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1.
Quaternary sedimentology of the Rose Creek fan delta, Walker Lake, Nevada, USA, and implications to fan-delta facies models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The 3·2 km long Rose Creek fan delta of west‐central Nevada is prograding from an active rift margin into the 32 m deep Walker Lake. A case study of the forms, processes and facies of this fan delta reveals that the proximal and medial zones mainly are of sub‐aerial origin, and the distal zone is of lacustrine origin. Pebbly to bouldery rock‐avalanche mounds >100 m thick (Facies A) and muddy to bouldery debris flow levées 0·5 to 2·0 m thick (Facies B) dominate the proximal zone, whereas mostly matrix‐supported cobbly pebbly debris flow lobes 0·1 to 1·0 m thick (Facies C) typify the medial zone. Surficial pebble lags and gully fills (Facies D) are widespread in both zones but, in exposures, comprise only partings or lenticles between debris flow units. The distal fan delta mainly consists of lakeshore to lake‐bottom tracts formed by extensive wave reworking of debris flow facies. Nearshore deposits include erosional cobbly boulder lag beaches (Facies E), pebbly constructional beaches attached at headcuts or on barrier spits (Facies F), pebbly upper shoreface (Facies G) and sandy lower shoreface (Facies H) tracts positioned lakeward of the beach, and pebbly landward‐dipping foresets (Facies I) and backshore‐pond sand and mud (Facies J) present landward of the spits. Erosional lag beaches fringe the windward north side of the fan‐delta front, attached constructional beaches characterize the central zone, and southward‐elongating barrier spits typify the leeward south side, extending from the zone of greatest projection of the fan delta into the lake. Shoreline facies asymmetry results from largely unidirectional longshore drift caused by high fetch to the north and minimal fetch to the south, combined with the arcuate shape of the fan‐delta front. The spits overlie a platform deposited below common wave base consisting of south‐east‐trending cones of pebbly Gilbert foresets (Facies K) and sandy toesets (Facies L). Typically slumped silt and mud (Facies M) fringe both this platform and lower shoreface sand in deeper water. This case demonstrates facies types and patterns that are inconsistent with the widely promoted fan‐delta facies model having a front consisting of an apron of radially directed Gilbert foresets deposited where sub‐aerial flows enter the lake. The Rose Creek fan‐delta front instead features a sharp contact between sub‐aerial and lakeshore facies formed where waves erode, sort and redistribute heterogeneous debris flow sediment into the various shallow‐to‐deep lake facies. Gilbert foresets are present only in the lee of the fan delta where sediment moving by longshore drift reaches the brink of the spit front. This facies scenario results from the infrequency of fan‐building events versus nearly constant wind‐induced waves, a scenario that, in contrast to the popular Gilbert model, probably is the norm for fan deltas. The level of Walker Lake, and thus the position of wave reworking on the Rose Creek fan delta, fluctuated over a range of ～157 m during the last 18 kyr, producing complex interfingering between sub‐aerial and lakeshore facies across a 1700 m wide radial belt, typifying a wave‐modified, freestand lacustrine fan delta. 相似文献
2.
