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Studies in the past have tried to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of granular materials by proposing constitutive relations based on a common assumption that model parameters and parameters describing the properties, including gradation of individual grains are inevitably linked. However successful these models have proved to be, they cannot account for the changes in granular assembly behaviour if the grains start to break during mechanical loading. This paper proposes to analyse the relation between grading change and the mechanical behaviour of granular assembly. A way to model the influence of grain breakage is to use a critical state‐based model. The influence of the amount of grain breakage during loading, depending on the individual grain strength and size distribution, can be introduced into constitutive relations by means of a new parameter that controls the evolution of critical state with changes in grain size distribution. Experimental data from a calcareous sand, a quartz sand, and a rockfill material were compared with numerical results and good‐quality simulations were obtained. The main consequences of grain breakage are increased compressibility and a gradual dilatancy disappearance in the granular material. The critical state concept is also enriched by considering its overall relation to the evolution of the granular material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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高温高压条件下实验变形石英闪长岩微观结构与熔体特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以高温高压条件下石英闪长岩流变实验样品为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜进行微观结构观察,研究了样品在实验温度压力条件下的变形机制与斜长石结构对流变强度的影响;通过透射电镜能谱与电子探针,分析了熔体分布和成分特征,讨论了角闪石脱水熔融的影响因素与脱水熔融对岩石流变的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,岩石从脆塑性过渡域逐渐向高温位错攀移和动态重结晶为主的塑性域转化。在高温条件下,角闪石出现了脱水与部分熔融,脱水熔融的熔体分布和成分体现出非均匀与非平衡熔融的特点,空间分布上,熔体主要出现在角闪石和黑云母矿物颗粒的边缘以及角闪石和长石颗粒之间的区域内;成分分布上,熔体的成分与参与熔融的矿物成分密切相关。角闪石边缘的熔体和黑云母边缘的熔体具有低硅铝、高铁镁特征,斜长石边缘的熔体具有高硅铝、低铁镁的特征,处于角闪石和斜长石颗粒中间的熔体,其成分间于斜长石与角闪石成分之间。实验中出现的非平衡非均匀部分熔融可以解释混合岩中的浅色体与暗色体的成因,富硅熔体可以形成富硅铝的花岗质岩石,而贫硅富铁镁的熔体可以形成基性岩。角闪石的脱水熔融程度依赖于样品的封闭条件,处于封闭环境的样品,角闪石不易脱水熔融,而处于开放环境时,角闪石脱水熔融显著。拆离断层带及其附近具备这样的开放环境,有利于角闪石发生脱水熔融。实验力学数据和微观结构显示,随机分布的斜长石对岩石强度影响并不明显,但斜长石的长轴方向与最大主应力方向呈大角度相交(近90°)会显著强化岩石的强度,这意味着岩石组构与主应力方向大角度相交或呈垂直方向时,不利于岩石变形和拆离断层的形成,反之,均匀岩石或岩石组构与最大主应力方向小角度相交,有利于岩石的变形,容易发育拆离断层。 相似文献
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U. Ring 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1998,86(4):786-801
This study explores the state of finite strain and changes in the mean kinematic vorticity number, grain size, whole-rock chemistry and mineralogy across an upper amphibolite-facies shear zone in a metadiorite, northern Malawi, east-central Africa. P–T conditions during shear-zone formation and deformation were approximately 700–750?°C and 5–7?kbar and are slightly less than P–T conditions for the regional peak of metamorphism. The major rock-forming minerals, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, and quartz, were deformed by crystal-plastic processes accompanied by, except for hornblende, dynamic recrystallization. The modal abundance of all four major rock-forming minerals shows no systematic change from the country rock into and across the shear zone, indicating that shear-zone development was not associated with retrograde mineral reactions. The grain size of the major rock-forming minerals decreases within the shear zone. Plagioclase and hornblende, which occur as porphyroblasts outside the shear zone, exhibit a bimodal grain-size distribution within the shear zone. Quartz has a unimodal grain-size distribution in the shear zone. Major and trace element chemistry does not change systematically across the shear zone, implying no volume change in the mylonite. Matrix strain data for plagioclase and hornblende by the Fry method and fabric strain as deduced from Rf/φ analysis of plagioclase and quartz grains demonstrate a slightly constrictional strain type (K≈1.5) across the shear zone. The quantitative finite-strain data for the different residual minerals as obtained by unlike methods show no systematic variation, but recrystallized plagioclase grains record higher strain than the residual grains. The mean kinematic vorticity number changes from approximately 0.3 outside to approximately 0.8 within the shear zone, indicating that the bulk deformation path deviated from progressive simple shear. The estimates for finite strain and the degree of noncoaxiality account for approximately 50% of thinning normal to the shear zone. 相似文献
