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1.
Waterproofing of permanent sprayed concrete tunnel linings with sprayed membranes in a continuous sandwich structure has been attempted since 2000 and has seen increased use in some countries. The main function of a sprayed membrane from a waterproofing perspective is to provide crack bridging and hence prevent flow of liquid water into the tunnel through cracks and imperfections in the concrete material. However, moisture can migrate through the concrete and EVA-based membrane materials by capillary and vapor diffusion mechanisms. These moisture transport mechanisms can have an influence on the degree of saturation, and may influence the pore pressures in the concrete material as well as risk of freeze–thaw damage of the concrete and membrane. The paper describes a detailed study of moisture transport material parameters, moisture condition in tunnel linings and climatic conditions tunnels in hard rock in Norway. These data have been included in a hygrothermal simulation model in the software WUFI for moisture transport to substantiate moisture transport and long-term effects on saturation of the concrete and membrane material. The findings suggest that EVA-based membranes exhibit significant water absorption and vapor transport properties although they are impermeable to liquid water flow. State-of-the-art sprayed concrete material applied with the wet mix method exhibits very low hydraulic conductivities, lower than 10?14 m/s, thus saturated conductive water flow is a very unlikely dominant transport mechanism. Moisture transport through the lining structure by capillary flow and vapor diffusion are calculated to approximately 3 cm3/m2 per day for lining thicknesses in the range of 25–35 cm and seasonal Nordic climate variations. The calculated moisture contents in the tunnel linings from the hygrothermal simulations are largely in agreement with the measured moisture contents in the tunnel linings. The findings also indicate that the concrete material exhibits a reduction of saturation on the immediate inside of the membrane. Near the location of the waterproofing membrane on either side, the concrete material exhibits degrees of capillary saturation between 85 and 95 %. Moisture content in the membrane is found to be consistently in the range of 12–17 % by weight, corresponding to a degree of saturation of 30–35 %. Possible effects of such moisture contents are lower risk of freezing degradation, higher tensile bonding strengths at the membrane interfaces, and a reduced risk of pore pressure in the concrete material. 相似文献
2.
东巨寺沟隧道湿喷纤维混凝土支护结构和围岩稳定性位移模糊判别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湿法喷射混凝土可有效地改善隧道内作业环境、反弹量小、喷射质量高,是隧道支护结构施工值得推广的工艺。首次在宝鸡－兰州铁路复线东巨寺沟铁路隧道选取试验段,实施湿喷工艺喷射聚丙烯纤维混凝土,作为支护结构兼作永久性支护,免除二次衬砌工作,并进行水平位移收敛监测。采用非线性最小二乘法对该隧道水平收敛曲线进行回归分析,同时采用隧道稳定性模糊概率分析理论对不同断面位置处的隧道围岩稳定性进行判别分析。分析结果表明,采用湿喷纤维混凝土支护的隧道围岩处于稳定状态,可靠度指标高。 相似文献
3.
Q2饱和黄土隧洞围岩变形特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Q2饱和黄土含水率高,强度低、变形大。饱和黄土隧洞围岩变形破坏一直是工程界关心和亟待解决的问题。利用隧洞围岩收敛变形、二次应力场监控量测与数值分析,获取隧洞围岩动态综合信息,研究在一次支护条件下,隧洞围岩的收敛变形和应力变化特征。结果显示,隧洞围岩收敛变形和应力在最初的10~15天呈线性快速增长趋势。后期,收敛变形随时间呈非线性增加,受一次衬砌的限制,其变形在隧洞开挖30~40天后渐趋于稳定,但应力持续增加,反映Q2饱和黄土隧洞围岩具有显著的时效特性。为避免隧洞围岩压力过大,造成隧洞围岩及支护破坏,建议在开挖后30~40天施作二次衬砌。 相似文献
4.