Hayfaa Abdul Aziz Enrique Sanz-Rubio† Jose P. Calvo‡ Fredirik J. Hilgen Wout Krijgsman 《Sedimentology》2003,50(2):211-236
ABSTRACT The middle Miocene sedimentary fill of the Calatayud Basin in north‐eastern Spain consists of proximal to distal alluvial fan‐floodplain and shallow lacustrine deposits. Four main facies groups characteristic of different sedimentary environments are recognized: (1) proximal and medial alluvial fan facies that comprise clast‐supported gravel and subordinate sandstone and mudstone, the latter exhibiting incipient pedogenic features; (2) distal alluvial fan facies, formed mainly of massive mudstone, carbonate‐rich palaeosols and local carbonate pond deposits; (3) lake margin facies, which show two distinct lithofacies associations depending on their distribution relative to the alluvial fan system, i.e. front (lithofacies A), comprising massive siliciclastic mudstone and tabular carbonates, or lateral (lithofacies B) showing laminated and/or massive siliciclastic mudstone alternating with tabular and/or laminated carbonate beds; and (4) mudflat–shallow lake facies showing a remarkable cyclical alternation of green‐grey and/or red siliciclastic mudstone units and white dolomitic carbonate beds. The cyclic mudflat–shallow lake succession, as exposed in the Orera composite section (OCS), is dominantly composed of small‐scale mudstone–carbonate/dolomite cycles. The mudstone intervals of the sedimentary cycles are interpreted as a result of sedimentation from suspension by distal sheet floods, the deposits evolving either under subaerial exposure or water‐saturated conditions, depending on their location on the lacustrine mudflat and on climate. The dolomite intervals accumulated during lake‐level highstands with Mg‐rich waters becoming increasingly concentrated. Lowstand to highstand lake‐level changes indicated by the mudstone/dolomite units of the small‐scale cycles reflect a climate control (from dry to wet conditions) on the sedimentation in the area. The spatial distribution of the different lithofacies implies that deposition of the small‐scale cycles took place in a low‐gradient, shallow lake basin located in an interfan zone. The development of the basin was constrained by gradual alluvial fan aggradation. Additional support for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation is derived from the isotopic compositions of carbonates from the various lithofacies that show a wide range of δ18O and δ13C values varying from ?7·9 to 3·0‰ PDB and from ?9·2 to ?1·7‰ PDB respectively. More negative δ18O and δ13C values are from carbonate‐rich palaeosols and lake‐margin carbonates, which extended in front of the alluvial fan systems, whereas more positive values correspond to dolomite beds deposited in the shallow lacustrine environment. The results show a clear trend of δ18O enrichment in the carbonates from lake margin to the centre of the shallow lake basin, thereby also demonstrating that the lake evolved under hydrologically closed conditions. 相似文献
3.
Variable style of transition between Palaeogene fluvial fan and lacustrine systems, southern Pyrenean foreland, NE Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two Palaeogene fluvial fan systems linked to the south‐Pyrenean margin are recognized in the eastern Ebro Basin: the Cardona–Súria and Solsona–Sanaüja fans. These had radii of 40 and 35 km and were 800 and 600 km2 in area respectively. During the Priabonian to the Middle Rupelian, the fluvial fans built into a hydrologically closed foreland basin, and shallow lacustrine systems persisted in the basin centre. In the studied area, both fans are part of the same upward‐coarsening megasequence (up to 800 m thick), driven by hinterland drainage expansion and foreland propagation of Pyrenean thrusts. Fourteen sedimentary facies have been grouped into seven facies associations corresponding to medial fluvial fan, channelized terminal lobe, non‐channelized terminal lobe, mudflat, deltaic, evaporitic playa‐lake and carbonate‐rich, shallow lacustrine environments. Lateral correlations define two styles of alluvial‐lacustrine transition. During low lake‐level stages, terminal lobes developed, whereas during lake highstands, fluvial‐dominated deltas and interdistributary bays were formed. Terminal lobe deposits are characterized by extensive (100–600 m wide) sheet‐like fine sandstone beds formed by sub‐aqueous, quasi‐steady, hyperpycnal turbidity currents. Sedimentary structures and trace fossils indicate rapid desiccation and sub‐aerial exposure of the lobe deposits. These deposits are arranged in coarsening–fining sequences (metres to tens of metres in thickness) controlled by a combination of tectonics, climatic oscillations and autocyclic sedimentary processes. The presence of anomalously deeply incised distributary channels associated with distal terminal lobe or mudflat deposits indicates rapid lake‐level falls. Deltaic deposits form progradational coarsening‐upward sequences (several metres thick) characterized by channel and friction‐dominated mouth‐bar facies overlying white‐grey offshore lacustrine facies. Deltaic bar deposits are less extensive (50–300 m wide) than the terminal lobes and were also deposited by hyperpycnal currents, although they lack evidence of emergence. Sandy deltaic deposits accumulated locally at the mouths of main feeder distal fan streams and were separated by muddy interdistributary bays; whereas the terminal lobe sheets expand from a series of mid‐fan intersection points and coalesced to form a more continuous sandy fan fringe. 相似文献
4.
