共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
全球生态系统服务的状况与趋势 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第2部分，即“对生态系统服务的评估”。该部分主要对全球生态系统服务在20世纪末的总体状况，以及它们在20世纪后半叶的主要变化趋势进行了评估。评估结果表明，在MA明确评估的24项服务中，15项处于下降趋势，约占60%；4项处于上升趋势，约占18%；其余5项（约占22%）存在显著的空间或时间差异，即在有些地区（时段）处于上升趋势，而在另外一些地区（时段）处于下降趋势。这些变化主要表现在：①全球谷类作物和牲畜等方面的生态系统服务已经取得了显著的提高，但同时却对淡水资源和调控害虫等方面的服务造成了巨大的损害；② 按照当前的捕捞速度，野生鱼类资源已经无法承受人类的持续捕捞；③ 许多地区的淡水资源已经不能满足人类和生态系统的需求，如果延续当前的水资源利用模式，供需之间的差距将会继续扩大；④ 在对污染物质进行无害化处理、保持养分平衡、调控自然灾害，以及控制害虫、疾病与入侵生物的爆发等方面，许多生态系统的调节服务已经呈现出明显的下降趋势；⑤作为生态系统提供供给服务、调节服务和文化服务的基础条件，全球生态系统的支持服务出现了复杂的变化趋势。 相似文献
2.
地球难以承载人类重负——《生命行星报告2004》解读 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
人类对地球自然资源的利用状况反映人类社会的可持续发展状况，要定量反映人类的可持续发展状况，就需要定量评价人类对地球自然资源的利用状况。世界自然基金会（WWF）等机构每2年发布一次的《生命行星报告》是世界上有影响的对人类对地球自然资源利用状况的定量评价分析研究报告。《生命行星报告2004》运用全球足迹网络（Global Footprint Network）提供的新的科学分析方法比较了世界上150个国家的生态足迹；以更加复杂的数据和分析、更加详细的时间趋势，测算了全球生物多样性的状况。报告肯定，地球的生态超载已经成为一个现实，人类目前消费的自然资源超过地球生产能力的20%，即人类目前使用着1.2个地球，导致了生物多样性的快速减少。 相似文献
3.
陆地生态系统中汞的迁移与富集研究的重要意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
陆地生态系统中汞的迁移与富集研究的重要意义刘广深，曾毅强，洪业汤（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词生态系统，汞，污染，环境地球化学在全球尺度上，人类对某些重金属元素生物地球化学循环的干扰已达到令人惊骇的程度，并已酿成一系列后果，如人... 相似文献
4.
生态系统与人类福祉——千年生态系统评估的成就、贡献和展望 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
千年生态系统评估（MA）是由联合国秘书长安南于2001年6月宣布启动的一项为期4年（2001—2005年）的国际合作项目,这是在全球范围内第一个针对生态系统及其服务与人类福祉之间的联系,通过整合各种资源,对各类生态系统进行全面、综合评估的重大项目。依据MA发布的最新成果,主要从3个方面介绍了它的重要成就与贡献：①首次在全球尺度上系统、全面、多尺度地揭示了各类生态系统的现状和变化趋势、未来变化的情景和应采取的对策,其评估结果为改善与生态系统有关的决策制定过程提供了充分的科学依据;②丰富了生态学的内涵,明确提出了生态系统的状况和变化与人类福祉之间的密切联系,将研究“生态系统与人类福祉”作为现阶段生态学研究的核心内容和引领21世纪生态学发展的新方向,从而将生态学的发展推进到了一个新的阶段;③ 阐述了评估生态系统与人类福祉之间相互关系的框架,并建立了多尺度、综合评估它们各个组分之间相互关系的方法。MA的实施虽然取得了巨大成就,但是它所提出的一系列理念、方法和数据仍需不断完善。这些问题的解决,尚需有关学者今后进行长期不懈的努力。 相似文献
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6.