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岩石磨蚀性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩石磨蚀性的试验研究在探矿工程以及其它采掘工程中都具有重要的意义。 本文详细地叙述了一种测定岩石磨蚀性的方法。作者利用钻铣磨床改装而成的装置,在规定的条件下（轴压力15kgf,转速400r/min,时间10min）,测定了25种岩石的磨蚀性指标;同时,还测定了在这些岩石中一字形钎头的磨次进尺、岩石的石英含量及粒度、岩石的压入硬度;并借助微机进行了数据处理与回归分析,对它们之间的相关性进行了评价。 实验与分析结果表明:利用简单易行的仪器来模拟工具在破碎岩石的过程中受到磨损的实质,在规定的条件下,测量标准物的磨损量,在数值上表征岩石的磨蚀性的方法是可行的;一字形钎头的磨次进尺是由岩石的磨蚀性和压入硬度共同决定的;影响岩石磨蚀性的主要因素是岩石的石英含量及粒度,岩石的压入硬度。 相似文献
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Hongyuan Liu Per‐Arne Lindqvist Urban Åkesson Shaoquan Kou Jan‐Eric Lindqvist 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(10):1280-1302
Realistic texture‐based modelling methods, that is microstructural modelling and micromechanical modelling, are developed to simulate the rock aggregate breakage properties on the basis of the rock actual microstructure obtained using microscopic observations and image analysis. The breakage properties of three types of rocks, that is Avja, LEP and Vandle taken from three quarries in Sweden, in single aggregate breakage tests and in inter‐aggregate breakage tests are then modelled using the proposed methods. The microstructural modelling directly integrates the microscopic observation, image analysis and numerical simulation together and provides a valuable tool to investigate the mechanical properties of rock aggregates on the basis of their microstructure properties. The micromechanical modelling takes the most important microstructure properties of rock aggregates into consideration and can model the major mechanical properties. Throughout this study, it is concluded that in general, the microstructure properties of rock aggregate work together to affect their mechanical properties, and it is difficult to correlate a single microstructure property with the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. In particular, for the three types of rock Avja, LEP and Vandle in this study, crack size distribution, grain size and grain perimeter (i.e. grain shape and spatial arrangement) show good correlations with the mechanical properties. The crack length and the grain size negatively affect the mechanical properties of Avja, LEP and Vandle, but the perimeter positively influences the mechanical properties. Besides, the modelled rock aggregate breakage properties in both single aggregate and inter‐aggregate tests reveal that the aggregate microstructure, aggregate shape and loading conditions influence the breakage process of rock aggregate in service. For the rock aggregate with the same microstructure, the quadratic shape and good packing dramatically improve its mechanical properties. During services, the aggregate is easiest to be fragmented under point‐to‐point loading condition, and then in the sequence of multiple‐point, point‐to‐plane and plane‐to‐plane loading conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Modal changes in both gravel and sands occur because of unequal durability of some clastic materials to abrasion. Selective abrasion causes an elimination of undurable materials and a complimentary enrichment of competent components. The fluviatile Oligocene Noda Group, northeast Japan, consists of two formations that include both the competent and undurable clastics. Modal analyses of rhyolite‐ or chert‐rich sediments in both formations show that the amount of pebble‐ and granule‐size chert detritus is nearly constant, but the sand‐size chert fragments remarkably decrease with the decreasing grain size. The amount of rhyolite pebbles and the sands, however, is nearly unchangeable despite the variable clast size. Results of our study reveal that we need careful thoughts for a restricted size of sediments and the mode of fine‐grained detritus that include undurable chert sands tends to significantly underestimate the outcrop area of chert bedrocks in the provenance. 相似文献
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“明显的粒径分级”是超高台阶排土场的重要特征,而散体岩土块度分布及其抗剪强度参数是影响超高台阶排土场稳定性和灾害防治的两个关键因素。针对江西某铜矿排土场,开展了现场粒径调查和散体室内试验研究,探讨了排土场散体岩土块度随排土场高度变化的分布规律,分析了散体岩土块度分布参数与其物料抗剪强度参数的定量关系式。研究结果表明,平均粒径 、粗料含量P>5 mm和最大粒径是随排土场高度的增加而明显减小,这表明排土场的堆积散体具有“明显的粒径分级”现象;“Gandin-Schuhmann模型”拟合的分布参数与排土场高度呈递减函数;分布参数B越大,粒度组成中粗颗粒含量越多,剪切强度参数内摩擦角φ值越大,且分布参数B与内摩擦角φ呈指数函数关系。研究成果可为超高台阶排土场稳定性分析及灾害防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