Studies, spanning a 3 year period, of Westphalian C strata exposed in an active quarry have enabled three dimensional reconstruction of a lacustrine delta complex. The sequence exhibits a complex history of lake infilling by sediment introduced by intermittent high energy, low sinuosity distributary channel flows. Deposition in the small 0.2 km2 lake prior to delta formation was dominated by organic matter and typified rheotrophic swamp conditions. Large lycopods colonized the swamp floor. The lake was filled by a prograding delta which comprised six horizontally and vertically stacked delta lobes. The presence of lycopods aided sediment accumulation. Fluctuations in river discharge and consequent lake level rise and fall exerted a fundamental control on delta progradation and aggradation. Flooding during low lake levels first produced erosion on the existing lobe followed by a lake level rise which created accommodation for aggradation of a new delta lobe. Further lobe erosion and low stand lobe formation occurred during lake level fall. The area's proximity to alluvial fans resulted in hyperconcentrated flood flow within the distributary channels. The occurrence upon in-channel surfaces of plant colonization, including lycopods, testifies to the ephemeral nature of the flow. The lacustrine delta complex formed at the front of a terminal alluvial fan. Northward progradation of the alluvial fan was achieved by the capture and infilling of lakes by northerly flowing distributary channels. 相似文献
5.
A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle–late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations: one alluvial, and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting. Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation, coastal subaqueous fans developed, probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting. The three types of fans are stacked vertically in outcrop with the sequence in ascending order: bottom alluvial, middle fan-delta, and top subaqueous. The subaqueous is a typical coarse-fan deposit occurring in the glutinite member of the Jidike Formation in some wells. Laterally, from the foreland to the lacustrine settings, the distribution pattern of sedimentary facies represents the same three fan types sequentially. The spatial distribution of these fans was controlled by the Paleogene–Neogene Basin transformation, and evolution with different types of fans developed in the Kuqa Depression in response. In the Paleogene, the Kuqa Depression was a rift basin where an alluvial fan was deposited in the foreland setting, which, by early Neogene, became a foreland basin when the lake level changed. With any rise in lake level, fan-deltas migrated from lacustrine to foreland settings, whereas when the lake level fell, fan migration was reversed. In the early Neogene, with increasing slope and rising lake level, fans progressed and covered the previous fan-delta and lacustrine mudstone. Eventually, subaqueous fans developed, forming the present spatial configuration of these three fan types. 相似文献
6.
利用数十口井的电性、岩性及分析化验资料，将柴达木盆地西部地区古近纪与新近纪沉积相划分为七种相和亚相：洪积锥、水下冲积扇、河道和泛滥平原、滨湖、浅湖、较深湖和三角洲。沉积相的空间展布概括起来分为三大带：（1）阿尔金山前西段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-扇三角洲-河道和泛滥平原-湖相 (2)阿尔金山前中段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-湖相；（3）昆仑山前洪积锥-河道和泛滥平原-三角洲相。沉积相不仅影响着碎屑岩的成分和结构，而且也影响其物性与含油性。由洪积锥到水下冲积扇，到河道和泛滥平原，到三角洲，到湖相，石英和胶结物含量逐渐升高，岩屑和杂基含量逐渐降低，分选及磨圆变好，颗粒的粒级变细。浅层以河道和泛滥平原及三角洲相的物性最好，深层以三角洲相的物性最好，次为冲积扇，湖相最差。碎屑岩的油气富集以河道、泛滥平原和三角洲相最好，滨浅湖相油气富集最差。 相似文献
7.
