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1.
Assessment of ECMWF-derived tropospheric delay models within the EUREF Permanent Network 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) are routinely analyzed by the EPN
analysis centers using a tropospheric delay modeling based on standard pressure values, the Niell Mapping Functions (NMF),
a cutoff angle of 3° and down-weighting of low elevation observations. We investigate the impact on EPN station heights and
Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) estimates when changing to improved models recommended in the updated 2003 International Earth Rotation
and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Conventions, which are the Vienna Mapping Functions 1 (VMF1) and zenith hydrostatic delays
derived from numerical weather models, or the empirical Global Mapping Functions (GMF) and the empirical Global Pressure and
Temperature (GPT) model. A 1-year Global Positioning System (GPS) data set of 50 regionally distributed EPN/IGS (International
GNSS Service) stations is processed. The GPS analysis with cutoff elevation angles of 3, 5, and 10° revealed that changing
to the new recommended models introduces biases in station heights in the northern part of Europe by 2–3 mm if the cutoff
is lower than 5°. However, since large weather changes at synoptic time scales are not accounted for in the empirical models,
repeatability of height and ZTD time series are improved with the use of a priori Zenith Hydrostatic Delays (ZHDs) derived
from numerical weather models and VMF1. With a cutoff angle of 3°, the repeatability of station heights in the northern part
of Europe is improved by 3–4 mm. 相似文献
2.
Assessment of periodic sub-diurnal Earth rotation variations at tidal frequencies through transformation of VLBI normal equation systems 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
We present an empirical model for periodic variations of diurnal and sub-diurnal Earth rotation parameters (ERPs) that was
derived based on the transformation of normal equation (NEQ) systems of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observing
sessions. NEQ systems that contain highly resolved polar motion and UT1-TAI with a temporal resolution of 15 min were generated
and then transformed to the coefficients of the tidal ERP model to be solved for. To investigate the quality of this model,
comparisons with empirical models from the Global Positioning System (GPS), another VLBI model and the model adopted by the
conventions of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) were performed. The absolute coefficients
of these models agree almost completely within 7.5 μ as in polar motion and 0.5 μs in UT1-TAI. Several bigger differences exist, which are discussed in this paper. To be able to compare the model estimates
with results of the continuous VLBI campaigns, where signals with periods of 8 and 6 h were detected, terms in the ter- and
quarter-diurnal band were included in the tidal ERP model. Unfortunately, almost no common features with the results of continuous
VLBI campaigns or ERP predictions in these tidal bands can be seen. 相似文献
3.
4.
Prediction of vertical deflections from high-degree spherical harmonic synthesis and residual terrain model data 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
Christian Hirt 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(3):179-190
This study demonstrates that in mountainous areas the use of residual terrain model (RTM) data significantly improves the
accuracy of vertical deflections obtained from high-degree spherical harmonic synthesis. The new Earth gravitational model
EGM2008 is used to compute vertical deflections up to a spherical harmonic degree of 2,160. RTM data can be constructed as
difference between high-resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data and the terrain model DTM2006.0
(a spherical harmonic terrain model that complements EGM2008) providing the long-wavelength reference surface. Because these
RTM elevations imply most of the gravity field signal beyond spherical harmonic degree of 2,160, they can be used to augment
EGM2008 vertical deflection predictions in the very high spherical harmonic degrees. In two mountainous test areas—the German
and the Swiss Alps—the combined use of EGM2008 and RTM data was successfully tested at 223 stations with high-precision astrogeodetic
vertical deflections from recent zenith camera observations (accuracy of about 0.1 arc seconds) available. The comparison
of EGM2008 vertical deflections with the ground-truth astrogeodetic observations shows root mean square (RMS) values (from
differences) of 3.5 arc seconds for ξ and 3.2 arc seconds for η, respectively. Using a combination of EGM2008 and RTM data for the prediction of vertical deflections considerably reduces
the RMS values to the level of 0.8 arc seconds for both vertical deflection components, which is a significant improvement
of about 75%. Density anomalies of the real topography with respect to the residual model topography are one factor limiting
the accuracy of the approach. The proposed technique for vertical deflection predictions is based on three publicly available
data sets: (1) EGM2008, (2) DTM2006.0 and (3) SRTM elevation data. This allows replication of the approach for improving the
accuracy of EGM2008 vertical deflection predictions in regions with a rough topography or for improved validation of EGM2008
and future high-degree spherical harmonic models by means of independent ground truth data. 相似文献
5.
