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1.
鄱阳湖夏季水面蒸发与蒸发皿蒸发的比较 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
水面蒸发是湖泊水量平衡要素的重要组成部分.基于传统蒸发皿观测蒸发不能代表实际水面蒸发,而实际水面蒸发特征仍不清楚.本研究基于涡度相关系统观测的鄱阳湖水体实际水面蒸发过程,在小时和日尺度分析了水面蒸发的变化规律及其主要影响因子,并与蒸发皿蒸发进行比较.研究表明,实际水面蒸发日变化波动剧烈,变化范围在0~0.4 mm/h之间.水面蒸发的日变化特征主要受风速的影响.鄱阳湖8月份日水面蒸发量与蒸发皿蒸发量在总体趋势上具有很好的一致性.8月份平均日水面蒸发速率(5.90 mm/d)比蒸发皿蒸发速率(5.65 mm/d)高4.6%.水面日蒸发量与蒸发皿蒸发量的比值在8月上、中、下旬平均值分别为1.24、1.00、0.92,呈现下降的趋势.鄱阳湖夏季水面日蒸发量与风速和相对湿度相关性显著,而蒸发皿蒸发与净辐射、气温、饱和水汽压差和相对湿度均呈显著相关.这是由于蒸发皿水体容积小,与湖泊相比其水体热存储能力小,因此更容易受到环境因子的影响. 相似文献
2.
青海湖流域及周边地区蒸发皿蒸发量变化(1961-2007年)及趋势分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用单调趋势的非参数统计检验Mann-Kendall(M-K)法和灰色关联分析方法对青海湖流域及周边地区1961-2007年20cm小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响气候因子的变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明,近47a来青海湖流域及周边地区的蒸发皿蒸发量平均每年减少4.47mm,各季节的蒸发皿蒸发量除秋季变化不显著外,其它各季以0.55-1.83mm/a的速率减小,其中春季减幅最大,其次是夏季,冬季减幅最小;日照时数的减少导致了气温日较差变小和空气饱和差的减小,是造成该研究区域蒸发皿蒸发量减小的主要原因. 相似文献
3.
利用长江上游最近30年(66个测站)蒸发皿蒸发量和最近50年(90个测站)的7种气象要素,分析了蒸发皿蒸发量的区域变化趋势和影响蒸发皿蒸发量变化的因素;针对7个水文站的年径流量变化,探讨了蒸发皿蒸发量变化后对水分循环的影响.结果表明,长江上游蒸发皿蒸发量的变化可以划分为三个分区,研究区域东西两侧(青藏高原和大巴山一带)为显著减少区,分别命名为RⅠ和RⅡ,中间(云贵高原北部到黄土高原南缘以及由二者包围的四川盆地一带)为显著增大区,命名为RⅢ区.影响区域蒸发皿蒸发量变化的原因各有不同,青藏高原一带(RⅠ区)蒸发皿蒸发量减少的原因可归结于太阳辐射强度和风动力扰动减弱所致.大巴山一带(RⅡ区)减少原因是太阳辐射强度、风动力扰动强度、湿度条件都在显著下降所引起的.云贵高原到四川盆地一带(RⅢ区)蒸发皿蒸发量增加是环境气温强烈升高,导致其上空大气水汽含量显著减少,大气很干燥,引发蒸发过程加强所致.蒸发皿蒸发量发生变化的直接后果就是导致水分循环强弱发生变化,对于RⅠ区,尽管蒸发皿蒸发量减少,由于降水量和径流量增加的作用,这一区域的水分循环有所加强.在RⅡ区,降水量、径流量和蒸发量都在减少,因此RⅡ区水分循环显著减弱.在RⅢ区,降水量和径流量同时减少,而蒸发量增大,水量消耗增大,因此RⅢ区水分循环有减弱趋势. 相似文献
4.
依据边界层梯度输送理论和能量守恒原理分析了蒸发皿蒸发量的物理意义,蒸发皿蒸发量是多环境因子共同非线性相互作用的结果,并利用我国有长期太阳辐射观测的62个常规气象站观测资料,通过蒸发皿蒸发量与环境气象因子的相关分析对其进行了验证. 分析了近40年蒸发皿蒸发量和环境气象因子的变化趋势,分析结果也表明只利用单个环境因子的变化来解释蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化会产生偏颇,譬如将蒸发皿蒸发量的逐年减少归因于地表接收的太阳辐射减少的解释在中国东部比在中国西部较合理. 分析1983～2001年间国际卫星云气候计划观测的资料得出,我国大部分地区的总云量保持微小的减少趋势而总云水路径处于明显的增加趋势,这表明云变得更不透明了,它的物理属性发生了明显的变化;预示着大气可降水量有逐年增加的趋势, 地气系统变得更湿润. 结合水循环过程,利用大气环流模式用数值方法证明地气系统的水汽变化能引起陆地近地层大气相对湿度、地表接收的太阳总辐射和地表潜在蒸发量的明显变化. 相似文献
5.