Hueneme and Dume submarine fans in Santa Monica Basin consist of sandy channel and muddy levee facies on the upper fan, lenticular sand sheets on the middle fan, and thinly bedded turbidite and hemipelagic facies elsewhere. Fifteen widely correlatable key seismic reflections in high-resolution airgun and deep-towed boomer profiles subdivide the fan and basin deposits into time-slices that show different thickness and seismic-facies distributions, inferred to result from changes in Quaternary sea level and sediment supply. At times of low sea level, highly efficient turbidity currents generated by hyperpycnal flows or sediment failures at river deltas carry sand well out onto the middle-fan area. Thick, muddy flows formed rapidly prograding high levees mainly on the western (right-hand) side of three valleys that fed Hueneme fan at different times; the most recently active of the lowstand fan valleys, Hueneme fan valley, now heads in Hueneme Canyon. At times of high sea level, fans receive sand from submarine canyons that intercept littoral-drift cells and mixed sediment from earthquake-triggered slumps. Turbidity currents are confined to ‘underfit’ talweg channels in fan valleys and to steep, small, basin-margin fans like Dume fan. Mud is effectively separated from sand at high sea level and moves basinward across the shelf in plumes and in storm-generated lutite flows, contributing to a basin-floor blanket that is locally thicker than contemporary fan deposits and that onlaps older fans at the basin margin. The infilling of Santa Monica Basin has involved both fan and basin-floor aggradation accompanied by landward and basinward facies shifts. Progradation was restricted to the downslope growth of high muddy levees and the periodic basinward advance of the toe of the steeper and sandier Dume fan. Although the region is tectonically active, major sedimentation changes can be related to eustatic sea-level changes. The primary controls on facies shifts and fan growth appear to be an interplay of texture of source sediment, the efficiency with which turbidity currents transport sand, and the effects of delta distributary switching, all of which reflect sea-level changes. 相似文献
8.
玛湖凹陷是准噶尔盆地最具规模的油气聚集带与勘探区,发育以砾岩为主、具有较强非均质性的粗粒沉积复杂地层。对粗粒沉积体的精细刻画有助于研究沉积体内部的非均质性特征。应用储层构型分析法,结合研究区岩心、测井、录井资料,对玛湖凹陷夏子街扇区三叠系百口泉组沉积体内部9个级次构型要素的几何形态、大小、方向以及相互之间的叠置关系进行了表征,识别出12种岩石相类型以及10种由岩石相组合而成的沉积微相类型。通过分析沉积微相在垂向、平面上的不同组合特征,扇体的类型受沉积环境影响发生变化,逐渐由冲积扇、河流扇转换为扇三角洲,整体反映了湖平面上升或沉积物供给量逐渐减小的沉积背景。分析夏子街扇区各期次的扇体特征,包括长轴、短轴距离、长轴短轴比、扇根与扇缘厚度变化、扇体坡度变化、扇体最大粒径变化等,认为扇体顺物源方向有以下变化趋势: 沉积物粒径大小随河道搬运逐渐减小,减小的幅度受扇体坡度影响,坡度越陡沉积物粒径减小的越快;河道数量减少,流量降低;河道沉积物在横向和纵向上的连通性逐渐降低;砂岩、砾岩厚度逐渐减小,泥岩厚度逐渐增加,湖相沉积变得较为发育。总结玛湖凹陷百口泉组的各期次扇体共可归纳出6种扇体模式: 冲积扇、冲积—河流扇、河流—末梢扇、河流扇—扇三角洲、扇三角洲、大型河流扇。 相似文献
9.