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The influence of foliation on the fragility of granitic rocks, image analysis and quantitative microscopy 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Urban kesson Jimmy Stigh Jan Erik Lindqvist Mattias G ransson 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):275-288
Fabric-dependent anisotropy is important in understanding the mechanical behaviour of foliated rocks because the foliation creates mechanically weak discontinuities. Using optical microscopy, a foliation index (FIX) was calculated for a group of granitic rocks in southern Sweden that displays a range of textures from foliated to nonfoliated. Image analysis from scanning electron microscope with backscattered detector (SEM/BSE) images was used in order to measure the rock texture of these samples. The analyses were compared with the Los Angeles (LA) test, which measures resistance of rock aggregate to fragmentation. The results demonstrate that the measured grain size, shape and spatial arrangement are important parameters controlling the fragility of the rock. Both the texture and foliation must be taken into account to obtain a significant relationship with the mechanical analyses. We suggest that this alternative method could be a helpful tool for predicting a rock's suitability as an aggregate as it gives a better understanding of the material properties compared to mechanical testing. 相似文献
10.
Richard P&#x;ikryl 《Engineering Geology》2006,87(3-4):149-162
Rock microfabrics were quantified by image measurement system (petrographic image analysis) of thin sections. Along with common measured parameters (grain area and size, length of major and minor axes and their orientation), some quantitative parameters (aspect ratio, grain boundary smoothness) and fabric coefficients (micropetrographic quality index (K), “texture” coefficient (TC), indexes of interlocking (t) and grain size homogeneity (g)) were determined. The reliability of these parameters for the evaluation of geomechanical properties was tested on the set of granitic rocks showing pronounced variability in rock mechanical properties. None of the tested rock fabric coefficients or parameters proved a close correlation to rock mechanical properties except grain size. Based on experimental findings, the grain size is, along with porosity, the controlling factor of rock mechanical properties of genetically and mineralogically similar rocks. Obliteration of the real effects of rock fabric parameters on the mechanical properties of rocks by application of complex fabric coefficients disables their practical use in petrography applied to geomechanics. 相似文献
11.
Fast shear behavior of granular materials in ring-shear tests and implications for rapid landslides 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The high mobility of rapid landslides is one of the most important subjects of both theoretical and practical interest to engineers and scientists. The idea that ultralow resistance could explain the high mobility inspires researchers to examine the shear behavior of granular materials under a wide range of conditions, but the response of granular materials to fast loading rates is largely unknown. The motivation for this study was to examine several fundamental issues of particle properties and mechanical conditions on the fast shear behavior of granular materials. Two granular materials were studied in the oven-dried state and were sheared by employing a ring-shear apparatus. Results indicated that angular particles (silica sand) had higher shear strength parameters than spherical particles (glass beads). In addition, the dilative process was observed during shearing, which depended on normal stress and particle shape. A slightly negative shear-rate effect on shear strength was observed for both granular materials under a certain range of shear rates. Furthermore, cumulative shear displacement had a significant effect on the degree of particle crushing. Fast ring-shear tests also revealed that shear rate had a slightly negative effect on particle crushing. Based on these experimental results, the possible applications of dynamic grain fragmentation theory to assess the high mobility of rapid landsliding phenomena were discussed. It was indicated that the magnitude and release rate of elastic strain energy generated by grain fragmentation played important roles on the dynamic process of landslide mobility. 相似文献
12.