Øyvind Dammyr Bjørn Nilsen Kurosch Thuro Jørn Grøndal 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(3):985-1002
The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the durability, life expectancy and maintenance needs of traditional Norwegian waterproofing concepts to the generally more rigid waterproofing concepts seen in other European countries. The focus will be on solutions for future Norwegian tunnel boring machine railway tunnels. Experiences from operation of newer and older tunnels with different waterproofing concepts have been gathered and analyzed. In the light of functional requirements for Norwegian rail tunnels, some preliminary conclusions about suitable concepts are drawn. Norwegian concepts such as polyethylene panels and lightweight concrete segments with membrane are ruled out. European concepts involving double shell draining systems (inner shell of cast concrete with membrane) and single shell undrained systems (waterproof concrete segments) are generally evaluated as favorable. Sprayable membranes and waterproof/insulating shotcrete are welcomed innovations, but more research is needed to verify their reliability and cost effectiveness compared to the typical European concepts. Increasing traffic and reliance on public transport systems in Norway result in high demand for durable and cost effective solutions. 相似文献
5.
小净距公路隧道支护时机对围岩稳定性影响研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着西部高速公路的大规模建设,受地形和施工场地的限制,小净距隧道已越来越多地在工程实际中使用。由于小净距隧道施工工艺复杂,围岩变形和破坏机理也较为复杂,隧道的施工和支护时机对围岩和支护结构的稳定性影响很大。结合正在施工的沪－蓉－西高速公路漆树槽分岔隧道小净距段的施工特点,开展隧道在不同荷载释放比例下不同支护时机对围岩稳定性影响的研究。研究结果表明：支护越早,衬砌和锚杆承担的荷载越大,围岩的塑性变形和塑性区范围越小。及时施作二次衬砌,可以显著控制岩柱部位的变形,改善围岩的应力状态。研究成果将对同类条件下小净距隧道的施工和设计具有指导意义。 相似文献
6.
贵州是岩溶发育地区,强降雨对岩溶隧道衬砌破坏时有发生。贵州织毕铁路元宝山隧道通车前夕,瞬时强降雨致二衬多处发生挤出、跨塌、剥落、开裂、涌水、滴水等灾害,使织毕铁路开通计划被迫取消。本文借助MIDAS GTS数值模拟软件,计算并对比分析衬砌正常及施加50 m水压两种工况下,二衬位移量、轴力、弯矩及剪力情况,分析瞬时强降雨对铁路岩溶隧道衬砌强度的影响,主要结论如下:（1）在不考虑水压的情况下,二衬结构较为安全。当瞬时增加50 m水压时,因衬砌结构内力值过大,计算得出衬砌结构安全性已被破坏的结论;（2）对于地下水发育岩溶地段,若无水压的具体资料,建议III级围岩段采用钢筋混凝土衬砌,以增加衬砌对局部瞬时水压升高的抵抗能力;（3）泄水减压是解决水头上升水压过大致使衬砌破坏的关键。 相似文献
7.
地震动作用下小净距隧道双洞之间存在动力放大效应,依托某强震区小净距盾构隧道工程,基于傅里叶贝塞尔级数展开法,给出了平面P波垂直入射下地下半空间弹性介质中圆形双洞复合式衬砌洞室动应力解析解,深入研究了洞室间距、隧道全环注浆加固参数对衬砌动应力集中的影响。研究表明：洞室间距对衬砌的动应力有显著影响,随着洞室之间距离减小,左右洞室衬砌动应力明显放大;2.5倍洞径可以作为双洞洞室动力临界净距,当洞室间距小于2.5倍洞径时,应进行抗减震设计;注浆全环加固隧道周边土体,可以明显降低衬砌动应力,随着注浆加固区土体刚度增加,衬砌动应力幅值减小;结合工程实际,建议注浆加固区厚度取0.5倍的洞室半径值,加固区岩体和围岩剪切波速度之比取1.2。 相似文献
8.