Coarse-grained submarine fan and slope apron deposits in a Cretaceous back-arc basin, Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. R. INESON 《Sedimentology》1989,36(5):793-819
The Cretaceous of west James Ross Island, Antarctica represents the proximal fill of a late Mesozoic back-arc basin that was probably initiated by oblique extension during the early development of the Weddell Sea. The succession records sedimentation in two contrasting depositional systems: a laterally persistent slope apron flanking the faulted basin margin interrupted both spatially and temporally by coarse-grained submarine fans. Slope apron deposits are dominated by thinly interbedded turbiditic sandstones and mudstones (mudstone association), interspersed with non-channelized chaotic boulder beds, intraformational slump sheets and isolated exotic blocks representing a spectrum of mass-flow processes from debris flow to submarine gliding. Localized sand-rich sequences (sandstone-breccia association) represent sandy debris lobes at the mouths of active slope chutes. The submarine fan sediments (conglomerate association) are typified by coarse conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, interpreted as the deposits of high-density turbidity currents and non-cohesive debris flows. Three assemblages are recognized and are suggested to represent components of the inner channelled zone of coarse-grained submarine fans, from major fan channels through ephemeral, marginal channels or terraces to levee or interchannel environments. The occurrence of both slope apron and submarine fan depositional systems during the Early and Mid-Cretaceous is attributed to localized input of coarse arc-derived sediment along a tectonically active basin margin. Periods of extensive fan development were probably linked to regional tectonic uplift and rejuvenation of the arc source region; cyclicity within individual fan sequences is attributed to migration or switching of fan channels or canyons. Slope apron sedimentation was controlled largely by intrabasinal tectonics. Local unconformities and packets of amalgamated slide sheets and debris flow deposits probably reflect episodic movement on basin margin faults. Differential subsidence across the basin margin anchored the basin slope for at least 20 Myr and precluded basinward progradation of shallow marine environments. 相似文献
10.
RICARDO NÉSTOR MELCHOR 《Sedimentology》2007,54(6):1417-1446
Well‐exposed Triassic rift strata from the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin (NW Argentina) include a 80 to ca 515 m thick lacustrine‐dominated package that can be correlated across a half‐graben using key stratigraphic surfaces (sequence boundaries, lacustrine flooding surfaces and forced regressive surfaces). The characteristics of the synrift lacustrine fill in different parts of the half‐graben have been examined and the mechanisms controlling sedimentation inferred. A variety of sedimentary environments are recognized including; volcaniclastic floodplain, mildly saline lake and playa lake, offshore lacustrine, delta front to fluvial‐dominated and wave‐dominated deltas, distributary and fluvial channel, and interdistributary bay. The succession can be divided into four stratigraphic sequences (SS1 to SS4), the oldest of which (SS1) contains volcaniclastic, fluvial and saline lake deposits; it is thickest close to the western border fault zone, reflecting more rapid subsidence here. Accommodation exceeded sediment and water input during SS1. The second and third sequences (SS2 and SS3) mark the onset of widespread lacustrine sedimentation, reflecting a balance between accommodation creation and water and sediment fluxes. Sequences SS2 and SS3 are represented by offshore meromictic lacustrine and deltaic deposits, the latter mostly sourced from the flexural and southern axial margins of the half‐graben. The presence of stacked parasequences bound by lacustrine flooding surfaces is related to climatically induced lake‐level fluctuations superimposed on variable rates of subsidence on the controlling rift border fault zone. The youngest sequence (SS4) is represented by the deposits of littoral lacustrine and shallow shelf deltas distinguished by a change in lithofacies, palaeocurrents and sandstone composition, suggesting a switch in sediment supply to the footwall margin to the NW. The change in the sediment source is related to reduced footwall uplift, the possible presence of a relay ramp and/or supply from a captured antecedent drainage network. During SS4, the rate of creation of accommodation was exceeded by the sediment and water discharge. The stratigraphic evolution of lacustrine strata in the half‐graben was mainly controlled by tectonic processes, including subsidence rate and the growth and evolution of the border fault zone, but changing climate (inducing changes in water balance and lake level) and autocyclic processes (delta lobe switching) were also important. 相似文献
11.