生态系统评估的国际案例及其经验 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了给决策者和公众提供客观的生态系统状态信息,国际上开展了一系列的生态系统评估项目。这些生态系统评估可以归结为两个发展方向,一是从科学的角度客观公正地评估生态系统的状态,其主要代表是美国国家生态指标研究和美国生态系统的状态评估;二是在生态系统状态评估的基础上进一步分析生态系统与社会经济系统的联系以服务于后续的政策干预,其主要代表是千年生态系统评估和UNEP全球环境展望。综合分析这些案例发现,这些生态系统评估项目存在如下几个方面的特点或经验：①合适的生态指标是生态系统评估的科学基础;②合理的概念性评估框架是生态系统评估的核心支柱;③将生态系统与社会经济系统联系起来使评估结果能直接服务于政策;④生态系统管理的复杂性和长期性要求必须对生态系统进行连续滚动评估;⑤多利益相关方的参与是使生态系统评估的结果得到广泛认可和应用的最有效途径。如果能够将这两个发展方向结合起来,生态系统评估将能更好地服务于生态政策制定和区域可持续发展。 相似文献
7.
生态系统变化：工商业面临的机遇和挑战 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目编写的《生态系统与人类福祉：工商业面临的机遇和挑战》的核心内容。报告表明：① 工商业与生态系统之间存在着复杂的相互作用,一方面,工商业需要依赖生态系统服务的可持续供给才能得以长期运营,另一方面,工商业的各种活动也会导致生态系统及其服务发生变化;② 在1950—2000年的50年里,全球生态系统已经发生了许多不利于工商业长期持续发展的巨大变化,而且在未来50年内仍会发生一些与工商业密切相关的重要变化;③ 生态系统及其服务的巨大变化已经引起了管理部门的高度重视,今后工商业的发展必然会受到生态系统管理方面的重要影响;④ 工商业的发展要想长期立于不败之地,必须正确、全面地认识生态系统及其服务发生的重大变化,以及它们对业界带来的机遇和挑战,同时对自身的发展战略相应地做出调整。
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8.
湿地是地球上有三大生态系统之一,是地球上一种重要的、独特的、多功能的生态系统,它在全球生态平衡中扮演着极为重要的角色,具有不可替代的生态功能,有着"地球之肾"的美誉,但是近些年随着气候变化,以及人类活动的叠加作用,湿地这个珍贵的生态系统逐步被一点点改变,尤其是水循环过程受到破坏,结果造成水资源急剧缺失、湿地面积大量减少、生态功能明显退化等一些自然问题。通过研究分析气候变化对湿地水文水资源的影响,了解两者之间的作用关系及影响机制,从而找到应对气候变化引起的湿地水文水资源破坏的适应性对策,为保护湿地提供一定的理论支持。 相似文献
9.
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目亚全球评估工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：多尺度评估》的核心内容，重点在于多尺度评估的贡献以及从中获取的经验教训。多尺度评估的贡献主要表现在：① 全面、系统地阐述了生态系统服务与人类福祉在多种尺度上的重要联系；② 从多种尺度上揭示了生态系统服务的状况与变化趋势；③ 制定提高人类福祉和保护生态系统服务的有效对策，需要考虑不同尺度上的驱动力和利益相关方的参与；④ 当地社区对生态系统服务的变化具有积极的适应与管理能力。此外，在对全球评估的概念框架的修改、对开展多尺度评估的利弊分析、多尺度评估需要克服的限制因素以及今后需要权衡与考虑的问题等方面，MA的多尺度评估也提供了宝贵的经验教训。
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10.
