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1.
The network of undergraduate schools comprises 2,336 schools and sections in towns and the countryside, especially in Transylvania, Criana, Maramure and Banat. Preschool and primary education is given in Hungarian, German, Ukrainian, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Slovak, Czech, Croat, Turkish, Polish and the Gypsy languages. Secondary and high-schools function only in Hungarian, German and Serbian. Instruction in Hungarian, German, Serbian, Slovak and the Ukrainian languages is given within some sections opened at certain secondary and high-schools. Publications, however, are far more numerous — newspapers and journals, magazines and reviews are issued in sixteen languages: Hungarian, German, Gypsy, Serbian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Turkish, Russian, Slovak, Czech, Armenian, Yiddish, Greek, Polish, Italian and Albanian. Some of these publications are bilingual, articles being written in Romanian, too, and others only in Romanian. 相似文献
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Marian Marschalko Işık Yilmaz David Lamich Marián Drusa Darja Kubečková Tomáš Peňaz Tereza Burkotová Vladimír Slivka Martin Bednárik David Krčmář Miloš Duraj Alena Sochorková 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(1):11-20
This article aims to explain and demonstrate the origin and development of a subsidence basin caused by coal mining as well as to point out important aspects of this phenomenon in engineering geology. Engineering geology needs to deal with a number of issues related to the origin and development of subsidence basins in areas affected by deep coal mining. An interesting case study from the Upper-Silesian Basin in the northeast of the Czech Republic near the Polish border is presented in this paper. There is a clear time chronological succession in the ground surface changes manifested by a ground subsidence gradation, both in their absolute values as well as in their spatial distribution. The phenomenon is documented by aerial photo time series, which optimally depict the origin and development of the subsidence. In the study area, there are changes in the landscape elements and it is essential to be considered in future land use plans. The marginal conditions of the Quaternary geological structure and hydrogeological conditions are responsible for an unconfined aquifer which manifests there as a water body in an undrained depression in the course of the ground subsidence. 相似文献
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In the Czech and Polish parts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, red beds associated with the pre-Neoide tectonic structures are found. The occurrence of these beds is connected with changes in the development of the coal seams, in the macroscopic and microscopic character of coal and with its chemical and technological properties. These changes are due to the thermal and oxidation alteration of coal as a result of geological processes which, up to now, have not been clarified unambiguously. These altered coals were divided into groups according to their chemical and physical properties and vitrinite reflectance using statistical multicomponent methods. Coal samples classified as belonging to one of these groups correspond to a certain type of coal, characterized by a particular grade of thermal and oxidation alteration and petrographical composition. 相似文献