P. J. G. Teunissen 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(9):565-579
The prediction of spatially and/or temporal varying variates based on observations of these variates at some locations in
space and/or instances in time, is an important topic in the various spatial and Earth sciences disciplines. This topic has
been extensively studied, albeit under different names. The underlying model used is often of the trend-signal-noise type.
This model is quite general and it encompasses many of the conceivable measurements. However, the methods of prediction based
on these models have only been developed for the case the trend parameters are real-valued. In the present contribution we
generalize the theory of least-squares prediction by permitting some or all of the trend parameters to be integer valued.
We derive the solution for least-squares prediction in linear models with integer unknowns and show how it compares to the
solution of ordinary least-squares prediction. We also study the probabilistic properties of the associated estimation and
prediction errors. The probability density functions of these errors are derived and it is shown how they are driven by the
probability mass functions of the integer estimators. Finally, we show how these multimodal distributions can be used for
constructing confidence regions and for cross-validation purposes aimed at testing the validity of the underlying model.
Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Tech.hc. Torben Krarup (1919–2005). 相似文献
6.
One of the aims of the Earth Explorer Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation (GOCE) mission is to provide global
and regional models of the Earth's gravity field and of the geoid with high spatial resolution and accuracy. Using the GOCE
error model, simulation studies were performed in order to estimate the accuracy of datum transfer in different areas of the
Earth. The results showed that with the GOCE error model, the standard deviation of the height anomaly differences is about
one order of magnitude better than the corresponding value with the EGM96 error model. As an example, the accuracy of the
vertical datum transfer from the tide gauge of Amsterdam to New York was estimated equal to 57 cm when the EGM96 error model
was used, while in the case of GOCE error model this accuracy was increased to 6 cm. The geoid undulation difference between
the two places is about 76.5 m. Scaling the GOCE errors to the local gravity variance, the estimated accuracy varied between
3 and 7 cm, depending on the scaling model.
Received: 1 March 2000 / Accepted: 21 February 2001 相似文献
7.
Ephemeris errors of GPS satellites 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Oscar L. Colombo 《Journal of Geodesy》1986,60(1):64-84
Ephemeris errors are supposed to be a major factor limiting the usefulness ofGPS in high precision geodesy. Considerations of orbital mechanics suggest that, regardless of their complexity, the uncertainties
in the solar radiation pressure model, the gravity field model, and the estimated initial state, may have simple effects on
the ephemeris. This possibility has been tested by fitting linear combinations of simple functions—chosen on theoretical grounds—to
simulated errors of three-day ephemerides. With a set of five functions for the across-track component, six for the radial,
and seven for the along-track, it has been possible to fit the position errors to better than 1% of theirr.m.s values, in all the caces studied. The simulations included —besides solar radiation pressure errors—gravity field model and
initial state uncertainties, as well as an unknown constant force along the axis of the solar panels. The solar radiation
force was calculated taking into account the shape, orientation, and physical properties (reflectivity and specularity) of
the main parts of the spacecraft, under various conditions of illumination (continuous sunlight, eclipses, etc.). 相似文献
8.
Analysis of the first year of Earth rotation parameters with a sub-daily resolution gained at the CODE processing center of the IGS 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
The solutions of the CODE Analysis Center submitted to the IGS, the International Global Position System (GPS) Service for
Geodynamics, are based on three days of observation of about 80–100 stations of the IGS network. The Earth rotation parameters
(ERPs) are assumed to vary linearly over the three days with respect to an a priori model. Continuity at the day boundaries
as well as the continuity of the first derivatives are enforced by constraints. Since early April 1995 CODE has calculated
a new ERP series with an increased time resolution of 2 hours. Again continuity is enforced at the 2-hours-interval boundaries.
