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成都盆地位于长江上游二级阶梯向一级阶梯的过渡地带,地理位置特殊,并且广布第四纪红土沉积。为研究成都盆地中黏土矿物的特征及其成因意义,采用X射线衍射(XRD)测试技术,对胜利剖面沉积物中黏土矿物的矿物学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,成都盆地胜利剖面沉积物中的黏土矿物主要有伊利石、高岭石、蛭石、蒙脱石以及少量伊利石-蒙脱石混层黏土矿物和高岭石-蒙脱石混层黏土矿物。根据黏土矿物组合含量的变化特征,可以将成都盆地第四纪早更新世中晚期以来的气候环境演化划分为4个阶段,先后经历了湿热-温凉-温湿-干冷2个周期性的气候旋回,黏土矿物含量变化的总趋势与土壤沉积物的CIA指数共同揭示了研究区第四纪以来的气候有逐渐干冷的趋势,这与全球性的第四纪气候尤其是中国区域内的第四纪气候环境变化相一致。 相似文献
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西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明:土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。 相似文献
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西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤有效磷变异研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了探索西南喀斯特地区土壤有效磷的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的有效磷含量进行了研究.结果表明:①非石漠化土壤与轻度石漠化土壤有效磷质量分数呈显著差异,非石漠化的黑色石灰土有效磷质量分数高达9.29×10-6,随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤有效磷含量逐渐减少;②土壤剖面中有效磷质量分数均表现为表土层高于心土层,且随着石漠化的发展,有效磷质量分数在剖面中减少得越慢;③土壤有效磷质量分数随时间有显著变化,有效磷从5月开始积累,7月后出现下降趋势,9月或11月又逐渐升高,到翌年1月达到峰值;④土壤有效磷与有机质和黏粒质量分数均呈极显著线性相关,相关系数分别为0.901 7和-0.777 2.这说明增加有机质的积累可提高土壤有效磷质量分数,对防治石漠化具有重要意义. 相似文献
4.
桂中坳陷西北部地区下石炭统岩关组泥页岩沉积厚度大,生烃条件好,是页岩气勘探重要的目 标 层 之 一。以 环 页１井为例,通过镜下观察、有机地球化学分析、矿物含量分析、物性分析和等温吸附实验,分析了岩关组泥页岩的有机地球化学特征、岩石矿物学特征、储集特征和含气性特征。结果表明,岩关组泥页岩有机质类型属于Ⅰ～Ⅱ１ 型,总有机碳质量分数平均为１．３４％,热演化程度（Ｒｏ）较高,平均达３．０３％。矿物成分以石英、方解石和黏土矿物为主,具有高石英、低黏土矿物、低碳酸盐矿物的组成特征,脆性矿物含量高,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,已进入中成岩 Ｂ期。泥页岩主要发育黏土矿物层间孔、有机质孔及微裂缝,具 有良好的储、渗条件。泥页岩具有低孔低渗的特征,ｗ（ＴＯＣ）、石英含量和孔隙度三者之间存在着良好的正相关性,碳酸盐矿物成分的增多导致孔隙度降低,增多的伊利石和高岭石对孔隙度有贡献作用。甲烷吸附气含量平均为１．１６ｍ３／ｔ,泥页岩甲烷吸附量 随着孔隙度的增加而增加,ｗ（ＴＯＣ）和Ｒｏ 共同影响着泥页岩的吸附能力,过高的成熟度降低了泥页岩的吸附能力。 相似文献
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:以鄂尔多斯盆地薛岔地区长６储层为例,利用 X衍射、铸体薄片分析鉴定等方法,分别从储层的物性特征、岩石学特征以及孔喉结构特征３方面对储层的基本特征进行了研究,并利用水驱实验对研究区低渗透储层的敏感性及其主控因素进行了研究和分析.实验结果表明储层速敏指数分布范围为１１．５％~５３．７％,储层具中等速敏;去离子水伤害率为３９．１２％~６９．４２％,储层总体属中偏强水敏性;盐度临界值为２００００~４００００mg/L,储层具有中等偏强盐敏性;岩心酸敏指数介于－２５．１％~１９．０％之间,储层具有弱酸敏性;最大碱敏指数为８．８１％~３６．３％,属弱碱敏性.研究区黏土矿物类型和含量以及孔隙结构是储层敏感性最为直接的控制因素;高岭石为速敏性矿物,其相对含量直接影响到储层的速敏性;伊利石和伊蒙混层为盐敏和水敏性矿物,其相对含量直接影响到储层的水敏性和盐敏性,因此要着重对速敏、盐敏、水敏带来的储层伤害进行防护和治理. 相似文献
6.