美国长期生态研究计划：背景、进展和前景 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
由美国国家科学基金会支持的长期生态研究计划于1980年启动，至今在理论研究、开发技术和服务社会方面都取得了举世瞩目的成就。该计划的发展分为 3个阶段，每一阶段大约为10年。在其发展的第一个阶段，是以研究站所代表的生态系统为研究对象，主要开展了生态系统的过程与格局方面的研究并系统采集和存贮了有关数据；在1990
-2000年的第二个发展阶段中，其研究工作的重点是开展跨站的网络研究和人类活动对生态系统的影响，以揭示生态系统的过程与格局在较大空间尺度上的特征；按照规划，美国长期生态研究计划的发展进入到第三个阶段后，其工作的重点是开展综合研究、进行生态预测和更好地为社会发展服务，同时加强生物多样性的研究和信息学的发展。 相似文献
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12.
Climate change impacts on U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Donald Scavia John C. Field Donald F. Boesch Robert W. Buddemeier Virginia Burkett Daniel R. Cayan Michael Fogarty Mark A. Harwell Robert W. Howarth Curt Mason Denise J. Reed Thomas C. Royer Asbury H. Sallenger James G. Titus 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(2):149-164
Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO2. Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO2 levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed upon, and in many cases intensify, other ecosystem stresses (pollution, harvesting, habitat destruction, invasive species, land and resource use, extreme natural events), which may lead to more significant consequences. 相似文献
13.
Y. Zou K. Yokoi H. Ohashi T. Tochio Y. Ito T. Shoji T. Matsuno 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):152-153
Within the last century, water pollution has become a major problem throughout the world. Aquatic systems are endangered by many different types of pollution but one of the most threatening is contamination by heavy metals, for example, Cd, etc. The presence of these metals is mainly due to industrial wastes or mining wastes being improperly treated and dumped into the water supply. The contamination may damage marine organisms or create changes in the aquatic environment. For these reasons, monitoring the concentrations of trace elements in rivers, coastal waters and open seawater is very important for environmental conservation. Like many countries in the world, China is facing the serious problem of water pollution in its aquatic system. Areas like the Yangtze River have been industrialized very quickly, and without proper waste control practices the pollution levels have increased with the economic growth. The Yangtze River covers thousands of square kilometers and crosses more than half of China before reaching the East China Sea. 相似文献
14.
Individual scientists, scientific organizations, and government agencies have all concluded that eutrophication is among the
most detrimental of all human activities in coastal ecosystems; very large amounts of funding have been earmarked to study
the negative consequences of nutrient pollution. Most studies of eutrophication have been conducted long after the numbers
and diversity of larger marine consumers were dramatically reduced by centuries of intense harvesting. It is now understood
that these once abundant predators played pivotal roles in regulating ecosystem structure and function, and that the widespread
overharvesting of large consumers can trigger indirect effects that alter species compositions in ways that are very similar
to those reported to result from eutrophication. All of this suggests that we should reevaluate whether the many negative
effects attributed to eutrophication are actually a result of nutrient additions or whether they may be the result of the
indirect effects of dramatically altered coastal food webs. In this essay, we review experimental assessments of the degree
to which changes in consumer abundances have indirectly altered the structure of benthic ecosystems in coastal waters, and
on the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up effects on coral reefs, rocky shores, and seagrass meadows. We find that
the evidence clearly indicates that indirect consumer effects are the primary drivers of coastal benthic ecosystem structure
and function. 相似文献
15.
