than 0.1 Gyr. In this case, the results are at variance with the main observational constraints of ellipticals such as the average [〈α/ Fe〉* ] ratio in stars and the integrated colours. Therefore, we conclude that if Population III stars ever existed they must have been present for a very short period of time and their effects on the following evolution of the parent galaxy must have been negligible. This effect is minimum if a more realistic model with initial infall of gas rather than the classic monolithic model is adopted. Ultimately, we conclude that there is no need to invoke a generation of very massive stars in ellipticals to explain their chemical and photometric properties. 相似文献
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Lynnette M. Dray † Christopher A. Tout 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,376(1):61-70
We introduce a set of stellar models for massive stars whose evolution has been affected by mass transfer in a binary system, at a range of metallicities. As noted by other authors, the effect of such mass transfer is frequently more than just rejuvenation. We find that, whilst stars with convective cores which have accreted only H-rich matter rejuvenate as expected, those stars which have accreted He-rich matter (e.g. at the end stages of conservative mass transfer) evolve in a way that is qualitatively similar to rejuvenated stars of much higher metallicity. Thus, the effects of non-conservative evolution depend strongly on whether He-rich matter is amongst the portion accreted or ejected. This may lead to a significant divergence in binary evolution paths with only a small difference in initial assumptions. We compare our models to observed systems and find approximate formulae for the effect of mass accretion on the effective age and metallicity of the resulting star. 相似文献
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Icko Iben Jr. 《Solar physics》1983,82(1-2):457-467
It is cautioned that solar models adjusted in such a way as to achieve a match between theoretical solar oscillation characteristics and observed ones may produce neutrino fluxes inconsistent with the observations and that this is likely to be explicable as a deficiency in modeling that portion of the envelope which is most strongly affected by uncertainties in the treatment of convection. Then follows a summary of how the results of pulsation theory and of stellar evolution theory have been used together to learn about the structure and evolution of RR Lyrae stars, classical Cepheids, and high luminosity AGB stars. 相似文献
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Richard B. Larson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,332(1):155-164
Nearly all of the initial angular momentum of the matter that goes into each forming star must somehow be removed or redistributed during the formation process. The possible transport mechanisms and the possible fates of the excess angular momentum are discussed, and it is argued that transport processes in discs are probably not sufficient by themselves to solve the angular momentum problem, while tidal interactions with other stars in forming binary or multiple systems are likely to be of very general importance in redistributing angular momentum during the star formation process. Most, if not all, stars probably form in binary or multiple systems, and tidal torques in these systems can transfer much of the angular momentum from the gas around each forming star to the orbital motions of the companion stars. Tidally generated waves in circumstellar discs may contribute to the overall redistribution of angular momentum. Stars may gain much of their mass by tidally triggered bursts of rapid accretion, and these bursts could account for some of the most energetic phenomena of the earliest stages of stellar evolution, such as jet-like outflows. If tidal interactions are indeed of general importance, planet-forming discs may often have a more chaotic and violent early evolution than in standard models, and shock heating events may be common. Interactions in a hierarchy of subgroups may play a role in building up massive stars in clusters and in determining the form of the upper initial mass function (IMF) . Many of the processes discussed here have analogues on galactic scales, and there may be similarities between the formation of massive stars by interaction-driven accretion processes in clusters and the buildup of massive black holes in galactic nuclei. 相似文献
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《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2022,46(2):1-21
Lithium (Li) is one of the most important light elements that was primordially synthesized in the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). It is also an element that confused astrophysicists for decades, as its observed abundance often contradicts with the theoretical prediction in many different types of celestial objects. Li-rich giant stars are such objects. Their atmospheres contain anomaly high Li abundance than that expected by the standard stellar evolution model. Although the first Li-rich giant star was discovered almost 40 years ago, their origin is still being debated. With the launch of massive spectroscopic survey program such as the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope (LAMOST) survey, the extending of available asteroseismology data from space satellites (such as Kepler), and the developments of data-driven techniques, breakthroughs have been archived in the field of Li-rich studies. In this paper, we review the progress that was made during the past four decades, and present our up-to-date understanding to Li-rich giant stars. 相似文献
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锂(Li)元素最初诞生于大爆炸核合成,是最重要的轻元素之一.但锂元素丰度在很多类天体中均表现出观测与理论不符的现象,这一问题困扰了天体物理学家数十年.富锂巨星就是这样的一类天体,它们大气中的Li丰度超过了标准恒星演化模型的理论值.虽然富锂巨星早在约四十年前就被发现,但其起源依然是未解之谜.随着以郭守敬望远镜(LAMOST)巡天等为代表的大型光谱巡天项目的开展、以开普勒(Kepler)卫星为代表的星震学观测数据的产出以及数据驱动类方法和技术的飞速发展,针对富锂巨星的研究取得了一系列重要的突破.在此将回顾富锂巨星近四十年来的研究进展,并总结对于富锂巨星最新的认知. 相似文献
19.
Richard B. Larson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(2):569-581
It has frequently been suggested in the literature that the stellar IMF in galaxies was top-heavy at early times. This would be plausible physically if the IMF depended on a mass-scale such as the Jeans mass that was higher at earlier times because of the generally higher temperatures that were present then. In this paper it is suggested, on the basis of current evidence and theory, that the IMF has a universal Salpeter-like form at the upper end, but flattens below a characteristic stellar mass that may vary with time. Much of the evidence that has been attributed to a top-heavy early IMF, including the ubiquitous G-dwarf problem, the high abundance of heavy elements in clusters of galaxies, and the high rate of formation of massive stars in high-redshift galaxies, can be accounted for with such an IMF if the characteristic stellar mass was several times higher during the early stages of galaxy evolution. However, significant variations in the mass-to-light ratios of galaxies and large amounts of dark matter in stellar remnants are not as easily explained in this way, because they require more extreme and less plausible assumptions about the form and variability of the IMF. Metal-free 'population III' stars are predicted to have an IMF that consists exclusively of massive stars, and they could help to account for some of the evidence that has been attributed to a top-heavy early IMF, as well as contributing importantly to the energetics and chemical enrichment of the early Universe. 相似文献