共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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单轴压缩下绿砂岩长期强度的尺寸效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩石的蠕变特性是影响岩体工程稳定性的重要因素,而岩石的长期强度是确定岩体工程长期稳定的一个重要指标。由于岩石材料的非均质性,其长期强度具有明显的尺寸效应。为了研究岩石长期强度的尺寸效应,首先,在幂函数模型基础上,基于损伤力学理论,建立了能够描述岩石蠕变全过程的非线性蠕变损伤模型;然后,把运用该模型计算得到的单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟结果与室内单轴压缩蠕变试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;最后,采用所提出的模型对7个不同尺寸的岩样进行了单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟,并对岩石长期强度尺寸效应进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明：随着试样尺寸的逐渐增大,岩石长期强度值逐渐减小,当试样尺寸增大到一定程度时,岩石长期强度稳定在一个特定值附近。 相似文献
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利用FLAC3D数值软件中的应变硬化—软化本构模型,模拟轴对称单轴压缩条件下岩石试件应变局部化剪切带的形成过程,同时对不同端面效应下长径比效应对应变局部化剪切带的影响进行分析。结果表明,岩石试件的应变局部化剪切带的启动、发展到最终形成是一个渐进的演化过程。端面效应和长径比效应均影响应变局部化剪切带的形状和岩石强度。光滑边界应变局部化剪切带形成于试件上下端面,摩擦边界形成于试件中部区域,且摩擦边界时试件的峰值强度高于光滑边界,峰值强度后的软化阶段陡峭于光滑边界。随着岩石试件长径比的增加,岩石的峰值强度在逐步降低,达到峰值强度所需的时步却呈增加的趋势。这一研究成果有助于加深理解岩石破坏过程。 相似文献
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为揭示尺寸效应和加载速率效应对冻结改良土力学特性的影响规律,以冻结水泥改良土为研究对象,开展了不同尺寸与加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验,通过分析试验数据,讨论了高径比和加载速率对试样强度与变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,高径比影响试样的应力-应变曲线类型及峰值后的变形特性。高径比增加,应力-应变曲线出现明显弹性屈服点,峰后脆性增强,试样破坏形式由劈裂破坏变为单一剪切破坏。试样的抗压强度、切线模量、起始屈服模量、破坏应变随高径比变化均可用抛物线进行拟合,综合考虑,推荐试验宜采用高径比为1.62~2.02的试件。在试验设定的温度和加载速率条件下冻结水泥土的单轴压缩应力-应变关系均为应变软化型。与冻土类似,冻结水泥土的抗压强度与起始屈服强度同样随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大。不同温度下冻结水泥土抗压强度与加载速率的关系可用幂函数表示。温度越低,起始屈服强度受加载速率影响越大。温度和加载速率对冻结水泥土切线模量也有较大影响,不同加载速率条件下切线模量与温度呈线性关系。冻结水泥土的破坏应变随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大,在1.94%~6.94%之间变化,不同加载速率条件下破坏应变与温度呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
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细粒酒精模型冰单轴压缩强度特征试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
介绍细粒酒精模型冰的单轴压缩强度试验研究的方法和结果．试验采用两种试样,即长方形和哑铃形．对长方形试样发生不同破坏模式发生的条件,即试样尺寸、加载速度和压头与试样接触面摩擦等效应进行了详细讨论．描述了细粒酒精模型冰单轴压缩强度的基本特征,并比较了两种试样的试验结果． 相似文献
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结构面是岩体区别于岩石材料的一大特征,其产状、迹长、密度等参数对岩体的力学性质有着重要影响。本文利用FLAC3D对含结构面岩体试样的单轴压缩特性进行了较为系统的数值模拟研究。文中建立了含不同组贯通性结构面的岩体试样模型和含不同倾角及迹长的非贯通结构面岩体试样模型,对每个试样进行单轴压缩试验的数值模拟,结构体和结构面均采用Mohr-Coulomb剪切和拉伸破坏准则。模拟中用编制的伺服控制程序通过调节加载速度,控制试样内最大不平衡力,研究含结构面试样单轴压缩情况下的变形、强度及破坏方式等特征。模拟结果显示,含1-3组贯通性结构面试样呈现各向异性特征,而含4组贯通性结构面试件呈现各向同性特征。随着贯通性结构面数量的增多,同尺寸试件的变形强度参数劣化。含单组非贯通性结构面试件,其单轴压缩模拟试验的应力-应变曲线峰值后出现应力降。基于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度准则和损伤理论所得的解析解与数值模拟结果所得的非贯通性结构面试件的单轴压缩强度不符,说明用抗剪强度准则与损伤理论刻画非贯通结构面试样的强度并不合理。随着非贯通性结构面贯通率的增大,试件的变形、强度参数劣化。含单组结构面试件的破坏方式可分为结构面控制破坏,结构面部分控制破坏和结构面不控制破坏3种类型,而随着结构面组数的增多,结构面控制试样破坏的概率增加。 相似文献