W. M. Wollheim M. B. Green B. A. Pellerin N. B. Morse C. S. Hopkinson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2015,38(1):19-34
The demand for ecosystem services and the ability of natural ecosystems to provide those services evolve over time as population, land use, and management practices change. Regionalization of ecosystem service activity, or the expansion of the area providing ecosystem services to a population, is a common response in densely populated coastal regions, with important consequences for watershed water and nitrogen (N) fluxes to the coastal zone. We link biophysical and historical information to explore the causes and consequences of change in ecosystem service activity—focusing on water provisioning and N regulation—from 1850 to 2010 in a coastal suburban watershed, the Ipswich River watershed in northeastern Massachusetts, USA. Net interbasin water transfers started in the late 1800s due to regionalization of water supply for use by larger populations living outside the Ipswich watershed boundaries, reaching a peak in the mid-1980s. Over much of the twentieth century, about 20 % of river runoff was diverted from reaching the estuary, with greater proportions during drought years. Ongoing regionalization of water supply has contributed to recent declines in diversions, influenced by socioecological feedbacks resulting from the river drying and fish kills. Similarly, the N budget has been greatly perturbed since the suburban era began in the 1950s due to food and lawn fertilizer imports and human waste release. However, natural ecosystems are able to remove most of this anthropogenic N, mitigating impacts on the coastal zone. We propose a conceptual model whereby the amount and type of ecosystem services provided by coastal watersheds in urban regions expand and contract over time as regional population expands and ecosystem services are regionalized. We hypothesize that suburban watersheds can be hotspots of ecosystem service sources because they retain sufficient ecosystem function to still produce services that meet increasing demand from the local population and nearby urban centers. Historical reconstruction of ecosystem service activity provides a perspective that may help to better understand coupled human–natural system processes and lead to more sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
16.
Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Donald F. Boesch 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(4):886-900
Nutrient over-enrichment has resulted in major changes in the coastal ecosystems of developed nations in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, mostly taking place over the narrow period of 1960 to 1980. Many estuaries and embayments are affected, but the effects of this eutrophication have been also felt over large areas of semi-enclosed seas including the Baltic, North, Adriatic, and Black Seas in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. Primary production increased, water clarity decreased, food chains were altered, oxygen depletion of bottom waters developed or expanded, seagrass beds were lost, and harmful algal blooms occurred with increased frequency. This period of dramatic alteration of coastal ecosystems, mostly for the worse from a human perspective, coincided with the more than doubling of additions of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere from human activities, driven particularly by a more than 5-fold increase in use of manufactured fertilizers during that 20-year period. Nutrient over-enrichment often interacted synergistically with other human activities, such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and other forms of chemical pollution, in contributing to the widespread degradation of coastal ecosystems that was observed during the last half of the 20th century. Science was effective in documenting the consequences and root causes of nutrient over-enrichment and has provided the basis for extensive efforts to abate it, ranging from national statutes and regulations to multijurisdictional compacts under the Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea, the Oslo-Paris Commission for the North Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay Program, for example. These efforts have usually been based on a relatively arbitrary goal of reducing nutrient inputs by a certain percentage, without much understanding of how and when this would affect the coastal ecosystem. While some of these efforts have succeeded in achieving reductions of inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen, principally through treatment of point-source discharges, relatively little progress has been made in reducing diffuse sources of nitrogen. Second-generation management goals tend to be based on desired outcomes for the coastal ecosystem and determination of the load reductions needed to attain them, for example the Total Daily Maximum Load approach in the U.S. and the Water Franmework Directive in the European Union. Science and technology are now challenged not just to diagnose the degree of eutrophication and its causes, but to contribute to its prognosis and treatment by determining the relative susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to nutrient over-enrichment, defining desirable and achievable outcomes for rehabilitation efforts, reducing nutrient sources, enhancing nutrient sinks, strategically targeting these efforts within watersheds, and predicting and observing responses in an adaptive management framework. 相似文献
17.
Coastal ecosystems are characterized by relatively deep, plankton-based estuaries and much shallower systems where light reaches the bottom. These latter systems, including lagoons, bar-built estuaries, the fringing regions of deeper systems, and other systems of only a few meters deep, are characterized by a variety of benthic primary producers that augment and, in many cases, dominate the production supplied by phytoplankton. These “shallow coastal photic systems” are subject to a wide variety of both natural and anthropogenic drivers and possess numerous natural “filters” that modulate their response to these drivers; in many cases, the responses are much different from those in deeper estuaries. Natural drivers include meteorological forcing, freshwater inflow, episodic events such as storms, wet/dry periods, and background loading of optically active constituents. Anthropogenic drivers include accelerated inputs of nutrients and sediments, chemical contaminants, physical alteration and hydrodynamic manipulation, climate change, the presence of intensive aquaculture, fishery harvests, and introduction of exotic species. The response of these systems is modulated by a number of factors, notably bathymetry, physical flushing, fetch, sediment type, background light attenuation, and the presence of benthic autotrophs, suspension feeding bivalves, and fringing tidal wetlands. Finally, responses to stressors in these systems, particularly anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, consist of blooms of phytoplankton, macroalgae, and epiphytic algae, including harmful algal blooms, subsequent declines in submerged aquatic vegetation and loss of critical habitat, development of hypoxia/anoxia particularly on short time scales (i.e., “diel-cycling”), fish kills, and loss of secondary production. This special issue of Estuaries and Coasts serves to integrate current understanding of the structure and function of shallow coastal photic systems, illustrate the many drivers that cause change in these systems, and synthesize their varied responses. 相似文献
18.