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煤矿安全是全国安全生产工作的重中之重,特别是近年来煤矿水害时有发生,我国煤矿水文地质条件较为复杂,地表水、老空水、冲积层水和顶板水等各种类型的水害俱全,无论是受水威胁的面积、类型,还是受水害威胁的严重程度,都为世界罕见。瞬变电磁法在煤矿富水性的勘探中已得到广泛应用,但对于结果的解释仍处于二维水平,往往是先在断面图上圈定异常体的范围,再根据相对的位置关系落到平面图上进行解释,因此对于异常体的空间分布描述较差,存在一定的局限性。本文结合山西某煤矿富水性勘查中瞬变电磁法的实测数据,利用Voxler平台从三维数据的整合、三维模型的建立、模型的地形校正及白化等关键点进行了研究,绘制了三维视电阻率模型,展示了异常体的空间分布形态,使成果更为直观、立体,从而更好的指导煤矿的安全生产。 相似文献
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煤炭是我国的主要能源,也是我国长期以来发展的最重要驱动力,并且在未来很长一段时间内将继续作为我国社会与经济发展的主要能源。但我国长期的煤炭开采活动已经对生态环境造成严重破坏,亟待进行全面生态恢复。目前,我国煤矿生态恢复大多局限于一处或几处矿区这类小尺度范围,缺乏国土空间层面的生态修复规划,相应的生态恢复策略也仍待明确。煤矿生态恢复是一项全国性系统生态工程,应以“借自然之力恢复自然”为理念,以当地生态敏感性问题为依据,以停止破坏自然生态系统并且继续提供生态系统服务为宗旨,以改善矿区人居环境质量为出发点。全国煤矿生态恢复策略的制定基于以下4个方面:第一,以我国植被区划为基础,因地制宜地选择潜在植被类型;第二,计算归一化综合生态敏感性(NIES)用以表征煤矿生态恢复紧迫性,再借助空间自相关性分析判断不同NIES煤矿的聚集关系与模式;第三,对煤矿和当地人口分布情况进行缓冲区分析,得到煤矿生态恢复的获益人口;第四,将煤矿的NIES和煤矿恢复获益人数进行聚类分析,判断煤矿生态恢复的优先区域。综合上述结果,根据我国煤矿的空间分布情况分区域制定相应的生态恢复策略。 相似文献
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Environmental impact of the abandoned coal mines on the surface water and the groundwater quality in the south of Bochum,Germany 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 20 locations, situated in the vicinity of the abandoned coal mine fields south of Bochum. The main objective of this research is to assess the environmental impacts of these mines on the surface water and groundwater quality as well as to determine the factors controlling these impacts. The water samples were collected from stream sources, groundwater, surface water and engineered channels during April 2011. Physicochemical parameters were measured during fieldwork. Water samples were analysed for major ions and aluminium, iron, manganese, ferrous iron, zinc and hydrogen sulphide. The hydrochemistry of the surface water and the groundwater of this area is characterized by near-neutral to alkaline conditions, represented by predominance of calcium bicarbonate and sometimes calcium sulphate water types. Hence, the surface water and the groundwater quality in this region is significantly affected by abandoned coal mines. These effects resulted from oxidation of iron disulphide minerals that release iron, sulphate and hydrogen. The presence of carbonate-rich materials, which contained within the landfilling materials, has led the releasing of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate. These materials could be the main source responsible for raising the alkalinity of the affected water. The environmental hazard of the abandoned coal mines in this area is related to the high concentration of Fe especially in the groundwater that possess the highest Fe concentration compared to other water sources: the Fe is 18 times larger than the allowed value in drinking water. Significant spatial variations of the water pollution were noted in this study. For this reason, the environmental hazards of the abandoned coal mines in Germany should be considered at closure of coal mines in the near future. Otherwise, these mines will be sources of environmental threats unless all necessary measures are taken to reduce their impact. 相似文献
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Avinash Paul A. P. Singh John Loui P Ajoy K. Singh Manoj Khandelwal 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(6):1435-1448
