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1.
Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Ganges- Brahmaputra-Meghna river system in the Bengal basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (G-B-M) drainage basin occupies the total Bengal Basin, which is one of the unique basins
of the world because of its location and size, density of population, and catastrophic deposition of sediments. The increased
heavy metal concentration in the 63 m fraction of surface sediments shows similarity among major segments of the G-B-M system
in the basin, which reflects the homogenization of lithologic and chemical diversity of the greater denudation regime by the
river processes. The differences in heavy metal concentation in the lower G-B-M system with that of its upper and middle counterpart
is mainly related to the contrast between Himalayan rivers and the other major South Asian rivers, and may be due to the geological
differences of their denudation regime. Heavy metals in the Lower G-B-M system have an affinity towards the clay fraction
of the sediments. The correlation matix of heavy metals in the lower Brahmaputra and Meghna suggests the importance of Fe-Mn
oxyhydroxides in their accumulations. Iron, Ti and Mn are higher in the Meghna main channel, Zn is higher in the Meghna tributaries,
and Cr is higher in both the Brahmaputra and Meghna compared to the value for standard shale. The enrichment factor is ≤1
for most of the metals except Mn which is relatively higher in the Meghna and lower Ganges main channels. The geoaccumulation
index (Igeo) for most of the heavy metals lies below grade zero, suggesting unpolluted sediment quality. The lower Ganges system shows
relatively higher concentration in the nondetrital fraction of heavy metals, probably due to the presence of petroleum refinery,
industrial and mining effluents, and agricultural runoff in the drainage basin. The relative uniformity in concentration of
heavy metals in vertical profiles may be due to the uniformity in sediment grain size and catastrophic deposition of sediments,
where the time period represented by the vertical sediment column is not enough to reflect the cultural accumulation of heavy
metals. The Bengal basin thus represents a relatively unperturbed alluvial basin with regards to heavy metal pollution.
Received: 21 July 1997 · Accepted: 13 October 1997 相似文献
2.
Suspended and bed sediments collected from the entire region of the Godavari River basin were analyzed for Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. There are pronounced temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal distributions. The concentrations of heavy metals in the suspended sediments are significantly higher than the bed sediments.Throughout the basin heavy metals are enriched in the finer fractions (<2 µm) of the bed sediments. The average heavymetal composition of the sediments is higher when compared to the average Indian river sediments. Heavy-metal concentration in the two shallow cores collected shows, to some extent, the influence of urbanization. When compared to the other tropical Indian rivers such as the Krishna, the Godavari appears to be a significant contributor of heavy metals to the Bay of Bengal. Considering the enormous sediment load of the Godavari River—170 million tons/yr, the heavy metal fluxes to the Bay of Bengal is very significant. Except for the Pranhita, other tributaries of the Godavari do not contribute significant loads of heavy metals. All the metals show high correlation among themselves and the correlation is more pronounced in suspended sediments than in the bed sediments. The heavy-metal distribution, fractionation, and its relationship with total suspended sediments and depth in various parts of the basin are discussed in detail. 相似文献
3.
M. Saeedi Sh. Daneshvar A. R. Karbassi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2004,1(2):135-140
Riverine sediments and suspended matters have been subjected to several bench scale tests for the evaluation of adsorption potential of heavy metals. For this purpose water, sediment and suspended particulate matters of Tadjan River (southern part of the Caspian Sea) were collected. In the vicinity of the river many polluting sources were recognized; for instance, pulp and paper mill, dairy factory and municipal sewage that can introduce various amounts of heavy metals into the river water. Bottom sediments and suspended particulate matters have been individually subjected to adsorption tests. The results of analysis showed that riverine bottom sediments have greater potential for adsorbing heavy metals than suspended matters. However the trend of adsorption in both sediments and suspended matters are similar. Maximum adsorption capacity of heavy metals (in terms of mg of metal per kg of sediments and suspended matters) by sediments and suspended matters are as: Sediments: Cu (2200)> Mn (2000)> Ni (1400)> Zn (320) Suspended matters: Cu (2100)> Ni (1500)> Mn (1200)> Zn (310) Further, results revealed that increasing concentration of metals would cause desorbing Cadmium from both sediments and suspended matters. 相似文献
4.
