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黄海小鳁鲸生殖习性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自1955年开始,作者对黄海北部捕获的小鳁鲸(Balaenoptera acutorostrata)的生物学特性做了一些调查,通过对陆地鲸体解剖所得胎儿的测定,以及在黄海中部的探捕,结合长期的海上实际观察,对黄海小鳁鲸的生殖习性进行了分析研究,现将结果报道如下。 相似文献
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鲸目动物传统上大体分为两类:第一类包括鲸须鲸(小露脊鲸除外)和抹香鲸;第二类包括小齿鲸和海豚。鲸目动物分布于世界各个大洋,从北极到南极的海洋都有。有些品种是全球性的,其中包括较大的第一类鲸和商业上重要的品种——蓝鲤鲸、驼背鲸、长须鲸、鳁鲸、小鳁鲸、抹香鲸和虎鲸。海洋哺乳动物资源最容易捕捞过度,因为 相似文献
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鲸鱼虽然名之曰“鱼”,而且“鲸”字也从“鱼”旁,但实际上却不是鱼类,而是用肺呼吸、胎生的哺乳动物。鲸鱼的种类颇多,分为齿鲸和须鲸两大类。鲸鱼一般以体型巨大者居多,“鲸”字从“京”,京为“大”意。《尔雅·释丘》说:“绝高为之京。”体型最大的要属须鲸中的蓝鳁鲸了,最大体长可达35米,体重可达190吨。鲸鱼体型如此巨大,古人航海时若遇到它的话,随时可能发生危险,让人不寒而栗。古人称雄鲸为鲸、雌鲸为鲵。又称鲸鱼为海鳅。因其体型巨大,可吞下古代的木船,故又称为吞舟之鱼。《太平御览》卷九三八引梁简文帝《金楼子》说:“鲸鲵一名海鳅。”《文选·左思·吴都 相似文献
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鲸是生活在地球上最庞大的动物 ,其“大横海吞舟 ,出则水溢 ,入则潮涨”。完美的非常符合流体力学原理的纺锤形体型 ,使之能信步万里海浪 ,遨游千米水底 ,难怪古人曾幻想“骑鲸遁沧海”(苏轼 ) ,做“海上骑鲸客”(李白 ) ,或“欲跨长鲸临弱水 ,神州东去访蓬莱”(王枢 ) ,“此日骑鲸去 ,它年化鹤还”(赵蕃 )。人们对鲸的神往由此可见一斑。到了近代 ,随着科学技术的发展 ,世界各地相继建起了许多水族馆 ,其中最引人入胜的便是鲸豚、海豹、海狮等海兽类的展示和表演 :顶球 ,跳舞 ,飞越障碍物 ,与人握手或同游 ,等等。然而 ,最令人难忘的体验却… 相似文献
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<正>鲸是地球上最大的哺乳类动物,按照现代鲸类划分标准,鲸目不仅包括鲸,也包括海豚科、鼠海豚科和淡水豚总科。我国古人对鲸类的认识是根据鲸的外形特征将其归入到鱼类和鳞介之属。古代鲸的记载散见于沿海地方志,正史《五行志》对鲸的出没也有详细的记载,根据这些记载,考察不同历史时期鲸的分布及搁浅原因。《二十五史·五行志》中把鱼类的某些不常见现象都归入"鱼孽"中,由于鲸在近海极少见,且体形巨大,因此亦被归入鱼孽类,与当时的各种凶象联系 相似文献
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The contaminant-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) members in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) can be potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and toxic effects. In this study, we constructed a cDNA library from the liver of minke whale from the North Pacific, and further screened a total of 6930 clones randomly selected in the library for the isolation of cDNA clones encoding novel members of CYP superfamily. The screening revealed the isolation of six novel CYP cDNA clones that are classified into CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2E, CYP3A, CYP4, and CYP4A subfamilies. The BLAST homology search using the partial cDNA fragments of four CYP subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2E and CYP4A) demonstrated that the minke whale CYPs were most closely related to pig CYPs (81-91%). Identification of multiple CYP genes in marine mammal species such as minke whale will provide new insights into the metabolic or toxicological functions of individual CYP members. 相似文献
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To track the diet of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the East Sea (Japan Sea), a conjoint analysis of fatty acids and C and N stable isotopes was performed on blubber and skin from the whale and its potential prey. The total lipid content in the blubber of minke whales ranged from 37.9% to 82.7% of wet mass (mean ± SD, 63.1 ± 17.2%), with triacylglycerols being the dominant lipids (96.9%–99.2% of total lipids). The lipid and fatty acid (FA) contents were systematically stratified throughout the depth of the blubber layers; contents of the dominant monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), including 18:1ω9 and 16:1ω7, increased from the innermost layer to the outermost layer, whereas contents of saturated FAs (SFAs) and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were higher in the innermost layer than in the outermost layer. This stratification is related to the different physiological roles of the blubber layers; e.g., thermoregulation, streaming, and buoyancy. A comparison of the FA compositions of the innermost layer of minke whales with those of potential prey indicates that FA compositions in the whales are similar to those of Pacific herring. In addition, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) suggest that minke whale and Pacific herring have the same or similar diets. Therefore, the diets of minke whale from the East Sea (Japan Sea) could be inferred from information on the diet of the Pacific herring, although FA compositions and stable isotope ratios for Pacific herring would not exactly reflect the whale’s diet. Although the very limited number of samples was used in this study, our preliminary findings are very promising to help understand the feeding ecology of minke whales in the East Sea (Japan Sea). 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》1998,22(2):161-174
The Norwegian minke whale hunt was resumed in 1993, despite considerable international opposition. This paper investigates economic aspects of the 1993–1996 hunts. It is shown that the hunts were profitable for the participating vessels. Adverse international effects due to the resumed hunt are discussed, as is the future of commercial whale hunting in Norway. 相似文献
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Anders Goksyr Jon Tarleb Jan Erik Solbakken Jarle Klungsyr 《Marine environmental research》1985,17(2-4)