Li Genxiao Wang Chang Wang Gang Xiao Zhiyong Wu Xianlong Jiang Feng 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(2):1365-1380
The influence of the sealing degree of the lining structure and the permeability of surrounding rock on the stability of the tunnel has always been the main topic concerned by the relevant engineering researchers. Based on the research background of the tunnel project of Qingdao metro line 1 and the in-depth analysis of the existing research results, this paper makes a systematic analysis and research on the influence mechanism of the sealing degree of the lining structure and the permeability of surrounding rock on the stability of the tunnel by the numerical simulation. The results show that the safety coefficient of each part of lining structure decreases with the increasing degree of tunnel sealing, which is manifested by the increase of the settlement of the vault and the convergence of the arch foot. In addition, the stability of surrounding rock becomes worse with the increase of permeability coefficient of surrounding rock, which means the higher pore pressure and larger displacement of rock around the chamber. At the same time, the influence of the sealing degree of the lining structure on the stability of the tunnel will increase with the permeability of the surrounding rock. The works in this paper have guiding significance for the construction of submarine tunnel under different characteristics of surrounding rock and the selection of sealing degree of lining structure.
相似文献9.
工程中,地下衬砌隧道会遇到水压破裂压力、爆炸及突然开挖等瞬态荷载作用,将这些荷载理想化为作用在衬砌内边界上的均布瞬态荷载,研究圆柱形衬砌隧道在突加荷载、阶跃荷载和三角形脉冲荷载作用下的动力响应规律。根据Biot波动理论推导出半空间饱和介质的控制方程;视衬砌结构为弹性材料导出衬砌结构的控制方程。用极大半径凸圆弧近似半空间直边界,采用Graff加法公式进行坐标变换,将直角坐标表示的通解转化为极坐标表示的通解。根据边界条件导出衬砌和土体的位移、应力和孔隙压力的Laplace变换域的解答。利用反Laplace变换数值计算方法,将解答转换为时域解,得出3种瞬态荷载作用下衬砌隧道地面位移峰值、衬砌应力和孔隙压力的分布规律。 相似文献
10.
A system of monitoring and dimensioning tunnel support 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary In this paper a general numerical approach is proposed for the identification of loads acting on tunnel linings made by shotcrete, as a temporary lining, and concrete as a permanent one so as to form a system of monitoring and dimensioning these linings. This method requires a set of in situ displacement measurements of shotcrete layer for back calculation, and the constitutive relationship of the structural materials which are shotcrete, and concrete here is assumed to be linear elastic. The advantage of this method is that it avoids those complicated characteristics of rock masses and the loads from back calculation can reflect the combinative effects of rock surrounding the tunnel. An example was demonstrated for this method. 相似文献
11.
Severe cases of damages of mountain tunnels following 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Japan), 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan), 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture (Japan) and 2008 Wenchuan (China) earthquakes have challenged the traditional belief of tunnel structures being seldom damaged in seismic events. These experiences are a reminder that seismic behaviour of mountain tunnels must be further studied in detail. Such investigations assume greater significance as more number of tunnels are being planned to be constructed to meet the infrastructural needs of mountainous regions all around the world. In this paper, seismic damages of mountain tunnels have been reviewed. Prominent failure patterns have been identified based on the case histories of damages. Damages in the form of cracking of tunnel lining, portal cracking, landslide induced failures, uplift of bottom pavement, failures of sidewalls, shearing failure of tunnel liner and spalling of concrete have been majorly observed. Based on the damage patterns and earthquake data, main factors leading to instabilities have been discussed. Probable failure mechanisms of mountain tunnels under seismic loading conditions have been explained. Seismic analyses of a circular lined tunnel in blocky rock mass have been carried out through discrete element based approach. The significant role of different seismic parameters like frequency, peak ground acceleration has been identified. Moreover, effect of tunnel depth on the seismic response of tunnels has been investigated. It is believed that the present study will help in advancing the present state of understanding with regard to the behavior of tunnels under seismic conditions. 相似文献
12.
依托垫江至邻水高速公路铜锣山及明月山隧道,对公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例进行研究。通过围岩压力实测值与普氏理论、太沙基理论和公路隧道设计规范深埋围岩压力公式计算值进行对比,结果表明: Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩压力计算值比较符合实测情况。通过对围岩压力、初期支护与二次衬砌的接触压力现场量测数据进行分析,得出Ⅲ级( 深埋) 、Ⅳ级( 深埋) 、Ⅴ级( 深埋) 和Ⅴ 级( 浅埋) 围岩二次衬砌受力分担比例分别为29. 20%、35. 28%、41. 38% 及32. 17%。研究成果对于公路隧道结构设计有着理论指导作用。 相似文献
13.