The analysis method is described, particularly how to deal with retrograde diurnal terms in the ERP series which may not be estimated with satellite geodetic methods. The results obtained from the first year of data covered by the time series
(time interval from 4 April 1995 to 30 June 1996) are also discussed. The series is relatively homogeneous in the sense of
the used orbit model and the a priori model for the ERPs. The largest source of excitation at daily and sub-daily periods
is likely to be the effect of the ocean tides. There is good agreement between the present results and Topex/Poseidon ocean
tide models, as well as with models based on Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data.
Non-oceanic periodic variations are also observed in the series. Their origin is most probably a consequence of the GPS solution
strategy; other possible sources are the atmospheric tides.
Received: 13 July 1999 / Accepted: 21 March 2000 相似文献
9.
Determination of the free core nutation period from tidal gravity observations of the GGP superconducting gravimeter network 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
This study is based on 25 long time-series of tidal gravity observations recorded with superconducting gravimeters at 20 stations
belonging to the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP). We investigate the diurnal waves around the liquid core resonance, i.e.,
K
1, ψ1 and φ1, to determine the free core nutation (FCN) period, and compare these experimental results with models of the Earth response
to the tidal forces. For this purpose, it is necessary to compute corrected amplitude factors and phase differences by subtracting
the ocean tide loading (OTL) effect. To determine this loading effect for each wave, it was thus necessary to interpolate
the contribution of the smaller oceanic constituents from the four well determined diurnal waves, i.e., Q
1, O
1, P
1, K
1. It was done for 11 different ocean tide models: SCW80, CSR3.0, CSR4.0, FES95.2, FES99, FES02, TPXO2, ORI96, AG95, NAO99
and GOT00. The numerical results show that no model is decisively better than the others and that a mean tidal loading vector
gives the most stable solution for a study of the liquid core resonance. We compared solutions based on the mean of the 11
ocean models to subsets of six models used in a previous study and five more recent ones. The calibration errors put a limit
on the accuracy of our global results at the level of ± 0.1%, although the tidal factors of O
1 and K
1 are determined with an internal precision of close to 0.05%. The results for O
1 more closely fit the DDW99 non-hydrostatic anelastic model than the elastic one. However, the observed tidal factors of K
1 and ψ1 correspond to a shift of the observed resonance with respect to this model. The MAT01 model better fits this resonance shape.
From our tidal gravity data set, we computed the FCN eigenperiod. Our best estimation is 429.7 sidereal days (SD), with a
95% confidence interval of (427.3, 432.1). 相似文献
10.
There is a long history of recognising and interpreting discontinuous change—phase transitions—in urban systems. In this paper,
we use the aggregate retail model as an archetype to explore some new ideas. For example, we argue that the dependence of
paths of development on initial conditions has been understudied, and we offer a new graphical analysis that demonstrates
explicitly their influence on discrete change. We introduce an order parameter, and we plot this on a ‘results grid’ to facilitate
the discovery of possible phase transitions. We illustrate the use of these new developments with an application to London.
We show how retail developers can change the ‘initial conditions’ at a point in time and possibly bring about phase transitions
by their actions. This also shows that it should be possible to account for the history of urban development as a sequence
of initial conditions, illustrating path dependence. Secondly, the model could be deployed in relation to a new shopping zone,
and the tools developed here used to calculate the minimum size of a new development in order for it to compete. We explore
the ‘minimum size’ idea in relation to a new shopping zone in London. 相似文献
11.
In precise geoid determination by Stokes formula, direct and primary and secondary indirect terrain effects are applied for
removing and restoring the terrain masses. We use Helmert's second condensation method to derive the sum of these effects,
together called the total terrain effect for geoid. We develop the total terrain effect to third power of elevation H in the original Stokes formula, Earth gravity model and modified Stokes formula. It is shown that the original Stokes formula,
Earth gravity model and modified Stokes formula all theoretically experience different total terrain effects. Numerical results
indicate that the total terrain effect is very significant for moderate topographies and mountainous regions. Absolute global
mean values of 5–10 cm can be reached for harmonic expansions of the terrain to degree and order 360. In another experiment,
we conclude that the most important part of the total terrain effect is the contribution from the second power of H, while the contribution from the third power term is within 9 cm.