The whales are an interesting group in several aspects of science, including evolutionary biology, marine ecology and toxicology. Some of the whale species, including the minke whale, graze at the top of the food chains, where they become susceptible to the accumulation of marine pollutants ingested by organisms at lower levels. The northern stock of the minke whale grazes in Arctic waters in the summer, an area of increasing interest in the development of new oil fields. Studies on the metabolism, disposition and effects of xenobiotics in marine mammals are few. The only reports in the open literature so far have dealt with these questions in seals.1–3 Although the marine mammals comprise a particularly interesting group in marine ecology and toxicology, no data have to our knowledge been presented on the xenobiotic metabolising enzyme systems of the whales. In this study, components of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system were measured in liver samples from several females, one male, and two foetal minke whales, caught in the Norwegian whaling season of 1983. Because of the limited number of samples studied we have treated the samples individually and not performed any statistical analysis of the data. The trends discussed below must therefore be considered with this background. 相似文献
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Leif Nøttestad Lise D. Sivle Bjørn A. Krafft Lise Langård Valantine Anthonypillai Matteo Bernasconi Herdis Langøy Bjørn E. Axelsen 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(2):221-232
The Norwegian Sea is a migration and feeding ground for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in summer. During the last decade, significant structural changes in the prey community, including northerly expansion and movement in the distribution of pelagic fish species, have been reported from this ecosystem. However, little information on whale feeding ecology exists in the Norwegian Sea and surrounding waters. A total of 59 fin whales and 48 humpback whales were sighted during 864 h of observation over an observation distance of about 8200 nmi (15,200 km) in the Norwegian Sea from 15 July to 6 August 2006 and 2007. The fin whale group size, as mean (±SD), varied between one and five individuals (2.1 ± 1.2 ind.) and humpback whale group size varied between one and six individuals (2.5 ± 1.7 ind.). Fin‐ and humpback whales were observed mainly in the northern part of the study area, and were only found correlated with the presence of macro‐zooplankton in cold Arctic water. Humpback whales were not correlated with the occurrence of adult Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) except for the northernmost areas. Despite changes in the whale prey communities in the Norwegian Sea, no apparent changes in fin‐ or humpback whale distribution pattern could be found in our study compared to their observed summer distribution 10–15 years ago. 相似文献
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Concentrations of 12 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, and Hg) were determined in liver and skin tissues of minke whales from various regions within the Antarctic Ocean. Cd concentrations in livers of southern minke whale were apparently higher than those in cetaceans from other regions, while Hg concentrations were lower. There were significant positive correlations between body length and concentrations of Cd and Hg in the liver. The concentrations of all trace elements in the skin were lower than those in other cetaceans reported previously. Significant positive correlations between liver and skin were found for Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, and Cs, implying that the concentrations of these trace elements in the skin reflect those of internal organs. Large interannual variation of the accumulation pattern of trace elements in the skin was observed for the southern minke whales from Area V. There were significant differences in the skin element concentrations among Areas III, IV, and V, especially for males. Also, discriminant analysis between geographically two different groups collected during 1995/1996 austral summer season, based on the concentrations of trace elements in the skin, allowed for a correct classification of 90% of these minke whales. These results suggest that measurement of trace elements in skin samples could provide valuable information on the status of contamination and possible geographic differences in the accumulation levels in southern minke whales. 相似文献
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The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is the most critically endangered large cetacean and is threatened by vessels that travel in their habitats and migration paths. A need to address the endangered population status of the right whale emerges as current management mandates have proven ineffective at preventing vessel-strikes to right whales and current rates of strike-induced mortality can slow or prevent recovery of the species. This paper identifies the need for an internationally acceptable management strategy to minimize vessel-strikes to right whales in Canadian waters. 相似文献
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B.A. Bluhm K.O. Coyle B. Konar R. Highsmith 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2007,54(23-26):2919