湖泊蒸发对气候变化非常敏感, 是水文循环响应气候变化的指示因子, 因此研究湖泊蒸发的控制因素, 对于理解区域水文循环有重要意义. 本文利用太湖中尺度涡度通量网避风港站观测数据校正JRA-55再分析资料, 驱动CLM4.0-LISSS模型, 并利用2012—2017年涡度相关通量数据和湖表面温度数据检验模型模拟蒸发结果, 验证了该模型在太湖的适用性; 估算了1958—2017年间太湖的湖面蒸发量, 并利用Manner-Kendall趋势检验分析了湖面蒸发的变化趋势, 寻找太湖实际蒸发的年际变化的主控因子. 结果如下: 校正后的JRA-55再分析资料模拟的太湖蒸发与观测值之间存在季节偏差, 但是季节偏差在年尺度上相互抵消, 再分析资料可用于年际尺度太湖蒸发变化的模拟; 1958—2017年间太湖蒸发量以1977年为界, 先下降(-3.6 mm/a), 后增加(2.3 mm/a); 多元逐步回归结果表明, 向下的短波辐射是太湖1958—2017年间太湖蒸发变化的主控因子, 向下的长波辐射、气温、比湿也对湖泊蒸发年际变化有一定影响, 但是风速对蒸发量的年际变化影响不大. 相似文献
6.
贵州蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及影响因素分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以贵州境内18个气象站1961-2001年逐日气象观测数据为基础,采用Mann-Kendal非参数检验方法、相关分析和主成分分析方法对贵州近41年来蒸发皿蒸发量及其主要影响因子(太阳净辐射、气温、相对湿度和风速等)进行了相关性及趋势性分析.结果表明:近41年来,贵州年平均蒸发皿蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,通过99%的置信度检验,蒸发量的下降主要表现在冬、春、夏三季.从区域分布来看,蒸发皿蒸发量整体上东部及西北部分地区显著减少,其他地区趋势变化不明显.蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因是太阳净辐射的显著下降. 相似文献
7.
气象台站20 cm蒸发皿观测资料自然正交分解显示,1980～2000年中国区域气温显著增加期间,长江中游至河套、东北等区域地表年蒸发潜力呈增加趋势;相反在长江以南、东部和西南等地区年蒸发潜力呈下降趋势.辐射观测资料分析结果表明,自20世纪70年代中国区域太阳入射能整体呈下降趋势,因此对于蒸发潜力增加的地区,太阳辐射产生... 相似文献
8.
鄱阳湖水面蒸发量的计算与变化趋势分析(1955-2004年) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用器测折算法与气候模式法,分别计算鄱阳湖周围康山、棠荫、都昌、星子、湖口5站的单站水面蒸发量,以5站两种方法计算值的平均值代表鄱阳湖大湖面的水面蒸发量,求得鄱阳湖1955-2004年各月的水面蒸发量和蒸发水量,结果为：多年平均年蒸发量1081．2 mm．年蒸发水量27．06×10~8 m~3．对年、月水面蒸发量在近50年来的变化趋势进行了分析,表明除5月份外,其他各月蒸发量和年蒸发量均呈逐渐减少趋势,年蒸发量平均每年减小2．79 mm,年蒸发水量平均减少0．05×10~8 m~3,对湖区水资源持续利用和湖泊环境将产生明显影响．对水面蒸发量递减原因进行了初步探讨． 相似文献
9.
10.
CEVSA模型是一个基于生理生态过程模拟植物-土壤-大气系统能量交换和水碳氮耦合循环及其对环境变化响应和适应的机理模型,在区域和全球尺度上得到广泛应用.尽管该模型在大尺度上已经应用大量的植被生产力,碳储量和叶面积测定以及遥感反演数据进行了验证,但还缺乏在冠层和景观尺度上对模型的机理过程(如对光合,呼吸和蒸散过程及其导致的水碳通量变化)模拟的检验.以近年来生态系统机理过程研究的最新进展为基础,对模型进行改进,应用一个亚热带针叶林水碳通量连续观测数据对模型模拟结果进行检验,并分析机理模拟与涡度相关观测得到的水碳通量与环境条件关系的差异.模型模拟的主要水碳通量季节变化特征均与观测值一致.对蒸散和土壤水分的模拟结果与观测值相近,分别解释了观测值90%和86%的变异性,但是模拟值系统偏低.模拟的年总光合碳固定(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(Re)接近于观测值,并且能够分别解释其观测值79%和88%的变异性.尽管净生态系统生产力(NEP)的模拟值(394 gC/m2)也与观测值(387.15 gC/m2)接近,但是它仅能解释观测值31%的变异性.与观测值相比,模拟的NEP在冬季偏低而在夏季偏高.通过与温度、水汽压差的相关分析表明,在严重的高温和缺水胁迫条件下,模型没有准确模拟生态系统光合和呼吸过程.结果证明CEVSA模型对水碳循环的模拟与植被冠层尺度水碳通量测定结果一致,但仍然需要对极端温度和水分胁迫效应的模拟作进一步的ChinaFLUX. 相似文献
11.