数次大地震震害调查表明,隧道穿越断层处是受地震破坏较为严重的区域。为此,基于地震动能量的传播与释放特征,建立了一种穿越断层隧道结构抗减震的设计理念,并提出了一种穿越断层隧道节段接头形式。以跨断层龙溪隧道为依托,采用振动台模型试验研究了单一错动方式与断层错动-震动综合加载方式下带有接头的衬砌结构响应。研究结果证明：强震作用下,地震波对穿越断层隧道的影响是不可忽略的,断层错动-震动综合加载方式是合理的;新型接头能够自身适应性变形协调减轻隧道结构震害,节段间接头的设置改变了隧道的变形形态,提高隧道整体抗震能力;同时减小了衬砌的环向破坏,消弱了节段间地震力的传递,实现了衬砌震害的局部化。由于接头的设置,上盘隧道结构震害集中在距断层1.8倍洞径的范围内,下盘处隧道衬砌震害集中在距断层1.2倍洞径范围内;上盘的衬砌震害主要是由错动-震动联合作用造成的,而下盘衬砌震害主要受地震动的影响。 相似文献
14.
The interactions between perpendicularly crossing tunnels in the Sydney region are investigated using a full three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis coupled with elasto-plastic material models. Special attention is paid to the effect of subsequent tunnelling on the support system, i.e. the shotcrete lining and rock bolts, of the existing tunnel. The results of the analysis show that in a region such as Sydney, with relatively high horizontal stresses, installation of the new tunnel causes the shotcrete lining of the existing tunnel to be in tension in the side facing towards the tunnel opening and in compression at the crown and invert. The pre-stressed rock bolts are usually tensioned more in the sections closest to the tunnel opening. For this particular study, if a new tunnel is driven perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel, significant increases are induced in the bending moments in the shotcrete lining at the lateral sides of the existing tunnel and in the axial forces at its crown and invert. The increase in side bending moments causes further tensile cracking but the crown and invert stresses remain within the thresholds for both compressive failure and tensile cracking for shotcrete lining of typical concrete quality. Moreover, the driving of the new tunnel causes the tensile forces in the existing side rock bolts to increase and those in the existing crown rock bolts to decrease. In contrast, if the new tunnel is driven perpendicularly above the existing tunnel, compressive failure of the existing shotcrete lining is induced at the crown of the deeper tunnel for concrete of typical capacity and a significant tensile force increase of the existing rock bolts around the crown. It is concluded that in order to ensure the stability of the existing tunnel, local thickening is needed at the sides of the existing shotcrete lining if the shallow tunnel is installed first and local thickening is needed at the crown if the deep tunnel is installed first. 相似文献
15.
Characteristics of Water Ingress in Norwegian Subsea Tunnels 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Bjørn Nilsen 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(3):933-945
16.
Summary The Delivery Tunnel South forms part of a system of tunnels for conveying water from Lesotho to South Africa. The tunnel was excavated primarily by tunnel boring machine in the sandstones of the Clarens Formation. These sandstones are uniformly graded and fine grained with quartz being the most abundant mineral. They are mostly of aeolian origin. Their unconfined compressive strength varies appreciably, from moderately strong to extremely strong. The boreability of the sandstones was investigated by the Norwegian Institute of Technology tests and the total hardness. These tests showed that these sandstones would be relatively easy to bore, although moderately abrasive. The prediction proved correct. In fact, excavation of the tunnel was completed 20 months ahead of schedule, the rock conditions being better than expected. The long-term durability of these sandstones was investigated to establish criteria for concrete lining of the tunnel. A series of tests were undertaken to evaluate the durability. These included a number of soaking tests using different fluid media, wet and dry testing, erosion tests and brushing tests. This testing programme suggested that concrete lining of the intact sandstone was probably only required where the strength of the sandstone was less than 20 MPa and that therefore only a small percentage of the tunnel need be lined. 相似文献
17.