In underground coal mines, a lot of major fatalities have occurred due to roof fall in the newly developed faces or galleries of coal mines during the development or production of coal. There are around 500 underground coalmines in India, and continuous production or development or exploitation of coal depends upon the stability of the gateways developed in the form of galleries, which are supported in such a manner so that they can last up to that period, unless it has been finally extracted out with an operation called depillaring. A system of support design with roof bolting, resin bolting, and cable bolting for the aforesaid galleries is presently being decided on the basis of rock mass rating (RMR). The same support design has been attempted with the use of 3D numerical modeling technique—a tool nowadays very extensively used in geotechnical engineering to predict the stability of structures to be built or for the structures which are built against nature, i.e., underground mines. In this study, the support design system on the basis of RMR has also been validated with a numerical modeling technique for three locations of Monnet Ispat underground coalmine. After the study, it has been found that the numerical modeling technique can give better design of support system in underground coal mines in comparison with RMR-based support design system, and it will also play a major role in reducing the total cost incurred in coal exploitation from the underground coal mines. 相似文献
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Ewa GłOwacka 《Natural Hazards》1993,7(2):121-132
Stress concentrations produced by rock deformation due to extraction in underground mines induce seismicity that can take the shape of violent and quite dangerous rockbursts.The hazard evaluation presented in this paper is based on a Bayesian probabilistic synthesis of information determined from mining situations during excavation, with previous and present data from microseismicity and seismoacustics.The method proposed in this study is an example of time-dependent on-line seismic hazard evaluation. All results presented were obtained retrospectiely for different underground coal mines in Poland and Czechoslovakia.On leave from Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences 01-452 Warszawa, ul. Ksiecia Janusza 64, Poland. 相似文献
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基于污染指数法和GIS技术评价江西德兴矿区土壤重金属污染 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以江西德兴大型矿区为例,进行大尺度的土壤环境调查和重金属污染评价。系统采集该区域919个土壤样品,在应用X荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪为主体的分析配套方案分析土壤样品中重金属含量的基础上,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,分别从原始含量、污染指数以及基于GIS的污染空间分析3个方面进行该矿区的土壤重金属污染评价。结果表明,矿山开采对该区的土壤环境造成了不同程度的As、Cd、Zn、Cu重金属污染。污染区域主要分布在德兴铜钼和铅锌矿区、乐安河下游乐平附近的煤矿区以及南部电化学厂附近。 相似文献
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煤矿水害是安全生产的重大隐患,如何精准探测隐蔽致灾体是解决这些隐患的前提。电磁法对低阻体反映灵敏,方法类型多样,适应性强,是探测富水致灾体的有效方法之一。传统的地面电磁方法包括可控源音频大地电磁法和回线源瞬变电磁法,在煤矿隐蔽致灾体探测方面发挥了重要作用。随着新技术的不断发展,近源电磁勘探方法得到了快速发展,包括广域电磁法和短偏移距瞬变电磁法,提高了勘探效率和信噪比,拓宽了观测区域。地空电磁法是新发展起来一种大功率快速勘探方式,具备航空电磁法快速采集和地面电磁法大功率发射两个优势,特别适合于复杂地形条件的煤矿灾害隐患探测。分析了煤矿典型致灾体的形成机理、时空分布及物性特征,其中,隐蔽型导水构造是造成煤矿安全隐患的重要因素,需要重点关注;回顾了各种电磁方法的主要特征、适用性以及在煤矿水害探测中的应用现状,总结了不同方法的技术参数和观测模式等,为相关技术人员从事煤矿灾害隐患探测提供了参考;最后对煤矿电磁法发展进行了展望：广域电磁法和短偏移距瞬变电磁法等近源电磁勘探方法将会在煤矿勘探中进一步扩大应用;三维反演技术和基于深度学习的神经网络反演算法等将是未来电磁法的主要发展方向;地空电磁勘探会快... 相似文献