Aeolian abrasion and modes of fine particle production from natural red dune sands: an experimental study 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A series of experiments was conducted to determine the potential for aeolian abrasion of natural dune sands to produce fine particles (< 125 µm) by (1) the release of resident fines; (2) spalling, chipping and breakage of particles; and (3) the removal of grain surface coatings. Parent samples were obtained from the surfaces of four active continental dunes and abraded using a glass ‘test tube’ chamber for up to 120 h. The fine particles produced by this abrasion process were trapped at varying time intervals and subject to detailed particle‐size analyses using a Coulter Multisizer. The abrasion of untreated parent samples produced fine particles in one of two main size classes, < 10 µm and > 50 µm, but when the parent sample was sieved to exclude particles < 250 µm, relatively more material in the range 10–50 µm was produced. For unsieved parent samples, the size range associated with the dominant mode varied according to the length of the abrasion time. The coarsest mode (> 63 µm) was dominant during the first 16 h of abrasion, then became less significant and is thought to be associated with the release of resident fines into suspension. The finest mode (< 10 µm) was absent or very weak during the first 16 h of abrasion, then became more significant and, in some instances, dominated the distribution as abrasion continued. Removal of grain surface coatings is the main source of fine material < 10 µm, and this may be a significant source of fine material in areas where sands are dominated by subrounded and rounded particles. By comparison with previous studies of aeolian particle abrasion, these natural dune sands produced very low quantities of fine material (by weight), but their spatial extent makes them potentially a significant source of dust‐sized particles at the global scale. 相似文献
13.
粉石英在微孔硅酸钙保温材料中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
余志伟 《华东地质学院学报》1997,20(3):233-244
本文介绍了一种新的优质硅质原料－－粉石英，着重探讨了它的矿物组成、粒度分布、物化性质及其合成硅酸钙的试验。试验结果表明，粉石英与石在高温、高压和搅拌的条件下，可以合成硅硅钙石型优质微孔硅酸钙制品。为微孔硅酸钙行业开发了一种新的质优、价廉的硅质原料。 相似文献
14.
The climatic processes of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing affect the disintegration characteristics of clay-bearing rocks (shales, claystones, mudstones, and siltstones) to varying degrees. Although heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing are known to be the main processes responsible for physical disintegration of rocks under natural conditions, most of the previous investigators have used methods based only on water content variations (e.g., jar slake, slake index, and slake durability index tests) to assess the disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Such assessments may not be adequate to explain the field behaviour of clay-bearing rocks subjected to a full range of climatic processes. In order to evaluate the combined effects as well as relative contributions of various climatic processes on the disintegration behaviour, samples of selected clay-bearing rocks, consisting of 5–6 particles, each weighing 85–150 g, were subjected to multiple cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing. These treatments resulted in fragmentation of samples with fragments ranging from 50 to 2 mm and finer in dimensions. A new approach, referred to as the disintegration ratio, and defined as the area under the grain size distribution curve of the disintegrated material to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the samples, was used to account for fragmentation into varying sizes. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between fragmentation, mineralogical composition, and physical properties. 相似文献
15.
J.V. Lisboa J.M.F. Carvalho A. Oliveira C. Carvalho J. Grade 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2007,29(5-6):593-603
The newly independent country of Timor Leste is located in the eastern half of Timor Island (Indonesian archipelago). Geological studies of the country’s mineral resources and extractive activities are practically non-existent. There is evidence of the exploitation of ceramic raw materials at outcrop level and two small brick kilns, nowadays inactive, in the Dili and Aileu areas. Near Aileu, there are light-coloured silt-rich deposits, interpreted as overbank deposits, interbedded with ancient river terraces (post-Pliocene) overlying metamorphic bedrock. These sediments are the subject of this study, which encompassed geological mapping and preliminary characterisation. Tectonically, the area is a graben, preserving alluvium and colluvium deposits. Five channel samples representative of the silt-rich deposits were collected. Semi-quantitative mineralogical analysis shows that the samples are made of illite, quartz and kaolinite clays, with accessory illite/vermiculite interstratified minerals and K-feldspar. The chemical data show agreement with the estimated mineralogical composition. The grain size distribution points to a silt-dominated assemblage. Most samples have a satisfactory extrudability but deficient moulding properties. After firing, the sampled raw materials form a final product with possible ceramic capability for whiteware production. 相似文献
16.