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为加深对含交会裂隙圆孔岩石裂纹扩展和断裂机理的认识,分别对含一对水平边裂隙(A系列)和L形边裂隙(B系列)的单圆孔砂岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,建立颗粒流模型以提取加载过程中的位移云图和微裂纹数量,对比两个系列试样的变形和开裂差异,获得不同裂隙长度与倾角砂岩试样模型的接触力分布演化和颗粒位移分布情况。结果表明：1)边裂隙弯折缝改变了岩样的破坏模式,随裂隙长度增加或倾角增大,含水平边裂隙砂岩试样先后发生剪切破坏和翼型拉伸破坏,而含L形边裂隙砂岩试样先后发生共面剪切破坏和共面拉伸破坏;2)单轴压缩下砂岩试样中圆孔与裂隙的开裂相互作用,产生了剪切、共面剪切、翼型拉伸、共面拉伸和反向拉伸5种类型的裂缝,揭示了含边裂隙单圆孔砂岩试样的裂缝贯通机理;3)裂隙长度一定时,与含水平边裂隙砂岩试样相比,含L形边裂隙砂岩试样开裂晚、变形小、强度低、破坏早、稳定性差。 相似文献
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不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。 相似文献
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微观上,岩石由晶粒和晶粒之间的联接组成。在岩石的风化过程中,晶粒之间的联接会被削弱,导致岩石微观缺陷的发展,从而表现为显著的时效效应。在已有胶结模型的基础上,将岩石的化学风化过程等效为颗粒之间胶结物质不断溶蚀进而影响颗粒之间胶结强度和刚度的过程,基于此建立了考虑化学风化的微观接触模型。随后将模型植入离散元软件,运用离散元方法（DEM）,模拟和对比分析了室内腐蚀试验与DEM模拟化学风化试验,结果表明：该模型可以反映岩石强度的化学风化时效效应,即随着反应时间增加,强度减小;可以反映单轴压缩试验中裂隙压密阶段以后变形的时效效应,即随着反应时间的增加,弹性模量、破坏时应变减小;粒间胶结的破坏,即微观缺陷的发育,是导致岩石化学风化时效效应的微观原因。同时DEM模拟风化与加载耦合的试验现象表明,施工过程中的施工速度会影响岩石的强度,施工应该选择合适的速率。 相似文献
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Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigations of the Failure Mechanism of a Rock Disc with a Central or Eccentric Hole 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
The diametrical compression of a circular disc (Brazilian test) or cylinder with a small eccentric hole is a simple but important test to determine the tensile strength of rocks. This paper studies the failure mechanism of circular disc with an eccentric hole by a 3D numerical model (RFPA3D). A feature of the code RFPA3D is that it can numerically simulate the evolution of cracks in three-dimensional space, as well as the heterogeneity of the rock mass. First, numerically simulated Brazilian tests are compared with experimental results. Special attention is given to the effect of the thickness to radius ratio on the failure modes and the peak stress of specimens. The effects of the compressive strength to tensile strength ratio (C/T), the loading arc angle (2α), and the homogeneity index (m) are also studied in the numerical simulations. Secondly, the failure process of a rock disc with a central hole is studied. The effects of the ratio of the internal hole radius (r) to the radius of the rock disc (R) on the failure mode and the peak stress are investigated. Thirdly, the influence of the vertical and horizontal eccentricity of an internal hole on the initiation and propagation of cracks inside a specimen are simulated. The effect of the radius of the eccentric hole and the homogeneity index (m) are also investigated. 相似文献
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Experimental and Numerical Studies on Determination of Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Nazife Erarslan Zheng Zhao Liang David John Williams 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(5):739-751