漠河盆地中侏罗统沉积特征研究及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从露头、岩芯、测井、薄片鉴定等方面出发对漠河盆地中侏罗统沉积特征进行了详细的研究。中侏罗世漠河盆地主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲和湖泊相沉积,其中冲积扇相可划分为扇根、扇中、扇端3个亚相;扇三角洲相可划分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、前扇三角洲3个亚相;湖泊相可划分为滨湖、浅湖、半深湖3个亚相。中侏罗世漠河盆地从南向北盆地水体加深,从绣峰组到开库康组,具有冲积扇—扇三角洲平原—扇三角洲前缘—滨浅湖—半深湖的变化趋势。从生储盖条件分析,漠河盆地具有较好的油气勘探前景。 相似文献
12.
综合应用地震、测井及岩心观察资料，对福山凹陷古近纪流沙港组的湖底扇沉积进行了详细研究。认为该期的湖底扇沉积主要是由于三角洲前缘带的砂体在重力作用下进入湖泊深水区堆积而形成，部分是由位于湖盆陡坡边缘的河道砂沿水下河道进入湖泊深水区而形成的水下重力流沉积。从空间分布来看，湖底扇主要分布在凹陷的北部和西部，且北部和西部湖底扇的扇体规模较东部大，存活时间较东部长。平面上湖底扇位于三角洲体系的外侧，垂向上由下至上发育着从湖底扇一三角洲前缘远端一三角洲前缘近端的沉积演化序列。湖底扇的总体沉积模式为南部的辫状河三角洲砂岩碎屑体向北推进至深湖区形成孤立的、规模相对较大的湖底扇砂体；而西部及东部的次要物源——辫状河三角洲也在东西两侧活动断层的控制下在湖盆深处形成湖底扇沉积体。 相似文献
13.
Sedimentary Response of Different Fan Types to the Paleogene-Neogene Basin Transformation in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
GAO Zhiyong GUO Hongli ZHU Rukai ZHANG Lijuan SUN Yushan Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Development Petrochina Beijing China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Development Petrochina Tarim Oilfield Corporation Xinjiang China 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(2)
A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle-late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations:one alluvial,and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting.Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation,coastal subaqueous fans developed,probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting.The three types of fans are stacked vertic... 相似文献
14.
黄河口凹陷A区古近系沙河街组三段沉积相 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过岩心观察描述和沉积相分析,结合地震、测井、录井、分析化验资料综合分析结果表明：黄河口凹陷A区沙河街组三段发育扇三角洲相、湖底扇相和湖泊相。沙三段下亚段沉积相特征在沙三段沉积时期具有代表性。沙三段下亚段主要储层沉积相类型为扇三角洲相和湖底扇相。扇三角洲相划分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲3个亚相。扇三角洲平原亚相由泥石流和水道沉积组成。扇三角洲前缘亚相由近端坝和远端坝沉积组成。湖底扇相可分为内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相。内扇主要由滑塌堆积和碎屑流沉积组成,中扇主要由碎屑流和浊流沉积组成,外扇主要由浊流沉积组成。沙三段下亚段沉积时期,沉积相的平面展布具有一定的规律性,表现为：靠近南部盆缘断裂发育扇三角洲相,向湖方向发育湖底扇相,向北逐渐过渡为湖泊相。沙三段下亚段沉积时期,盆地明显为南陡北缓的箕状断陷湖盆,陡坡带活动盆缘断裂控制了扇三角洲相的分布。 相似文献
15.