As evidenced by catastrophic cadmium and mercury poisonings in japan, heavy metals belong to the most toxic environmental pollutants. Through the investigation of sediments, the extent, distribution and provenance of heavy metal contamination in rivers and lakes can be determined and traced. Eight heavy metals from the clay fraction of sediments from major rivers within the Federal Republic of Germany were determined by means of atomic adsorption spectrometry. Heavy metals especially known for their high toxicity are enriched most: mercury, lead and zinc by a factor of 10; cadmium by a factor of 50, as compared with the natural background of these elements. A mobilisation of heavy metals from the suspended load and from the sediments, as to be observed in rivers approaching the marine enviromment, could endanger marine organisms, thus negatively influencing the acquatic food chain. With a further increase of heavy metal pollution, a threat to the drinking water supplied by rivers and lakes cannot be excluded. 相似文献
5.
《Chemical Geology》2002,182(2-4):377-394
Bulk heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd), Al, organic carbon and carbonate concentrations, grain sizes, and δC13 of the organic carbon distributions were studied in sediments collected throughout the East China Sea continental shelf and the Yangtze River Delta. The results demonstrated that terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River is a dominating factor controlling the spatial variations of heavy metals and organic carbon concentrations on the East China Sea continental shelf. In addition, grain size and recent anthropogenic influences are also major factors modifying the spatial and vertical variations of heavy metals.Large spatial variations with a band type distribution of heavy metals, grain size, organic carbon and carbonate were observed. Higher concentrations of heavy metal and light δC13 of the organic carbon were found primarily in the Deltaic and inner shelf sediments. The band type distribution generally followed the coastline with little variations in the north–south direction. Away from the Delta and inner shelf (west–east direction), most heavy metal concentrations decreased rapidly with the exception of Cd where high concentrations of Cd were also found in the carbonate-rich shelf break sediments. Coarse-grained relict sediments and biogenic carbonate are two primary diluting agents for the fine-grained aluminosilicate sediments from the Yangtze River with high concentrations of heavy metals.Unusually high concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd showed both spatially and vertically that more pollution prevention measures are needed in the Yangtze River drainage basin in order to prevent further heavy metal pollution of the East China Sea inner continental shelf. 相似文献
6.
水和悬浮物是河流重金属元素迁移的主要载体.对嫩江中下游悬浮物及滤后水重金属元素分布特征进行了较系统的研究,结果表明：丰水期是嫩江流域内悬浮物迁移的主要季节,支流的汇入会影响嫩江干流悬浮物浓度,大安市生产生活对水体悬浮物浓度产生明显影响;齐齐哈尔市的生产生活对嫩江水体悬浮物重金属含量影响不大,而对水中Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn元素产生明显影响;雅鲁河是向嫩江输入重金属Cr、Ni最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为1223、100．46 t;阿伦河是向嫩江输入重金属Cd、Cu、Pb最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为0．08、10．93、9．96 t;嫩江向松花江年输入重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni通量分别为113．7、0．32、0．79、438、164、152、440、224 t. 相似文献
7.
鸭绿江河口及近岸地区沉积物中重金属分布的影响因素分析 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
对鸭绿江河口不同地区沉积物中重金属分布特征和埋藏通量的垂向变化进行了分析;探讨了其独特的动力环境等因素对重金属分布的影响;评价了鸭绿江河口地区重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险程度.结果显示,自1920年代到2000年以来,除了Cu的含量和埋藏通量逐年减小之外,Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Hg的浓度和埋藏通量具有逐渐增加的趋势;鸭绿江河口地区重金属总体污染程度为重到严重,其中西水道沉积物的重金属总体污染程度和总潜在生态风险程度均最高,重金属污染已经对鸭绿江河口地区的生态环境构成了严重的危害;粒度控制效应不是鸭绿江河口地区重金属分布的最主要影响因素;Cu和其他几种重金属有着不同的来源;最大浑浊带独特的动力机制是造成中水道重金属(除Cu外)的高值分布区和最大浑浊带内的高悬沙浓度分布区相对应的最主要原因. 相似文献
8.