Indirect tension tests using Brisbane tuff Brazilian disc specimens under standard Brazilian jaws and various loading arcs were performed. The standard Brazilian indirect tensile tests caused catastrophic, crushing failure of the disc specimens, rather than the expected tensile splitting failure initiated by a central crack. This led to an investigation of the fracturing of Brazilian disc specimens and the existing indirect tensile Brazilian test using steel loading arcs with different angles. The results showed that the ultimate failure load increased with increasing loading arc angles. With no international standard for determining indirect tensile strength of rocks under diametral load, numerical modelling and analytical solutions were undertaken. Numerical simulations using RFPA2D software were conducted with a heterogeneous material model. The results predicted tensile stress in the discs and visually reproduced the progressive fracture process. It was concluded that standard Brazilian jaws cause catastrophic, crushing failure of the disc specimens instead of producing a central splitting crack. The experimental and numerical results showed that 20° and 30° loading arcs result in diametral splitting fractures starting at the disc centre. Moreover, intrinsic material properties (e.g. fracture toughness) may be used to propose the best loading configuration to determine the indirect tensile strength of rocks. Here, by using numerical outcomes and empirical relationships between fracture toughness and tensile strength, the best loading geometry to obtain the most accurate indirect tensile strength of rocks was the 2α?=?30° loading arc. 相似文献
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直接拉伸试验是测量岩石抗拉强度最直接有效且最有理论和实际价值的方法,但在传统直接拉伸试验中试样加工难度大,测试设备要求高。为克服传统直接拉伸试验加载困难的缺点,准确测定岩石的抗拉强度,设计研发了多直径岩芯双圆环直接拉伸试验机,从试验和数值模拟两方面重点研究了双圆环直接拉伸试验中试样尺寸的影响和最优取值范围,包括外环直径与试样直径比r1/R、内环直径与试样直径比r2/R、内环直径与外环直径比r2/r1三个比值的最优范围。研究结果发现,外环直径和内环直径满足r1/R=0.62±0.08、r2/R=0.45±0.12、r2/r1=0.64±0.06时内外环根部与内外环重叠部位最大应力值相近,获得的抗拉强度与理论值较一致,与其他试验相比,双圆环直接拉伸试验的结果标准差和振荡系数最小。 相似文献
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鉴于薄层岩体在实际地下工程中经常发生弯折破坏,利用三点弯曲试验对单层灰岩及含弱面灰岩试样进行抗弯性能测试,探究岩层受弯作用时的变形及破坏特征。试验结果表明,薄层灰岩的抗弯性能与层厚密切相关,单宽峰值弯矩及峰值力对应的岩梁挠度随层厚变化规律基本符合材料力学理论公式计算结果。薄层灰岩弯折破裂模式呈现多样化,既有垂直切穿层理的I型裂纹,也有在弱面处发生转折并沿弱面扩展的断续裂纹,以及与层理斜交的复合型裂纹等。理论分析表明,薄层岩体中的裂纹扩展路径主要受层面拉、剪强度（或断裂韧度）与岩石抗拉强度（或断裂韧度）的相对大小控制。利用双模量理论结合弯曲试验求解岩石拉伸模量需要进行迭代计算,拉压模量相差越大,迭代次数越多,收敛值越偏离初值。试验所得规律有助于深入理解薄层岩体弯曲变形特征及弯折破坏机制,并可作为对薄层岩体受弯作用理论及数值计算的有益补充。 相似文献
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节理岩体动态破坏的SHPB相似材料试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用相似材料模型试验对不同节理倾角、节理贯通度、节理条数、载荷应变率、节理充填物厚度、节理充填物类型及试件长径比等7种工况下的节理岩体动态强度及破坏模式进行了分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验研究。结果表明：节理岩体动态破坏模式及强度与节理构造形态密切相关。对于单节理岩体,其强度及破坏特征在很大程度上受节理倾角控制,节理倾角0°、90°试件动强度分别为完整试件的90%和71%,且其破坏形式均为张拉破坏;倾角60°试件动强度几乎为0;倾角30°、45°试件的动强度分别为完整试件的50%和18%,且其破坏以剪切破坏为主,兼有张拉破坏。中心1/4、1/2、4/5及全贯通节理试件的峰值强度分别为完整试件的95%、74% 、28%和17%,即随节理贯通度增加,试件动强度逐渐降低。含1~3条节理的试件动强度分别为完整试件的54%、23%和10%,即随节理条数增加,试件动强度随之有较大幅度降低,但节理条数的增加并没有改变其破坏模式。随着节理充填物厚度增加及节理充填物强度降低,试件强度依次递减,但破坏模式并没有改变。完整试件和节理试件的动强度均随着载荷应变率的增加而变大,且前者对载荷应变率的敏感性要远远高于后者,相应地试件的破坏模式也变得更加复杂。两类试件的动强度均随着试件长径比的增加先增大后减小,即存在一个最佳长径比。 相似文献