Received: 2 September 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997 相似文献
12.
13.
Methodology for the combination of sub-daily Earth rotation from GPS and VLBI observations 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
A combination procedure of Earth orientation parameters from Global Positioning System (GPS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry
(VLBI) observations was developed on the basis of homogeneous normal equation systems. The emphasis and purpose of the combination
was the determination of sub-daily polar motion (PM) and universal time (UT1) for a long time-span of 13 years. Time series
with an hourly resolution and a model for tidal variations of PM and UT1-TAI (dUT1) were estimated. In both cases, 14-day
nutation corrections were estimated simultaneously with the ERPs. Due to the combination procedure, it was warranted that
the strengths of both techniques were preserved. At the same time, only a minimum of de-correlating or stabilizing constraints
were necessary. Hereby, a PM time series was determined, whose precision is mainly dominated by GPS observations. However,
this setup benefits from the fact that VLBI delivered nutation and dUT1 estimates at the same time. An even bigger enhancement
can be seen for the dUT1 estimation, where the high-frequency variations are provided by GPS, while the long term trend is
defined by VLBI. The estimated combined tidal PM and dUT1 model was predominantly determined from the GPS observations. Overall,
the combined tidal model for the first time completely comprises the geometrical benefits of VLBI and GPS observations. In
terms of root mean squared (RMS) differences, the tidal amplitudes agree with other empirical single-technique tidal models
below 4 μas in PM and 0.25 μs in dUT1. The noise floor of the tidal ERP model was investigated in three ways resulting in about 1 μas for diurnal PM and 0.07 μs for diurnal dUT1 while the semi-diurnal components have a slightly better accuracy. 相似文献
14.
A strict formula for geoid-to-quasigeoid separation 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Lars E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(11):699-702
The paper presented by Flury and Rummel (J Geod 83:829–847, 2009) discusses an important topographic correction to the traditional
formula for the quasigeoid-to-geoid separation. Nevertheless, as their formula is approximate, the reader may ask for its
relation to the strict one (defined as the one consistent with Bruns’s formula and the boundary condition of physical geodesy),
which is now derived. Although the result formally differs from that of Flury and Rummel, we show that the two formulas agree
to the centimetre level all over the Earth. We also discuss the practical computation of the topographic correction. 相似文献
15.
The celestial mechanics approach: theoretical foundations 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Gravity field determination using the measurements of Global Positioning receivers onboard low Earth orbiters and inter-satellite
measurements in a constellation of satellites is a generalized orbit determination problem involving all satellites of the
constellation. The celestial mechanics approach (CMA) is comprehensive in the sense that it encompasses many different methods
currently in use, in particular so-called short-arc methods, reduced-dynamic methods, and pure dynamic methods. The method
is very flexible because the actual solution type may be selected just prior to the combination of the satellite-, arc- and
technique-specific normal equation systems. It is thus possible to generate ensembles of substantially different solutions—essentially
at the cost of generating one particular solution. The article outlines the general aspects of orbit and gravity field determination.
Then the focus is put on the particularities of the CMA, in particular on the way to use accelerometer data and the statistical
information associated with it. 相似文献
16.
Cédric H David David J Gochis David R Maidment Wei Yu David N Yates Zong-Liang Yang 《Transactions in GIS》2009,13(4):363-377
The National Elevation, Hydrography and Land Cover datasets of the United States have been synthesized into a geospatial dataset called NHDPlus which is referenced to a spheroidal Earth, provides geospatial data layers for topography on 30 m rasters, and has vector coverages for catchments and river reaches. In this article, we examine the integration of NHDPlus with the Noah-distributed model. In order to retain compatibility with atmospheric models, Noah-distributed utilizes surface domain fields referenced to a spherical rather than spheroidal Earth in its computation of vertical land surface/atmosphere water and energy budgets (at coarse resolution) as well as horizontal cell-to-cell water routing across the land surface and through the shallow subsurface (at fine resolution). Two data-centric issues affecting the linkage between Noah-distributed and NHDPlus are examined: (1) the shape of the Earth; and (2) the linking of gridded landscape with a vector representation of the stream and river network. At mid-latitudes the errors due to projections between spherical and spheroidal representations of the Earth are significant. A catchment-based "pour point" technique is developed to link the raster and vector data to provide lateral inflow from the landscape to a one-dimensional river model. We conclude that, when Noah-distributed is run uncoupled to an atmospheric model, it is advantageous to implement Noah-distributed at the native spatial scale of the digital elevation data and the spheroidal Earth of the NHDPlus dataset rather than transforming the NHDPlus dataset to fit the coarser resolution and spherical Earth shape of the Noah-distributed model. 相似文献
17.