准噶尔盆地车排子地区下侏罗统八道湾组砂岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
《东北石油大学学报》2017,(1)
准噶尔盆地车排子地区八道湾组油气勘探取得重大突破,但该地区成岩作用方面的研究还比较薄弱。根据岩石薄片及扫描电镜观察,确定车排子地区成岩作用类型及成岩事件发生顺序;根据阴极发光测试,确定方解石胶结物期次、石英次生加大发育程度及高岭石分布特征;根据X线衍射,确定黏土矿物组成及各矿物成分体积分数;根据氧同位素测试,确定自生方解石形成温度;采用反演回剥法研究储层孔隙演化过程。结果表明:储层主要经历压实作用,方解石、石英、黄铁矿等的胶结作用及长石和石英的溶蚀作用。方解石胶结物形成温度主要介于40~85℃,大致对应早成岩阶段A期的晚期至早成岩阶段B期;黏土矿物以高岭石为主,主要来源于长石的溶蚀;储层孔隙演化过程可以划分为3个阶段,即快速压实阶段、压实胶结阶段及压实溶蚀阶段。该研究成果为车排子地区八道湾组地层油气勘探提供地质依据。 相似文献
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在综合前人研究基础上,应用X衍射、薄片鉴定、热解分析、生物标志化合物研究等技术,并与邻区的常压环境下的相关特征进行了对比,深入分析了莺歌海盆地LD区块地层超压的分布状况及其对黏土矿物转化和有机质热演化的影响。结果表明,①研究区内,超压顶界面深度从盆地中心向边缘逐渐变深;②研究区内,超压顶界面之上,随埋深和地温的增大,蒙脱石、伊蒙混层中蒙脱石和高岭石的含量逐渐降低,而伊利石和绿泥石含量逐渐增加,但超压顶界面附近及往下时,黏土矿物各组分的含量几乎不再减少,受到了地层超压作用的抑制;③Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18随深度增大而降低,但在强超压顶界面以下,变化趋势发生逆转,出现微弱增大的趋势,超压顶界面以下的实测Ro值即有机质的成熟度也出现了明显的低异常。地层超压通过抑制黏土矿物转化,间接减弱了储层的胶结作用,有利于深层优质储层的形成。研究区地层超压抑制了有机质的热演化,地层超压对生烃的抑制作用扩大了研究区有效源岩的层位和体积,并使主力源岩的生、排烃期后移,从而有利于油气的晚期快速聚集成藏。 相似文献
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断层泥作为脆性断层活动的产物,是厘定断层的变形特征、形成时代与弱化机制的重要研究对象,在构造地质和地震地质等研究中具有重要意义。因此,全面了解断层泥的研究与进展,有助于基岩区古地震的研究。在系统收集和分析国内外相关资料的基础上,全面介绍了断层泥的矿物组成、石英形貌特征、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制等方面的研究进展,以及断层泥在基岩区地震断层研究中的应用。断层泥主要由黏土矿物(蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石以及绿泥石等)与围岩矿物的碎粉和碎砾(石英、长石、云母、方解石、白云石等)组成。断层泥中的石英、伊利石与方解石是限定断层活动期次和形成时代的主要测试对象。目前断层泥定年方法主要包括石英微形貌特征分析法、石英ESR和OSL定年法、伊利石K-Ar或40Ar/39Ar定年法和方解石U-Pb定年法。地震断层的弱化机制研究主要涉及断层泥中矿物细粒化与新矿物形成、岩石组构的发育、断层摩擦生热、熔体形成与热增压等方面。 相似文献
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以章丘地区土壤为对象,系统分析了表层、深层土壤及8条剖面土壤中Se元素的含量水平,研究了土壤中Se的分布特征及其与土壤类型、成土母质、地形地貌和土壤理化性质及组分的关系。结果表明：章丘地区表层土壤中Se含量在0.1～0.8mg/kg之间,以中硒土壤为主,富硒土壤面积173km2。土壤类型中,水稻土Se平均含量水平最高,为0.55mg/kg;成土母质中以石炭—二叠纪泥页岩发育的土壤Se含量最高;剖面土壤中的Se主要在表层富集。影响章丘地区土壤Se含量分布的主要因素是成土母质、地形地貌、土壤pH、有机质及土壤中硫、铁铝氧化物等组分。 相似文献
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Xichou County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southeast Yunnan is one of the karst mountainous areas in southwest China showing typical rock desertification. During this study, we set up three soil erosion contrast test spots at Muzhe Village, Benggu Township, Xichou County, which was the birthplace of the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode. The three spots included the terrace land spot (already consolidated land), sloping land spot (unconsolidated sloping land under rock desertification), and standard runoff spot (bare land spot). In 2007, a whole-year complete observation was conducted during the rainy season and "rainfall-erosion" data were obtained for 32 times. Our analysis showed that during the entire observation period, the number of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 34.04% of the number of all rainfalls