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Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Rock Materials at High Strain Rate 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The dynamic compressive strength of rock materials increases with the strain rate. They are usually obtained by conducting laboratory tests such as split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test or drop-weight test. It is commonly agreed now that the dynamic increase factor (DIF) obtained from impact test is affected by lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement between the specimen and impact materials and the specimen sizes and geometries. Therefore, those derived directly from testing data do not necessarily reflect the true dynamic material properties. The influences of these parameters, however, are not straightforward to be quantified in laboratory tests. Therefore, the empirical DIF relations of rock materials obtained directly from impact tests consist of contributions from lateral inertia and end friction confinements, which need be eliminated to reflect the true dynamic material properties. Moreover, different rocks, such as granite, limestone and tuff have different material parameters, e.g., equation of state (EOS) and strength, which may also affect the DIF of materials but are not explicitly studied in the open literature. In the present study, numerical models of granite, limestone and tuff materials with different EOS and strength under impact loads are developed to simulate SHPB tests and to study the influences of EOS and strength, lateral inertia confinement and end friction confinement effects on their respective DIFs in the strain rate range between 1 and 1,000 s?1. The commercial software AUTODYN with user-provided subroutines is used to perform the numerical simulations of SHPB tests. Numerical simulation results indicate that the lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement and specimen aspect (L/D) ratio significantly influence DIF obtained from impact tests and the inertia confinement effect is different for different rocks. Based on the numerical results, quantifications on the relative contributions from the lateral inertia confinement and the material strain rate effect on DIF of granite, limestone and tuff material compressive strength are made. The effects of friction coefficient, L/D ratio and rock type on DIF are discussed. Empirical relations of DIF with strain rate for the three rock materials representing the true material strain rate effect are also proposed. 相似文献