I. M. Oroud 《Journal of Hydrology》1998,210(1-4):1-10
Lateral heat conduction across a large circular sunken pan located in a hot, dry environment is evaluated using a numerical procedure. Heat flow across the sunken pan–adjacent soil boundary is calculated using a two-dimensional soil plane. Calculations show that a large temperature differential across the pan–substrate boundary develops during the entire diurnal cycle during January and July, leading to consistently positive heat flow from the soil towards the sunken pan. Heat conduction across the pan–substrate boundary represents 10 and 34% of net radiation over the sunken pan during July and January, respectively. This additional heat source, which is not available for shallow lakes, increases annual evaporation from the sunken pan by about 5–8% in July and January, respectively. In hot arid environments, a sunken pan will overestimate evaporation from a nearby shallow lake/dam due to a larger surface roughness and consistently positive conduction heat flow across the pan–substrate boundary. 相似文献
12.
Evaporation in the Atacama Desert: An empirical study of spatio-temporal variations and their causes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Atacama Desert is hyper-arid, and areas where adequate moisture exists for evaporation are spatially highly restricted. Nevertheless, water resources exist and their evaluation requires knowledge of this elusive but important component of the hydrological cycle. Evaporation may occur in four typical areas: rivers and associated riparian zones, localized springs, large playas and extensive areas of bare soil after infrequent precipitation events. Transpiration is locally possible where moisture is sufficiently close to the surface to allow phreatophytes or scarce grass cover to grow, but virtually no information is available for quantification. Pan evaporation data from 11 stations for the period 1977–1991 is analyzed and complemented by analysis of an evaporation study conducted in the Salar de Atacama during 1987/1988. The results show that pan evaporation, and hence maximum potential evaporation may be considered largely a function of maximum temperature and elevation as well as density of the evaporating fluid. Actual evaporation is limited by available moisture and diminishes rapidly as the level of soil moisture saturation drops below the soil surface, extinguishing at ca. 2 m depth. Evaporation is greatest during the summer, but at higher elevations convective cloudiness develops during January and February reducing evaporating rates at a time when significant precipitation may occur. Inter-annual variations in pan evaporation are considerable and weakly correlated with ENSO, but variations in actual evaporation are damped by comparison. Regression equations are developed which have widespread applicability and may be used to estimate evaporation in areas where no site-specific data exists. 相似文献
13.
Stephanie K. Kampf Scott W. Tyler Cristin A. Ortiz Jos F. Muoz Paula L. Adkins 《Journal of Hydrology》2005,310(1-4):236-252
Playa systems are driven by evaporation processes, yet the mechanisms by which evaporation occurs through playa salt crusts are still poorly understood. In this study we examine playa evaporation as it relates to land surface energy fluxes, salt crust characteristics, groundwater and climate at the Salar de Atacama, a 3000 km2 playa in northern Chile containing a uniquely broad range of salt crust types. Land surface energy budget measurements were taken at eight representative sites on this playa during winter (August 2001) and summer (January 2002) seasons. Measured values of net all-wave radiation were highest at vegetated and rough halite crust sites and lowest over smooth, highly reflective salt crusts. Over most of the Salar de Atacama, net radiation was dissipated by means of soil and sensible heat fluxes. Dry salt crusts tended to heat and cool very quickly, whereas soil heating and cooling occurred more gradually at wetter vegetated sites. Sensible heating was strongly linked to wind patterns, with highest sensible heat fluxes occurring on summer days with strong afternoon winds. Very little energy available at the land surface was used to evaporate water. Eddy covariance measurements could only constrain evaporation rates to within 0.1 mm d−1, and some measured evaporation rates were less than this margin of uncertainty. Evaporation rates ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 mm d−1 in smooth salt crusts around the margin of the salar and from 0.4 to 2.8 mm d−1 in vegetated areas. No evaporation was detected from the rugged halite salt crust that covers the interior of the salar, though the depth to groundwater is less than 1 m in this area. These crusts therefore represent a previously unrecorded end member condition in which the salt crusts form a practically impermeable barrier to evaporation. 相似文献
14.