南海湖沉积物重金属形态分布及其对水质影响的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对包头市南海湖沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的形态、AVS和SEM、上覆水、上覆过滤水及沉积物间隙水重金属的系统分析，结合南海湖为黄河新成牛轭湖的特点，与黄河进行了对比，研究了重金属在固、液两相间的迁移转化规律，结果表明南海湖与黄河沉积物中重金属的残渣态非常接近，反映了沉积的同源性，Pb和Cd次生相则明显在南海湖发生富集，上覆水中重金属81.0%以上均结合在悬浮物上，南海湖水质长期Cu超标的现象是由沉积物的释放造成的，研究证明间隙水为重金属向上覆水迁移起到桥梁通道作用；有机络合物的络合作用超过AVS的沉淀作用，是导致Cu向水相扩散迁移的主导因子。 相似文献
9.
Partitioning of heavy metals in surface Black Sea sediments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bulk heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) distributions and their chemical partitioning, together with TOC and carbonate data, were studied in oxic to anoxic surface sediments (0–2 cm) obtained at 18 stations throughout the Black Sea. TOC and carbonate contents, and available hydrographic data, indicate biogenic organic matter produced in shallower waters is transported and buried in the deeper waters of the Black Sea. Bulk metal concentrations measured in the sediments can be related to their geochemical cycles and the geology of the surrounding Black Sea region. Somewhat high Cr and Ni contents in the sediments are interpreted to reflect, in part, the weathering of basic-ultrabasic rocks on the Turkish mainland. Maximum carbonate-free levels of Mn (4347 ppm), Ni (355 ppm) and Co (64 ppm) obtained for sediment from the shallow-water station (102 m) probably result from redox cycling at the socalled ‘Mn pump zone’ where scavenging-precipitation processes of Mn prevail. Chemical partitioning of the heavy metals revealed that Cu, Cr and Fe seem to be significantly bound to the detrital phases whereas carbonate phases tend to hold considerable amounts of Mn and Pb. The sequential extraction procedures used in this study also show that the metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb associated with the ‘oxidizable phases’ are in far greater concentrations than the occurrences of these metals with detrital and carbonate phases. These results are in good agreement with the recent studies on suspended matter and thermodynamic calculations which have revealed that organic compounds and sulfides are the major metal carriers in the anoxic Black Sea basin, whereas Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides can also be important phases of other metals, especially at oxic sites. This study shows that, if used with a suitable combination of the various sequential extraction techniques, metal partitioning can provide important information on the varying geological sources and modes of occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in sediments, as well as, on the physical and chemical conditions prevailing in an anoxic marine environment. 相似文献
10.
The island city of Bombay is surrounded by Thane creek in the east and Ulhas river on the north. These two aquatic regimes act as receptacles of industrial waste and sewage discharges from the city and also lithogenic fluxes from the adjacent basaltic terrain.
Two consecutive sets of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon samples of water, suspended solids and sediments were collected from the intertidal zone of Thane Creek and along the Ulhas River. These were analysed for toxic heavy metals such as Fe. Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg and Cd and the degree of metal contamination was determined. Using this data the pattern and mechanism of distribution of heavy metals in water, suspended solids and sediments were investigated. These are closely related to discharges of industrial effluents and domestic sewage and largely controlled by basic geochemical processes. 相似文献
11.