Prof. Dr. B. Nilsen 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1994,27(2):63-75
Summary As a part of a research program on the rock engineering aspects of hard rock subsea tunnelling, analyses of potential cave-in from fault zones have been carried out at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. This is a topic of great importance for the planning of future subsea tunnels, and particularly for the selection of the minimum rock cover of such projects. The paper is divided into three main parts: a) review of cases of instability in Norwegian subsea tunnels, b) evaluation of theoretical maximum sliding, and c) discussion of cases of cave-in in tunnels under land. In theory, a cave-in during subsea tunnelling may propagate far higher than the normal minimum rock cover. Taking into consideration the comprehensive geo-investigations that are always carried out for subsea tunnel projects today, it would, however, be unrealistic to base the dimensioning of rock cover for future projects on worst-case scenarios. Consequently, the main result of this study is to emphasize the importance of comprehensive geo-investigations, detailed tunnel mapping, a high degree of readiness during tunnelling and a thorough quality control. 相似文献
18.
Leaking behavior of shield tunnels under the Huangpu River of Shanghai with induced hazards 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Huai-Na Wu Run-Qiu Huang Wen-Juan Sun Shui-Long Shen Ye-Shuang Xu Yan-Bin Liu Shou-Ji Du 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):1115-1132
The Quaternary deposits in Shanghai primarily consists of a phreatic aquifer group (Aq0) and five artesian aquifers (AqI–AqV) that are separated by six aquitards (AdI–AdVI). In the basin of the Huangpu River, the first artesian aquifer (AqI) is connected to the second artesian aquifer (AqII), forming a 50-m-thick artesian aquifer with a very high groundwater level. The highway tunnels under the Huangpu River of Shanghai are constructed at a maximum depth up to 45 m, within the artesian aquifer. These tunnels are lined with precast reinforced concrete segments without a second lining. Under high water pressure, it is difficult for the single shell linings to achieve water tightness. Different degrees of groundwater leakage have been observed in road tunnels under the Huangpu River. The tunnels constructed before the 1990s have had very serious groundwater leakage (e.g., >1 L/m2/day), and the recently constructed tunnels have leaked less than 0.1 L/m2/day. The factors influencing groundwater leakage include depth below groundwater level, differential settlement of the tunnel, and applied waterproof technologies. The increase in depth leads to a significant increase in groundwater leakage. The differential settlement causes gaps to open and offset between segments, as well as cracking of segments, which can also induce groundwater leakage. According to the analysis of recorded data, the number of leaking points tends to increase with the curvature of the settlement curve. In addition, inappropriate waterproofing materials and poor waterproofing design will also lead to groundwater leakage. Groundwater leakage causes deterioration of the structure, aging of the installations in the tunnels (e.g., facilities and pavements), as well as discomfort for users of the tunnels and adverse environmental impacts. Furthermore, groundwater leakage also causes structural deformation of the tunnel itself, leading to further leakage and hazards. 相似文献
19.
随着我国隧道通车里程与运营时间的不断增长,越来越多的隧道进入病害高发期,地下水是导致隧道病害最为严重的因素之一,容易诱发衬砌发生渗漏水等病害,为研究隧道衬砌渗漏水病害发生机制,研制了三维地质力学模型试验系统,开展了不同埋深条件下隧道衬砌渗漏水病害模型试验研究。该系统由可拓展模型试验台架、地应力模拟加载装置、地下水模拟加载装置、多场信息实时监测装置和衬砌渗漏水实时量测装置等组成,利用油压千斤顶和多功能加载水泵,采用分级加载方式可对隧道不同埋深进行模拟。将该系统应用于隧道衬砌渗漏水病害模型试验研究,通过对渗漏水量、渗压和位移等信息进行分析,揭示了不同埋深条件下穿越交叉断层隧道衬砌渗漏水病害的演化规律,并对堵排结合治理方案进行了初步研究,验证了排水对降低衬砌渗漏水量的积极作用,试验结果与运营期开元隧道衬砌渗漏水病害工程实例吻合良好,证明该系统稳定可靠,其研究方法及结果可为相关工程提供一定的参考。 相似文献