and the amount of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 84.17% of the total amount of all rainfalls. The average erosive rainfall standard in the three test spots was 11.0 mm, slightly higher than the 10 mm standard that has been adopted all over China, but lower than the 12.7 mm standard of the US and the 13.0 mm standard of Japan. According to single-factor analysis, the soil loss in the sloping land spot (L2) and that in the bare land spot (L3) are correlated to certain extent to many other factors, including the single precipitation (P), rainfall intensity during the maximum ten minutes (I10), rainfall intensity during the maximum 20 minutes (I20), rainfall intensity during the maximum 30 minutes (I30), rainfall intensity during the maximum 40 minutes (I40), and rainfall intensity during the maximum 60 minutes (I60). Among these factors, they are of the highest relativity with I60. According to double-factor analysis, both L2 and L3 are of good relativity with P and I60. According to multi-factor analysis, L2 and L3 are also of good relativity with seven rainfall indexes, namely, P, Ia (average rainfall intensity), I10, I20, I30, I40, and I60, with their related coefficient R reaching 0.906 and 0.914, respectively. The annual soil losses in the three test spots are widely different: 1030.70 t/km2·a in the terrace land spot, which indicates a low-level erosion; 12913.22 t/km2·a in the sloping land spot (unconsolidated spot), some 12.5 times than that in the terrace land spot, which indicates an ultra-high-level erosion; and 19511.67 t/km2·a in the bare land spot, some 18.9 times than that in terrace land spot, indicating an acute erosion. These figures fully show that the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode plays a significant role in soil conservation. 相似文献
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喀斯特地区不同石漠化等级的结构和格局是实现区域石漠化治理的重要基础信息,受技术手段的限制,目前这方面的研究进展仍非常缓慢。随着无人机技术的快速发展,高精度的地表信息获取越来越方便、且成本较低。本研究利用无人机影像,对比了基于像元的非监督和监督分类方法以及面向对象的分类方法在裸岩信息提取中的表现,发现面向对象分类结果具有更高精度。基于获得的裸岩分布信息的研究结果表明：① 岩石平均斑块面积与裸岩率呈负相关的关系,岩石斑块个数与裸岩率呈正相关关系;② 通过对比不同裸岩率（11%、20%、29%和48%）基质的景观斑块指数、景观形状指数和景观破碎度指数对不同裸岩率的景观分布的影响,从而表明了在不同的石漠化地区随着裸岩率的增加,岩石形状指数与岩石破碎度指数均逐渐增加,进而表明石漠化程度越严重;③ 裸岩率不同的地区表现不同的分布形态和斑块特征,裸岩率越高,岩石越破碎,斑块分布较为分散。小尺度斑块景观格局与区域的生态过程有着重要关系,开展小尺度景观格局的研究会深化区域尺度石漠化发展过程的理解。石漠化地区的小尺度斑块景观格局变化影响区域的生态过程,对以后的石漠化过程以及未来石漠化演变的发展有重要的启示作用。 相似文献
13.
页岩的岩石力学特性对页岩气开发效果具有重要影响,因此以四川盆地长宁示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩层段为研究对象,分析其力学与脆性特性。采用矿物组分分析、地球物理测井分析和实验室力学实测相结合的方法,比较了龙马溪组龙一段和龙二段的脆性矿物含量、泊松比、杨氏模量、岩石脆性、三轴压力等力学特性。结果表明:龙二段比龙一段具有更高的脆性矿物含量,龙一段的泊松比明显高于龙二段,利用纵横波时差比可以反映泊松比的变化,纵横波时差关系图的斜率与泊松比具有相反的变化趋势。龙一段样品的杨氏模量低于龙二段样品,通过杨氏模量和泊松比关系图发现龙一段与龙二段发生分离,龙二段页岩段的脆性指数大于0.5,应力、应变曲线的负坡较陡。综合评价分析表明:龙二段具有较低的泊松比、纵横波时差比和较高的杨氏模量,龙一段比龙二段更易变形。因此龙二段脆性优于龙一段脆性,有利于后期的压裂改造。 相似文献
14.