The Tinto and Odiel rivers drain 100 km from the Rio Tinto sulphide mining district, and join at a 20-km long estuary entering the Atlantic Ocean. A reconnaissance study of heavy metal anomalies in channel sand and overbank mud of the river and estuary by semi-quantitative emission dc-arc spectrographic analysis shows the following upstream to downstream ranges in ppm (μg g?1): As 3,000 to <200, Cd 30 to <0.1, Cu 1,500 to 10, Pb 2,000 to <10, Sb 3000 to <150, and Zn 3,000 to <200. Organic-rich (1.3–2.6% total organic carbon, TOC), sandysilty overbank clay has been analyzed to represent suspended load materials. The high content of heavy metals in the overbank clay throughout the river and estuary systems indicates the importance of suspended sediment transport for dispersing heavy metals from natural erosion and anthropogenic mining activities of the sulfide deposit. The organic-poor (0.21–0.37% TOC) river bed sand has been analyzed to represent bedload transport of naturally-occurring sulfide minerals. The sand has high concentrations of metals upstream but these decrease an order of magnitude in the lower estuary. Although heavy metal contamination of estuary mouth beach sand has been diluted to background levels estuary mud exhibits increased contamination apparently related to finer grain size, higher organic carbon content, precipitation of river-borne dissolved solids, and input of anthropogenic heavy metals from industrial sources. The contaminated estuary mud disperses to the inner shelf mud belt and offshore suspended sediment, which exhibit metal anomalies from natural erosion and mining of upstream Rio Tinto sulphide lode sources (Pb, Cu, Zn) and industrial activities within the estuary (Fe, Cr, Ti). Because heavy metal contamination of Tinto-Odiel river sediment reaches or exceeds the highest levels encountered in other river sediments of Spain and Europe, a detailed analysis of metals in water and suspended sediment throughout the system, and epidemiological analysis of heavy metal effects in humans is appropriate. 相似文献
12.
Dariusz Ciszewski 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(1-2):45-54
An evaluation of the influence of channel processes (erosion, accumulation, processing of channel sediments) on the dispersal
of heavy metals in bottom sediments was carried out in the channels of the Sztoła and Biała Przemsza rivers in Upper Silesia,
Poland. These rivers receive waters from a Zn and Pb mine. Mine waters transport a large amount of fine-grained sediments
contaminated with heavy metals. The polluted material is accumulated in these stream courses and mixed with nearly homogeneous
sandy sediment derived from erosion of the river banks and bed. Because these alluvia are easily set in motion, the distribution
of heavy metal concentration in the channel in fraction <1 mm reflects differences in physical processes of sedimentation
in its cross-section. The minimal values in active channel and maximal in the near-bank zone are typical for those channel
sections where heavy metals, present in a solid state, are transported as a suspended load (normally the largest part of a
polluted river course). In short sections heavy metals associated with the grains of a large mass which has accumulated in
the active channel are transported as a bed load and the typical distribution pattern is reversed (in fractions both <1 mm
and <0.063 mm). Such regularities can be disturbed in localities where strong, turbulent flow or frequent eddying occur and
Mn oxides and hydrooxides and associated elements precipitate. The smallest variation in heavy metal concentration in the
homogenous, fine-grained bank sediments which are trapped by plants below water level is a feature which recommends these
localities as being the most suitable for monitoring of river pollution.
Received: 11 November 1997 · Accepted: 12 March 1998 相似文献
13.
松花江上游表层沉积物中重金属元素时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
松花江是我国七大河流之一,研究其底泥重金属元素的时空分布特征对流域的水环境治理具有重要意义。本文对松花江（哈达山至松花湖段）底泥（表层沉积物）中元素As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb的分布特征进行了研究,并利用地累积指数分析了这些元素的污染状况。结果表明：研究区底泥几乎未受到As、Cr和Pb的污染,但多数地段内出现了Cd和Hg的污染,尤其是元素Hg,在个别地段的污染程度达到了极强;与10年前相比,一些重金属的污染得到了明显改善,但吉林市区段内Hg的污染仍非常严重。污染样品空间分布特征表明,松花江吉林市区段可能有来自工农业废水的重金属污染。 相似文献
14.
Jorge Marcovecchio Sandra Botté Melisa Fernández Severini Federico Delucchi 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(2):251-266
Chromium and lead concentrations and distribution have been fully studied within Bahía Blanca estuary inner area, which is
strongly influenced by urban and industrial stress. Not only metals dissolved in estuarine water but also those included in
sediments and suspended particulate matters (SPM) were measured. In all cases, internationally standardized protocols were
applied to metal measurements, including analytical quality check test through analysis of certified reference materials.