We describe gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) distribution in the south-central Chukchi Sea in relation to environmental factors during two 5-day surveys in June and September of 2003. Whale counts per 10-min scan (an index of relative abundance) ranged from 0 to 41 in June and from 0 to 28 in September. CTD data showed an ocean front around 67.8°N with strong horizontal gradients in temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a concentration and water-column stability. Highest whale abundance indices occurred in or near the front in both periods. Preliminary qualitative assessment of biological communities in the study area suggests that infaunal clams, echinoderms, euphausids, chaetognaths and Arctic cod were common, while ampeliscid amphipods, the previously abundant infauna (and likely prey) in the nearby Chirikov Basin feeding area, were not dominant. Euphausids may be a prey for gray whales in this area. We suggest that frontal systems may play an important role in eastern North Pacific gray whale foraging grounds. Further study is needed to fully describe the role of frontal systems in gray whale foraging grounds. 相似文献
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Douglas P. DeMaster Andrew W. Trites Phillip Clapham Sally Mizroch Paul Wade Robert J. Small Jay Ver Hoef 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,68(2-4):329
Springer et al. [Springer, A.M., Estes, J.A., van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D.F., Danner, E.M., Forney, K.A., Pfister, B., 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (21), 12,223–12,228] hypothesized that great whales were an important prey resource for killer whales, and that the removal of fin and sperm whales by commercial whaling in the region of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) in the late 1960s and 1970s led to cascading trophic interactions that caused the sequential decline of populations of harbor seal, northern fur seal, Steller sea lion and northern sea otter. This hypothesis, referred to as the Sequential Megafaunal Collapse (SMC), has stirred considerable interest because of its implication for ecosystem-based management. The SMC has the following assumptions: (1) fin whales and sperm whales were important as prey species in the Bering Sea; (2) the biomass of all large whale species (i.e., North Pacific right, fin, humpback, gray, sperm, minke and bowhead whales) was in decline in the Bering Sea in the 1960s and early 1970s; and (3) pinniped declines in the 1970s and 1980s were sequential. We concluded that the available data are not consistent with the first two assumptions of the SMC. Statistical tests of the timing of the declines do not support the assumption that pinniped declines were sequential. We propose two alternative hypotheses for the declines that are more consistent with the available data. While it is plausible, from energetic arguments, for predation by killer whales to have been an important factor in the declines of one or more of the three populations of pinnipeds and the sea otter population in the BSAI region over the last 30 years, we hypothesize that the declines in pinniped populations in the BSAI can best be understood by invoking a multiple factor hypothesis that includes both bottom–up forcing (as indicated by evidence of nutritional stress in the western Steller sea lion population) and top–down forcing (e.g., predation by killer whales, mortality incidental to commercial fishing, directed harvests). Our second hypothesis is a modification of the top–down forcing mechanism (i.e., killer whale predation on one or more of the pinniped populations and the sea otter population is mediated via the recovery of the eastern North Pacific population of the gray whale). We remain skeptical about the proposed link between commercial whaling on fin and sperm whales, which ended in the mid-1960s, and the observed decline of populations of northern fur seal, harbor seal, and Steller sea lion some 15 years later. 相似文献
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William A. Watkins Mary Ann Daher Joseph E. George David Rodriguez 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2004,51(12):1889-1901
A unique whale call with 50–52 Hz emphasis from a single source has been tracked over 12 years in the central and eastern North Pacific. These calls, referred to as 52-Hz calls, were monitored and analyzed from acoustic data recorded by hydrophones of the US Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other arrays. The calls were noticed first in 1989, and have been detected and tracked since 1992. No other calls with similar characteristics have been identified in the acoustic data from any hydrophone system in the North Pacific basin. Only one series of these 52-Hz calls has been recorded at a time, with no call overlap, suggesting that a single whale produced the calls. The calls were recorded from August to February with most in December and January. The species producing these calls is unknown. The tracks of the 52-Hz whale were different each year, and varied in length from 708 to 11,062 km with travel speeds ranging from 0.7 to 3.8 km/h. Tracks included (A) meandering over short ranges, (B) predominantly west-to-east movement, and (C) mostly north-to-south travel. These tracks consistently appeared to be unrelated to the presence or movement of other whale species (blue, fin and humpback) monitored year-round with the same hydrophones. 相似文献