Reducing Influence of Gravity Model Error in Precise Orbit Determination of Low Earth Orbit Satellites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
GUO Jinlai HU Min ZHAO Qile GUO Daoyu 《地球空间信息科学学报》2007,10(2):105-110
Based on the orbit integration and orbit fitting method, the influence of the characters of the gravity model, with different precisions, on the movement of low Earth orbit satellites was studied. The way and the effect of absorbing the influence of gravity model error on CHAMP and GRACE satellite orbits, using linear and periodical empirical acceleration models and the so-called "pseudo-stochastic pulses" model, were also analyzed. 相似文献
18.
A synthetic Earth Gravity Model Designed Specifically for Testing Regional Gravimetric Geoid Determination Algorithms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
I. Baran M. Kuhn S. J. Claessens W. E. Featherstone S. A. Holmes P. Vaníček 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(1):1-16
A synthetic [simulated] Earth gravity model (SEGM) of the geoid, gravity and topography has been constructed over Australia specifically for validating regional gravimetric geoid determination theories, techniques and computer software. This regional high-resolution (1-arc-min by 1-arc-min) Australian SEGM (AusSEGM) is a combined source and effect model. The long-wavelength effect part (up to and including spherical harmonic degree and order 360) is taken from an assumed errorless EGM96 global geopotential model. Using forward modelling via numerical Newtonian integration, the short-wavelength source part is computed from a high-resolution (3-arc-sec by 3-arc-sec) synthetic digital elevation model (SDEM), which is a fractal surface based on the GLOBE v1 DEM. All topographic masses are modelled with a constant mass-density of 2,670 kg/m3. Based on these input data, gravity values on the synthetic topography (on a grid and at arbitrarily distributed discrete points) and consistent geoidal heights at regular 1-arc-min geographical grid nodes have been computed. The precision of the synthetic gravity and geoid data (after a first iteration) is estimated to be better than 30 μ Gal and 3 mm, respectively, which reduces to 1 μ Gal and 1 mm after a second iteration. The second iteration accounts for the changes in the geoid due to the superposed synthetic topographic mass distribution. The first iteration of AusSEGM is compared with Australian gravity and GPS-levelling data to verify that it gives a realistic representation of the Earth’s gravity field. As a by-product of this comparison, AusSEGM gives further evidence of the north–south-trending error in the Australian Height Datum. The freely available AusSEGM-derived gravity and SDEM data, included as Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) with this paper, can be used to compute a geoid model that, if correct, will agree to in 3 mm with the AusSEGM geoidal heights, thus offering independent verification of theories and numerical techniques used for regional geoid modelling.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-005-0002-z 相似文献
19.
20.
Recent research in the department has involved determining the value of lunar observations in the determination of geodetic
and selenodetic control.
A fundamental consideration in the research is the determination of the orientation of the Earth in the celestial coordinate
system. Classical reductions for precession and nutation can be expected to be consistent with the present day observations,
however, corrections to the classical theory are difficult to model due to the large number of coefficients involved. Consequently,
a portion of the research has been devoted to numerically integrating the Eulerian equations of motion for a rigid Earth and
considering the six initial conditions of the integration as unknowns.
Comparison of the three adjusted Eulerian angles from the numerical integration over 1000 daysindicates agreement with classical theory to within 0.003 seconds ofarc.
This work was performed under NASA Contract No. NAS 9-13093.
Presented at the International Symposium on Computational Methods in Geometrical Geodesy, Oxford, September 2–8, 1973. 相似文献