Effect of clay content to the strength of gravel soil in the source region of debris flow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The production of runoff in the source area of a debris flow is the consequence of a reduction in soil strength. Gravel soil is widely distributed in the source region, and the influence of its clay content on soil strength is one of the important questions regarding the formation mechanism of debris flows. In this paper, the clay content in gravel soil is divided into groups of low clay content(1%, 2, 5%), moderate clay content(3.75%, 5.00%, 6.25%, 7.5%) and high clay content(10.0%, 12.5%, 15%). Tests of the unconsolidated undrained shear strength and consolidated drained shear strength were performed. The unconsolidated undrained shearing(UU) experiment simulates the rapid shear failure of loose gravel soil under the conditions of brief heavy rainfall. The consolidated drained shearing(CD) experiment simulates creep failure of consolidated sediment during extended rainfall. The pore water pressure first increased and then decreased as the clay content increased, and the increase in pore pressure was relatively high in the gravel soil sample when the clay content is in the range of 3.25-7.50%, and stress in the gravel soil is relatively low for a moderate clay content. Gravelly soils with a moderate clay content are moreprone to debris-flow initiation. This paper presents a mathematical formula for the maximum shear stress and clay content of gravel soil under two conditions. The key processes whereby the soil fails and triggers a debris flow—volume contraction of soil, expansion of clay soil, and rise of pore pressure―cause reductions in the soil friction force and enhancement of the water content in the clay particles, and subsurface erosion of soil reduces the soil viscosity, which eventually reduces the soil strength so that the soil loses its stability, liquefies and generates a debris flow. 相似文献
15.
Amplicon sequencing of functional genes is a powerful technique to explore the diversity and abundance of microbes involved in biogeochemical processes. One such key process, denitrification, is of particular importance because it can transform nitrate(NO3-) to N2 gas that is released to the atmosphere. In nitrogen limited alpine wetlands, assessing bacterial denitrification under the stress of wetland desertification is fundamental to understand nutrients, especially nitrogen cycling in alpine wetlands, and thus imperative for the maintenance of healthy alpine wetland ecosystems. We applied amplicon sequencing of the nirS gene to analyze the response of denitrifying bacterial community to alpine wetland desertification in Zoige, China. Raw reads were processed for quality, translated with frameshift correction, and a total of 95,316 nirS gene sequences were used for rarefaction analysis, and 1011 OTUs were detected and used in downstream analysis. Compared to the pristine swamp soil, edaphic parameters including water content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and potential denitrification rate were significantly decreased in the moderately degraded meadow soil and in severely degraded sandy soil. Diversity of the soil nirS-type denitrifying bacteria communities increased along the Zoige wetland desertification, and Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were the dominant denitrifying bacterial species. Genus Cupriavidus(formerly Wautersia), Azoarcus, Azospira, Thiothrix, and Rhizobiales were significantly(P0.05) depleted along the wetland desertification succession. Soil available phosphorous was the key determinant of the composition of the nirS gene containing denitrifying bacterial communities. The proportion of depleted taxa increased along the desertification of the Zoige wetland, suggesting that wetland desertification created specific physicochemical conditions that decreased the microhabitats for bacterial denitrifiers and the denitrification related genetic diversity. 相似文献
16.
页岩气资源潜力评价的几个关键问题讨论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
综合国内外的页岩气研究现状,认为页岩气是未来重要的补充能源,但其发展尚需要大量的工作;中国学者对页岩气的概念和资源评价方法的认识逐渐趋向于统一,关注的泥页岩评价指标主要是总有机碳、成熟度、连续厚度和泥页岩中脆性矿物含量.在对页岩气的定义进行限定的基础上,提出了含气泥页岩层段和泥页岩含气系统的概念,应用这种概念更有利于页岩气的资源评价和开发.除了常规的泥页岩评价指标外,应对泥页岩层段和系统中顶、底板的研究给予高度重视;提出了顶、底板主要特征,特别是不渗透岩层能封堵泥页岩中形成的天然气.在页岩气资源量计算中,应考虑到烃源岩纵横向上的非均质性,应用权重系数考虑不同厚度烃源岩的有机质丰度参数;同时,提出了一种新的泥页岩含气系统纵向单元精细划分方法.由于国内对页岩气中吸附气和游离气的测试方法尚不统一,对同一样品测试结果相差较大,缺乏相应的分析测试标准,因此提出了按照泥页岩总有机碳含量及氢指数确定含气量的方法;该方法尽管结果不一定很精确,但对于目前测试数据误差较大或缺乏的情况,能提供重要参考.页岩气资源评价总体上应兼顾评价方法的科学性、合理性、可靠性和可操作性;依据勘探程度选择评价方法,分类评价与分级评价相统一.最后,建议采用镜质体反射率与总有机碳的乘积和开采系数的关系图,来预测开采系数. 相似文献
17.