高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。 相似文献
17.
相似模型试验是研究煤岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的重要手段之一,试验结论的有效性依靠相似材料的正确选材和配比。为开展水力压裂模拟试验,根据目标煤层原煤的力学性能,采用正交设计方法开展了相似材料配比试验,研制出适用于水力压裂试验的相似材料模型。其中,以水泥、石膏作为胶结剂,全粒径煤粉为骨料,通过大量室内试验,重点对相似材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、坚固性系数进行测定,对比分析原煤和相似材料强度特性,系统研究不同配比对相似材料参数的影响。结果表明:根据相似材料配比方案得出的相似材料力学性能能够满足煤岩相似模型试验的要求。研究结果可为水力压裂模拟试验中相似材料的选择及配比提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
18.
The quality of aggregate used as buildings materials is defined by European Standard test methods. According to the agreement
within the European Economic Area, each individual country decides test methods of current interest. Among the Nordic countries,
the Los Angeles-, micro-Deval- and the Nordic test are the most common methods used to decide the mechanical properties of
the aggregate. The three test methods are all drum test where the degradation of the material occur by rotation between the
test material and steel balls together with, or without water. The mechanical test methods are empirical and are believed
to express either resistance to fragmentation or wearing. The results of this study show that analysing the particle size
distribution of a material after the drum testing give indication of which type and degree of degradation the test material
is exposed to. Knowledge of the type of degradation for the test methods is important compared to the understanding of the
real breakdown of the aggregate for instance used in road construction. 相似文献
19.
Manuela Cecconi Antonio DeSimone Claudio Tamagnini Giulia M.B. Viggiani 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2002,26(15):1531-1560
A constitutive model for granular materials is developed within the framework of strain–hardening elastoplasticity, aiming at describing some of the macroscopic effects of the degradation processes associated with grain crushing. The central assumption of the paper is that, upon loading, the frictional properties of the material are modified as a consequence of the changes in grain size distribution. The effects of these irreversible microscopic processes are described macroscopically as accumulated plastic strain. Plastic strain drives the evolution of internal variables which model phenomenologically the changes of mechanical properties induced by grain crushing by controlling the geometry of the yield locus and the direction of plastic flow. An application of the model to Pozzolana Nera is presented. The stress–dilatancy relationship observed for this material is used as a guidance for the formulation of hardening laws. One of the salient features of the proposed model is its capability of reproducing the stress–dilatancy behaviour observed in Pozzolana Nera, for which the minimum value of dilatancy always follows the maximum stress ratio experienced by the material. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
岩石在细观尺度上是由矿物颗粒胶结而成,除细观结构的力学特性外,其几何特征（颗粒界面网络结构和颗粒粒度分布）也对宏观断裂能具有一定的影响。为了探索这种几何特征与大理岩断裂能之间的相关性,从而进一步揭示岩石细观断裂机制,首先通过三点弯曲试验测定大理岩的断裂能,然后在试验后的三点弯试件断口处取岩石切片,进行电镜（SEM）扫描以获取岩石细观结构图像。利用图像处理技术获取岩石细观颗粒的界面网络图。通过对颗粒界面网络图分析,发现颗粒界面网络拓扑结构与颗粒粒度分布具有较强的分形特征。将二者分形维数与试件宏观断裂能相对比,发现它们之间具有很强的相关性。界面网络分形维数与宏观断裂能具有很强的二次相关性,而粒度分布维数与宏观断裂能之间具有较强的线性相关性。宏观断裂能随着两种分形维数的增大而增大。该研究结果揭示了宏观断裂能与岩石细观结构几何特征的相关性,加深了对宏观断裂能细观机制的理解。 相似文献