The aim of this study was to validate evaporation models that can be used for palaeo‐reconstructions of large lake water levels. Lake Titicaca, located in a high‐altitude semi‐arid tropical area in the northern Andean Altiplano, was the object of this case study. As annual evaporation is about 90% of lake output, the lake water balance depends heavily on the yearly and monthly evaporation flux. At the interannual scale, evaporation estimation presents great variability, ranging from 1350 to 1900 mm year?1. It has been found that evaporation is closely related to lake rainfall by a decreasing relationship integrating the implicit effect of nebulosity and humidity. At the seasonal scale, two monthly evaporation data sets were used: pan observations and estimations derived from the lake energy budget. Comparison between these data sets shows that (i) there is one maximum per year for pan evaporation and two maxima per year for lake evaporation, and (ii) pan evaporation is greater than lake evaporation by about 100 mm year?1. These differences, mainly due to a water depth scale factor, have been simulated with a simple thermal model θw(h, t) of a free‐surface water column. This shows that pan evaporation (h = 0·20 m) is strongly correlated with direct solar radiation, whereas the additional maximum of lake evaporation (h = 40 m) is related to the heat restitution towards the atmosphere from the water body at the end of summer. Finally, five monthly evaporation models were tested in order to obtain the optimal efficiency/complexity ratio. When the forcing variables are limited to those that are most readily available in the past, i.e. air temperature and solar radiation, the best results are obtained with the radiative Abtew model (r = 0·70) and with the Makkink radiative/air temperature model (r = 0·67). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Guangyong You Yiping Zhang Yuhong Liu Qinghai Song Zhiyun Lu Zhenghong Tan Chuansheng Wu Youneng Xie 《水文研究》2013,27(18):2676-2682
Negative trends of measured pan evaporation are widely reported. Studies of the factors that underlie this reduction in pan evaporation have not reached a consensus about the controlling factors. Most studies employ statistical analysis (correlation analysis or stepwise regression) to identify the controlling climatic variables; in contrast, few studies have employed physical‐based theories. In addition, observations of pan evaporation and related climatic variables are reported to be influenced by anthropogenic activities. Consequently, the observed trends of climatic variables in a nature reserve would be useful for understanding regional climate change. The present study site is located in Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve, SW China, which is free of anthropogenic activity. In this study, we firstly applied the adjusted PenPan model to estimate the pan evaporation. Then, using this physical‐based model, we identified a positive trend in pan evaporation, with a much larger increase in the dry season than in the wet season. The model results indicate that the change in the aerodynamic component is larger than that in the radiative component. In contrast to the reduction in wind speed and sunshine hours that has been reported in previous studies at various sites, we found that wind speed and sunshine hours have increased in recent decades, thereby explaining the increase of the pan evaporation rate. Wind speed made the greatest contribution to the change in pan evaporation, followed by sunshine duration. This study indicates that the potential evaporation has increased at this site despite the widely reported reduction in measured pan evaporation. During the dry season, the availability of water for agriculture and agroforestry could be threatened. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
During two successive growing seasons meteorological measurements were made in a pearl millet field in the Sahel to investigate the evaporation process in relation to crop growth. The evaporation was measured by eddy correlation and simulated using the Shuttleworth Wallace (SW) model [Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111 (1985) 839–855]. To take sun height and multi-layer scattering into account a radiation balance model was formulated. The model indicates that partitioning of the net radiation between the vegetation and the soil may be estimated (r2=0.94) from the fraction of diffuse radiation, the leaf area index and an attenuation coefficient, but that the attenuation coefficient may not be similar in different locations. To solve the SW-model with respect to the soil resistance an iterative solution was employed with the total evaporation estimated from the Bowen-ratio calculated from eddy correlation measurements. The procedure made it possible to derive stable estimates of soil resistance at soil evaporation rates down to 25 W m−2. The soil resistance was found to be in accordance with evaporation through a dry surface layer. The SW-model indicates, that advection of sensible heat from the dry soil to the plants, increases transpiration considerably. This will cause management techniques, such as mulching and dry farming, aimed at reducing soil evaporation to be less effective than might be anticipated. The effects of raising the leaf area index to improve the microclimate is discussed in relation to management of the available water and crop security. 相似文献
17.
《水文科学杂志》2012,57(15):1843-1856
ABSTRACTAn integrated data-intelligence model based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and krill herd optimization – the MLP-KH model – is presented for the estimation of daily pan evaporation. Daily climatological information collected from two meteorological stations in the northern region of Iran is used to compare the potential of the proposed model against classical MLP and support vector machine models. The integrated and the classical models were assessed based on different error and goodness-of-fit metrics. The quantitative results evidenced the capacity of the proposed MLP-KH model to estimate daily pan evaporation compared to the classical ones. For both weather stations, the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.725 and 0.855 mm/d, respectively, was obtained from the integrated model, while the RMSE for MLP was 1.088 and 1.197, and for SVM it was 1.096 and 1.290, respectively. 相似文献