Thomas S. Harmon Joseph M. Smoak Matthew N. Waters Christian J. Sanders 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(10):4387-4395
Anthropogenic impacts to island systems can have deleterious effects on coastal aquatic ecosystems. These effects can alter water quality, primary production as well as habitat. Land development often fragments hydrologic connectivity within aquatic ecosystems forcing alterations in nutrient transport and increases the potential for eutrophication. Dove Sound, a tidal lagoon located in the Upper Florida Keys on Key Largo, has been subjected to anthropogenic influences of land development during the last century. To investigate these influences a short sediment core was collected from within Dove Sound and investigated using 210Pb dating, stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, and sedimentary pigments. Results indicated that Dove Sound has undergone eutrophication and the primary producer community structure has shifted from dominantly macrophytic to a system that supports substantial algal production. While septic waste was a possible source for eutrophication, low δ15N did not support this conclusion. However, the timing of the shifts in Dove Sound along with indicators of anoxia leads to the conclusion that fragmentation caused by the construction of a railroad was the root cause. The hydrologic fragmentation reduced the flushing rates, thereby enhancing anoxic conditions in the system and increasing the internal nutrient loading. 相似文献
19.
John W. Day Robert R. Christian Donald M. Boesch Alejandro Yáñez-Arancibia James Morris Robert R. Twilley Larissa Naylor Linda Schaffner Court Stevenson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(3):477-491
Climate impacts on coastal and estuarine systems take many forms and are dependent on the local conditions, including those
set by humans. We use a biocomplexity framework to provide a perspective of the consequences of climate change for coastal
wetland ecogeomorphology. We concentrate on three dimensions of climate change affects on ecogeomorphology: sea level rise,
changes in storm frequency and intensity, and changes in freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs. While sea level rise,
storms, sedimentation, and changing freshwater input can directly impact coastal and estuarine wetlands, biological processes
can modify these physical impacts. Geomorphological changes to coastal and estuarine ecosystems can induce complex outcomes
for the biota that are not themselves intuitively obvious because they are mediated by networks of biological interactions.
Human impacts on wetlands occur at all scales. At the global scale, humans are altering climate at rapid rates compared to
the historical and recent geological record. Climate change can disrupt ecological systems if it occurs at characteristic
time scales shorter than ecological system response and causes alterations in ecological function that foster changes in structure
or alter functional interactions. Many coastal wetlands can adjust to predicted climate change, but human impacts, in combination
with climate change, will significantly affect coastal wetland ecosystems. Management for climate change must strike a balance
between that which allows pulsing of materials and energy to the ecosystems and promotes ecosystem goods and services, while
protecting human structures and activities. Science-based management depends on a multi-scale understanding of these biocomplex
wetland systems. Causation is often associated with multiple factors, considerable variability, feedbacks, and interferences.
The impacts of climate change can be detected through monitoring and assessment of historical or geological records. Attribution
can be inferred through these in conjunction with experimentation and modeling. A significant challenge to allow wise management
of coastal wetlands is to develop observing systems that act at appropriate scales to detect global climate change and its
effects in the context of the various local and smaller scale effects. 相似文献