Ancient stream-dominated (‘wet’) alluvial fan deposits have received far less attention in the literature than their arid/semi-arid counterparts. The Cenozoic basin fills along the Denali fault system of the northwestern Canadian Cordillera provide excellent examples of stream-dominated alluvial fan deposits because they developed during the Eocene-Oligocene temperate climatic regime in an active strike-slip orogen. The Amphitheatre Formation filled several strike-slip basins in Yukon Territory and consists of up to 1200 m of coarse siliciclastic rocks and coal. Detailed facies analysis, conglomerate: sandstone percentages (C:S), maximum particle size (MPS) distribution, and palaeocurrent analysis of the Amphitheatre Formation in two of these strike-slip basins document the transition from proximal, to middle, to distal and fringing environments within ancient stream-dominated alluvial-fan systems. Proximal fan deposits in the Bates Lake Basin are characterized by disorganized, clast-supported, boulder conglomerate and minor matrix(mud)-supported conglomerate. Proximal facies are located along the faulted basin margins in areas where C:S = 80 to 100 and where the average MPS ranges from 30 to 60 cm. Proximal fan deposits grade into middle fan, channelized, well organized cobble conglomerates that form upward fining sequences, with an average thickness of 7 m. Middle fan deposits grade basinward into well-sorted, laterally continuous beds of normally graded sandstone interbedded with trough cross-stratified sandstone. These distal fan deposits are characteristic of areas where C:S = 20 to 40 and where the average MPS ranges from 5 to 15 cm. Fan fringe deposits consist of lacustrine and axial fluvial facies. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Bates Lake Basin indicates that alluvial-fan sedimentation was concentrated in three parts of the basin. The largest alluvial-fan system abutted the strike-slip Duke River fault, and prograded westward across the axis of the basin. Two smaller, coarser grained fans prograded syntaxially northward from the normal-faulted southern basin margin. Facies analysis of the Burwash Basin indicates a similar transition from proximal to distal, stream-dominated alluvial fan environments, but with several key differences. Middle-fan deposits in the Burwash Basin define upward coarsening sequences 50 to 60 m thick composed of fine-grained lithofacies and coal in the lower part, trough cross-stratified sandstone in the middle, and conglomerate in the upper part of the sequence. Upward-coarsening sequences, 90–140 m thick, also are common in the fan fringe lacustrine deposits. These sequences coarsen upward from mudstone, through fine grained, ripple-laminated sandstone, to coarse grained trough cross-stratified sandstone. The upward-coarsening sequences are basinwide, facies independent, and probably represent progradation of stream-dominated alluvial-fan depositional systems. Coal distribution in the Amphitheatre Formation is closely coupled with predominant depositional processes on stream-dominated alluvial fans. The thickest coal seams occur in the most proximal part of the basin fill and in marginal lacustrine deposits. Coal development in the intervening middle and distal fan areas was suppressed by the high frequency of unconfined flow events and lateral channel mobility. 相似文献
16.
《Sedimentary Geology》2007,193(1-4):167-192
The coarse-grained, ice-contact, Porta Subaqueous Fan/Delta Complex was deposited in glacial Lake Rinteln at the margin of the Saalian ice sheet that advanced south of the Weser Chains, NW Germany. The ice-proximal depositional system was up to 15 km long and 10 km wide. The present study deals with ice-proximal subaqueous fan deposits, which are interpreted as products of a subcritical plane-wall outflow jet that periodically passed into a supercritical jet with hydraulic jump. The proximal facies assemblage consists of the coarse, clast-supported gravelly deposits of a hyperconcentrated (high-density) effluent and of related cohesionless debris flows attributed to the conduit or immediate proximal jet outflow zone of flow establishment. The intermediate facies assemblage, attributed to the outflow jet proximal zone of flow transition, is dominated by normally graded and cross-stratified gravels with scour structures at their bases; these gravels were deposited by a high-density effluent capable of forming mouthbar-like features. These deposits pass downcurrent into an assemblage of planar parallel-stratified and planar and trough cross-stratified sands and pebbly sands (partially interpreted as antidunes), with abundant scour structures and intercalated layers of fine sand/silt and silty mud, attributed to the jet distal zone of flow transition. The distal facies assemblage consists of trough cross-stratified sands and pebbly sands, and is attributed to the outflow jet proximal zone of established flow. The sedimentary succession as a whole has wedge-shape geometry, with a gentle fan-shaped inclination of the bedding from the southeast to the southwest. Repeated vertical alternations of supercritical and subcritical deposits and muddy interlayers can be attributed to temporary fluctuations in the meltwater outflow, whereas the overall upward fining of the succession indicates a net decline of meltwater discharges. 相似文献
17.