Human driving forces: Analysis of rocky desertification in karst region in Guanling County,Guizhou Province 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Karst rocky desertification is one of the major ecological and environmental problems that threaten the sustainable development
of southwestern China. It is caused by irrational and intensive land-use patterns in karst geo-ecological environment. Therefore,
it is vital to identify how human forces work on this degraded environment. Based on the soil erosion information in 2000
and remote sensing images of Guanling County collected in 2000 and 2007, four grades of karst rocky desertification data in
14 villages of Guanling County were extracted. Impacts of population, affluence, and other human forces on karst rocky desertification
were analyzed using STIRPAT model. The results show that: 1) Factors of population and affluence had strong influence on karst
rocky desertification. In the STIRPAT model analysis, the population and affluence coefficients were positive, indicating
that the increase in population and affluence would lead to more serious desertification. 2) Factors of farmer correlated
with karst rocky desertification negatively, especially the way of viewing the relationship between people and nature, and
the level of knowledge about rocky desertification. Government behavior was not a significant factor in this analysis. 3)
The findings provide evidence that STIRPAT model can be used to analyze the relationship between human driving forces and
rocky desertification. 相似文献
18.
研究石漠化峰丛洼地土壤重金属空间分异特征及其影响因素, 对推动区域土壤重金属污染防治、石漠化综合治理具有重要的指导意义和实践价值。以广西平果市典型石漠化峰丛洼地土壤为研究对象, 通过调查采样分析以及综合运用地统计学、地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数和地理探测器等方法, 分析探讨土壤重金属的空间分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明, 研究区8种重金属元素的空间分布总体呈东北向西南降低的变化格局, 研究区东北部和东南部为重金属高值叠加区的集中分布区, Cr,Cd元素呈现中等的空间相关性, 其他6个重金属元素表现为强空间相关性;研究区受Cd,As,Cr,Cu,Zn等元素不同污染程度的影响, 且以Cd的影响尤为突出, 其地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数分别高达1.34和107.73;pH、地层、Fe2O3、土地利用、P、CaO、Mn、到断层距离、石漠化程度是影响研究区土壤重金属空间分异的主要因子, 而且不同因子组对土壤重金属空间分异的交互作用以双因子增强型和非线性增强为主。因此认为不同因子对石漠化峰丛洼地土壤不同重金属元素空间分异特征的影响程度存在差异, Cd是石漠化峰丛洼地土壤污染程度和潜在生态危害程度最严重的重金属元素, 地层、Mn、CaO、岩性、到断层距离、P是影响Cd空间分异的关键因子。 相似文献
19.
为寻觅致密砂岩储层中发育的优质储层提供理论依据,分析铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜资料、结合压汞及物性资料.结果表明:塔里木盆地塔中顺9井区志留系柯坪塔格组沥青砂岩中发育的黏土矿物薄膜形成于成岩早期(同生成岩期),以自生式为主,含少量原生式黏土膜;黏土膜的发育与分布受到沉积作用、成岩环境及成岩温压系统的共同控制,早成岩期(同生期)发育的黏土膜在中—低压实强度下对储层的孔隙保护具有一定的建设性作用,因其占据一定的孔喉空间,又降低储层的渗透率,随着埋深增大,黏土膜矿物成分也逐渐向伊利石转化并分布在孔隙中,伊利石赋存状态也由蜂窝状变为毛发状、丝网状及搭桥状,分割甚至堵塞孔隙,使得储层砂体渗透率大幅度降低;沉积环境中的沉积微相对黏土膜发育与分布的控制体现在中—下临滨微相中黏土膜较为常见,而在上临滨—前临滨微相中,因水体的淘洗降低储层砂体中的泥质含量,黏土膜不发育,储层砂体中的黏土膜含量制约储层质量,发育黏土膜的井段储层孔隙度大于不发育黏土膜的井段,黏土膜含量在0.5%～5.0%井段的储层孔隙度要好于黏土膜含量超过5.0%井段的. 相似文献