Total metal contents from surface sediments and SPM were compared with those from a historical database of the area, as well
as with values representing the natural geochemical baseline within the system. Results showed that heavy metal pollution
is mainly localized in the areas close to both industrial effluents discharge system and urban sewage outfall discharge. Data
from sequential extractions indicate that metals from anthropogenic sources (i.e., Pb) are potentially more mobile than those
inherited from geological parent material (i.e., Cr). The influences of other potential sources of metals (i.e., streams,
runoff) were also considered. SPM was clearly identified as the main carrier of the studied heavy metals within the system,
and its significance to metals input into sediments and/or biota was verified. Finally, the normalization of measured metal
concentrations against background reference elements (i.e., Al or Fe) has allowed to identify that most of the measured Cr
was lithogenic, while a significant percentage of Pb was from anthropogenic origin within Bahía Blanca estuary. 相似文献
15.
研究了官厅水库水和沉积物中重金属铜、铅、锌、镉的分布和行为特性.结果表明,它们在水体中以可溶态存在的只占4.2%,大部分赋存于悬浮物中.对这些重金属在沉积物中的赋存状态作了研究,结果表明,可交换态的比例仅为0.6%.重金属在水体的分布可反映污染源和沿途沉积的影响.从不同沉积期底质中的重金属含量可以推断其污染历程.长期水质变化趋势表明,水中重金属含量在1985年前呈上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势,其原因是由于水体含沙量的变化. 相似文献
16.
根际环境重金属地球化学行为及其生物有效性研究进展 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
根际是土壤或滨岸沉积物中受植物根系及其生长活动影响的微域环境 ,具有特殊的物理、化学和生物性质 ,影响了重金属在根际环境中的分布、累积和生物有效性。从重金属在根际环境的分布与累积、地球化学赋存形态、生物有效性以及影响重金属根际行为和生物有效性的主要因素(温度、Eh和溶解氧、p H、根系分泌物、微生物 )、重金属根际吸收、富集、排斥和固定过程的调控、重金属耐性植物的筛选和培养 6个方面概述了近 1 0年来国内外在根际环境重金属地球化学行为及其生物有效性方面的主要研究进展 ,并指出了其存在问题以及今后的努力方向。 相似文献
17.
滦河流域沉积物中重金属分布特征及风险评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沉积物作为重金属污染物的源和汇,对水环境有着至关重要的影响.为了全面了解滦河沉积物中重金属污染现状,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对滦河干支流沉积物中重金属含量进行了测定,分析了其空间分布,并采用潜在生态危害指数法对滦河沉积物进行了评价.结果表明:滦河沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd 和Pb的平均含量分别为60.40、26.15、48.07、76.42、0.30、25.55 mg/kg,其中Cu和Cd含量高于中国水系沉积物背景值.滦河干流的重金属含量空间分布自上游往下游呈逐渐增加趋势.潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明:不同重金属污染对滦河流域生态风险构成的危害由强至弱依次为:Cd＞Cu ＞Pb＞Cr＞ Zn,其中Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn为低生态危害等级,Cd以中等生态危害等级为主.总体上,滦河沉积物重金属处于中等生态危害等级,干流大黑汀水库和支流瀑河宽域处于强生态危害等级. 相似文献
18.