The 1800-km2 Okavango alluvial fan of northern Botswana represents an unusual depositional setting in which peat-forming perennial swamps (6000 km2) occur in a region of aeolian and semi-arid sedimentation within an incipient graben of the East African Rift. A channel system distributes water and sediment on the fan surface but cannot contain seasonal flood water, which spreads laterally from the channels through permeable channel margins, sustaining the flanking swamps. All sediment introduced is deposited on the fan. A detailed study of sediment movement and associated hydrological conditions in the channels was undertaken to examine sediment dispersal. Bedload greatly exceeds suspended load (at least by a factor of four). Vegetation and peat form permeable levees which confine the channels. In the upper reaches, two-way exchange of water occurs between channel and swamp depending on the season, but on the fan itself, channels lose water to the swamp. Bedload measurements reveal that the channel system is in a state of grade disequilibrium, with interspersed depositional and erosional reaches. Deposition of most of the incoming bedload occurs on the upper portion of the fan in a meandering and anastomosed channel system, but on the midfan, deposition of bedload occurs by channel-bed aggradation, at a rate of up to 5 cm yr–1. Further down slope, the channel enters a large lake where all remaining bedload is deposited. The presently observed sedimentation patterns may be due to a recent disturbance of the fluvial system, either by avulsion or neotectonics. 相似文献
18.
水下扇是断陷湖泊中一种重要沉积类型,近年来受到关注度越来越高。海洋和湖泊中与重力流有关的各类扇体的术语很多,诸如深水扇、盆底扇、湖底扇、斜坡扇、滑塌扇和浊积扇等,而它们都是不同类型的水下扇。国内沉积学界对湖泊水下扇这一术语的合理性一直有争议,与之相关的术语有水下冲积扇、近岸水下扇和远岸浊积岸等。文中梳理了有关水下扇的一些术语的含义异同,进而明确了断陷湖泊水下扇的基本类型;明确提出了湖泊外部物源体系与内部物源体系,并由此建立了湖泊水下扇的沉积分布模式;最后讨论对比了水下扇、冲积扇及扇三角洲之间的沉积差异,以期为今后深入研究这一类型沉积体提供借鉴。 相似文献
19.
歧口凹陷中部古近系沙三一亚段水下扇沉积体系内部构成分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
歧口凹陷中部古近系沙三一亚段是重要的含油层段,其内部发育水下扇沉积体系。本文通过岩心、测井、地震资料及室内分析测试等手段,对研究区水下扇沉积体系进行了精细解剖。研究发现其内部可识别出扇面水道、非限制性朵叶体和开阔湖泊三种成因相组合,其中扇面水道由主干扇面水道和分支扇面水道两种成因相构成,非限制性朵叶体由近端朵叶体和远端朵叶体两种成因相构成。主干扇面水道切割近端朵叶体,将沉积物向盆地内部输送,在坡折带其所携带的沉积物可能在重力作用下发生再次分配,形成新的扇面水道和非限制性朵叶体;分支扇面水道多发育于远端朵叶体上部,被开阔湖泊泥岩所包围。在区域背景及生物相资料分析基础上,指出沙三一亚段歧口凹陷中部处于断陷盆地的裂陷幕,在构造坡折带或陡坡带,由于断层活动等因素影响,在半深湖-深湖背景下形成水下扇沉积体系。歧口凹陷沙三一亚段水下扇沉积体系的研究对于该区有利储集体预测具有重要指导意义。 相似文献