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由于从实验及理论角度研究岩样单轴拉伸条件下的破坏全过程及尺寸效应难度都很大。因此采用拉格朗日元法来研究这些问题。在峰值强度之前后,岩石材料的本构模型分别取为线弹性及拉破坏线性应变软化模型。为了使拉伸塑性区不出现在试样的端部,在试样的两侧面中部预制了2个凹槽。数值模拟结果表明,全程拉应力-拉应变曲线分为峰前和峰后阶段。在接近峰值的峰前阶段,由于两凹槽附近具有明显的拉应力集中现象,拉伸塑性区最先出现在两凹槽附近。随着轴向拉应变的增加,发生拉伸破坏的单元的数目增加,新发生拉伸破坏的单元越来越接近试样的中心,直到两块拉伸塑性区在应变软化阶段贯通。两凹槽连线上各单元拉应力的分布呈现3个阶段,“澡盆型”（“U型”）阶段,“双峰型”（“M型”）阶段及“单峰型”（“Π型”）阶段。“澡盆型”阶段对应于全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的弹性阶段。“双峰型”阶段及“单峰型”阶段对应于全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的非弹性阶段（包括峰值强度之前的一小段,即应变硬化阶段及峰后的应变软化阶段）。增加试样高度及降低试样宽度,拉应力-拉应变曲线的软化段变得越来越陡峭,因而试样越容易发生失稳破坏。由于试样宽度较大时,试样内部的单元并非处于单向拉应力状态,因此,增加试样宽度,全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的峰值强度增加。当试样宽度较小时,从出现塑性区,到塑性区贯通所需要的时间步较小,或应变范围较窄。这说明试样的脆性较强,前兆不明显。前兆不明显的脆性破坏对应常见的是洞室岩爆、冲击地压及地震等灾害。 相似文献
19.
Three-dimensional surface crack initiation and propagation in two kinds of heterogeneous rocks were numerically investigated via parallel finite element analysis using a supercomputer. Numerically simulated rock specimens containing a pre-existing flaw were subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. The initiation and propagation of wing cracks, anti-wing cracks, and shell-like cracks were reproduced by numerical simulations. The numerically simulated results demonstrate that the further propagation of wing cracks and shell-like cracks stop due to their wrapping (curving) behavior in three-dimensional spaces, even if the applied loads continue to increase. Furthermore, rock heterogeneity could significantly influence crack propagation patterns and the peak uniaxial compressive strengths of rock specimens. Moreover, anti-wing cracks only appeared in relatively heterogeneous rocks, and the peak uniaxial compressive strengths of the specimens were observed to depend on the inclination of the pre-existing flaw. Finally, the mechanism of surface crack propagation is discussed in the context of numerically simulated anti-plane loading tests, wherein it was identified that Mode III loading (anti-plane loading) does not lead to Mode III fracture in rocks due to their high ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength. This finding could explain the lateral growth of an existing flaw in its own plane, which is a phenomenon that has not been observed in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
20.
岩石抗压强度和变形参数是岩石工程设计的重要指标。由于岩石是典型的非均质材料,其强度和变形特性随样品尺
寸的变化而不同。本文采用PFC2D程序模拟了不同围压下不同尺寸岩样的压缩试验。结果表明（1） 岩样具有明显的尺寸效
应。同一围压下,尺寸越大,岩石强度、峰值应变和压缩模量越小,尺寸的变化对岩样的破坏模式影响较小;（2） 岩样具
有明显的围压效应。同一尺寸的岩样,随着围压的增大,岩石强度、峰值应变和压缩模量均增加,其中强度和峰值应变随
围压的增加呈线性增加。同时,随着围压的增大,岩石破裂模式由轴向劈裂破坏向剪切破坏变化;（3） 围压的存在会影响
岩样的尺寸效应。不同尺寸岩样的强度和峰值应变在相同围压区间内的增量基本相同,同时随着围压的增大,其强度和峰
值应变增加,进而使岩石强度和峰值应变的尺寸效应弱化;而不同尺寸岩样的压缩模量在相同围压区间内的增长率大致相
同,因而造成围压对压缩模量尺寸效应的影响较小 相似文献