H. Leenaers 《GeoJournal》1989,19(1):37-43
The floodplain soils in the Guel basin have unacceptably high levels of pollution,v brought about by metal mining and related industrial activities in the past. Spoil heaps still exist along the Geul river and these are susceptible to erosion and leaching processes. An additional source of metals is formed by erosion of older, locally highly contaminated streambank deposits. These older sediments are polluted as a result of solid waste disposal containing metalliferous ore and tailings in the sand fraction. At present, these sediments function as a major source of heavy metals during high flow stages when streambanks are undermined and suspended sediments are deposited on the floodplains. The flood deposits have a relatively coarse texture, i.e. 70% dry weight in the fraction > 63 um.In order to obtain an indication about the potential mobility of the heavy metals in these deposits, 16 samples (8 samples < 63 um and 8 samples > 63 um) out of a set of 122 were subjected to a sequential extraction scheme as proposed by Calmano & Förstner (1983). It was found that up to 80% of the metals may be present in the first three leaching stages (exchangeable cations, carbonate fraction and easily reducible fraction) and that hardly any difference exists between the chemical partitioning of metals in the size fractions < 63 um and > 63 um. Moreover, as the total metal concentrations exponentially decrease along the 40 km distance away from the source area, the percentage of metals in these 3 potentially mobile fractions steadily increases. It is concluded that despite the rapid decay of total metal concentrations, Large amounts of potentially mobile metals are probably stored in the floodplain sediments even at a large distance from the source area. 相似文献
19.
A field study was conducted to clarify the effect of rhizosphere processes on the accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals
(Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni) in mangrove sediments. Metals were fractionated by a sequential extraction procedure into three
chemically distinct fractions: water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1), Fe–Mn oxide bound (B2), and organic and
sulfide bound (B3). Results indicate that rhizosphere processes tend to increase the metal concentrations in the rhizosphere
sediments. However, plant uptake may result in the decrease of the metal concentrations in the rhizosphere sediments when
the metal concentrations are relatively low in the bulk sediments. Compared with the bulk sediments, the rhizosphere sediments
have low concentrations of heavy metals in the B1 and B2 fractions and high concentrations in the B3 fraction. Either an increase
or decrease in the residual fraction of heavy metals in the rhizosphere sediments may appear, depending on whether the formation
of the refractory metal-organic compounds or the activation of the residual fractions dominates. Results also indicate that
mangrove plants absorb and store non-essential metals in the perennial tissues, thus reducing the export of non-essential
metals via leaf litter transport. Mangrove plants are excellent candidates for phytostabilization of heavy metals in intertidal
substrates. 相似文献
20.
Distribution of heavy metals in the clastic fine-grained sediments of Gavkhuni playa lake (Southeast of Isfahan,Iran) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The sedimentary basin of Gavkhuni playa lake includes two sedimentary environments of delta and playa lake. These environments consist of mud, sand and salt flats. There are potentials for concentration of heavy metals in the fine-grained sediments (silt and clay) of the playa due to existence of Pb/Zn ore deposits, industrial and agricultural regions in the water catchment of Zayandehrud River terminating to this area. In order to study the concentration of heavy metals and the controlling factors on their distribution in the fine-grained sediments, 13 samples were taken from the muddy facies and concentration of the heavy metals were determined. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations range in the sediments (in ppm) are Mn (395.5–1,040), Sr (100.4–725.76), Pb (14.66–91.06), Zn (23.59–80.9), Ni (37–73.66), Cu (13.83–29.83), Co (5.73–13.78), Ag (3.03–4.76) and Cd (2.3–5.5) in their order of abundances. The concentration of Ag is noticeable in the sediments relative to the average concentration of this element in mud sediments. The amounts of Pb and Zn are relatively high in all the samples in comparison with the other elements. The concentration of Ni is relatively high in the oxidized samples. The distribution of Pb is directly related to organic matter content of the sediments. The concentrations of Zn, Sr, Cu, Co and Cd in the samples of the playa are lower than those in the delta. The amount of illite is another factor influencing Zn and Pb concentrations. Sr is more concentrated in the sediments with the high content of calcium carbonate. The distribution pattern of Cu, Co, Pb and Mn resembles to that of the clay content of the sediments. The clay content shows positive correlations with Co, Cu and Mn concentrations and negative correlation with Ag. The Sr and Ag concentrations are positively correlated with the amount of CaCO3. The amounts of Co, Cu, Ni and Mn show negative correlations with the calcium carbonate content. Pb and Co are noticeably correlated with Mn. 相似文献