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刘桥二矿651工作面煤层底板岩体质量评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
华北型煤田煤层底板突水灾害性评价是一种特殊的工程地质问题,目前已有数学、力学和经验的多种方法研究这一问题,但是用岩体分级的方法进行安全性评价的尚未见报道。本文建立了一套新型的岩体分级方法,并将该方法用于刘桥二矿651工作面底板突水评价,收到了很好的效果。这一方法也普遍使用了其他华北型煤田。 相似文献
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我国露天煤矿普遍采用抽排方式进行地下水控制以满足煤炭资源安全开采要求,这种方式对水资源造成极大破坏,严重影响煤矿周边的生态环境。近年来,随着我国社会经济的全面发展,国家对生态环境保护、生态文明建设提出了更高要求,如何优化、转变露天煤矿地下水控制方式,减少矿坑疏排水量是露天煤矿防治水工作普遍面临的崭新课题。采用截水帷幕技术取代疏排降水技术,由被动疏水变为主动截水,是解决露天煤矿因疏排水带来诸多问题的根本措施。以内蒙古扎尼河露天煤矿、元宝山露天煤矿截水帷幕实施过程为例,介绍我国露天煤矿截水帷幕设计理念、施工工艺和截水帷幕材料,在实践过程中,突破了防渗膜大深度垂向隐蔽铺设与连接技术瓶颈;研发了超长槽段连续开挖及浇筑工艺,大幅减少接头数量;研制粉煤灰?水泥混合浆体与HDPE防渗膜的复合帷幕材料,提高帷幕抗渗与抗变形性能;构建帷幕质量与截水效果综合检验体系,掌握了露天煤矿截水帷幕建造关键技术。截水帷幕技术在我国露天煤矿的成功应用,丰富了露天煤矿防治水与水资源保护技术理论,促进了行业技术进步,为露天煤矿地下水控制及安全绿色开采提供了新思路、新技术、新工艺,对其他非煤矿山及水利水电、交通等更高防渗等级要求的工程具有重要借鉴意义。 相似文献
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中国不同地质时代煤层瓦斯区域分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过完成1：200万中国煤层瓦斯地质图项目,系统地整理了中国近2000对矿井瓦斯涌出和谋与瓦斯突出资料,划分出88个瓦斯带,研究了中国不同地区、不同地质时代含煤地层的煤层瓦斯保存和生成条件,结合中国诸含煤地层的成煤条件、地质演化历史和煤化作用等,论述了不同时代含煤地层的煤层瓦斯分布特征。其中,石炭-二叠纪含煤地层成煤条件较好,深成煤化作用程度较高、盖层厚,是形成中国高瓦斯区。高瓦斯带。高瓦斯矿井的主要煤层。早、中侏罗世含煤地层虽然分布面积广、成煤条件好、资源量居诸含煤地层之首,但由于煤化程度偏低,又加上瓦斯风化带普遍较深,多为低瓦斯矿井和低瓦斯带分布。但在中国西部,大型含谋盆地周边多受逆冲推覆构造控制,对煤层瓦斯保存有利。 相似文献
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M. Krzesi&#x;ska U. Szeluga S. Czajkowska J. Muszy&#x;ski J. Zachariasz S. Pusz B. Kwieci&#x;ska A. Koszorek B. Pilawa 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):350-355
The objective of this work was to investigate the thermal decomposition of various bituminous coal blends. Three Polish coals of varying rank (82.7, 86.2 and 88.7 wt.% carbon content) and caking ability (weak, moderate and strong) were collected from the Krupiński, Szczygłowice and Zofiówka mines, respectively. These coals were used to prepare binary and ternary blends. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used. The weight loss and heat flow during pyrolysis, and storage/loss elastic modulus measured as a function of increasing temperature were related to the caking ability of coals. Parameters determined with the TGA and the DSC methods in the binary and ternary blends were correlated with the proportion of strongly-caking-coal concentration in the blend. The weight loss of coal blends was found to be additive parameter. The DSC thermograms of binary blends were found to be different from those of the ternary blends, which suggests a different course for this blend pyrolysis. 相似文献
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随着大型煤系稀有金属矿产的发现,煤中伴生微量元素的研究受到广泛关注,但目前对我国西北地区的煤系地层中稀有元素的研究程度较低。选取新疆东北部的准东煤田为研究区,基于煤样的煤质分析和微量元素数据,研究了煤中镓的分布规律、赋存特征及富集成因。研究表明：(1)准东煤田的中侏罗统煤层中镓明显富集。12个矿区煤中镓平均含量在20.78~47.98 μg/g,大多高于或接近煤中镓的边界品位(30 μg/g)。(2)煤田中镓的分布规律性明显。平面上,盆地周围煤中Ga含量较中部矿区高,特别是东北部和西南部由于分别受克拉美丽山和博格达山物源区的影响,煤中Ga含量异常高,部分区域超过了60 μg/g,而中部矿区(ZD10740、ZD10464、ZD10407和ZD10841)的煤中Ga含量表现为从矿区边缘向中心逐渐富集;垂向上,大部分矿区煤中Ga含量从中侏罗统底部向上降低,而受到早燕山运动影响,靠近博格达山的矿区(ZD10740)表现相反。(3)煤中Ga主要以高岭石为载体,部分Ga也存在煤的有机质组分中。镓主要以细粒物质(胶体或有机络合物形式)搬运到沉积盆地,在潮湿覆水沉积条件下发生聚积。 相似文献
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通过对西藏近70年煤炭地质工作和成果的总结,梳理了全区主要煤矿点的煤炭地质勘查现状和主要成果,基本摸清了全区主要煤矿点含煤地层的形成时代、分布范围、含煤性及煤岩煤质特征;总结了西藏自治区赋煤构造单元和成煤盆地的划分,初步归纳了主要聚煤期含煤地层的沉积体系和沉积环境。总体认为西藏自治区煤炭地质整体工作程度不高,成煤作用和聚煤规律研究有待进一步加深。指出了今后研究的主要内容是总结残留煤系与周边地区含煤沉积之间存在的共性及差异,分析主要聚煤期聚煤作用的时空迁移特征和迁移规律;研究特提斯演化和青藏高原隆起对聚煤盆地的控制和改造作用,分析其对煤系多种矿产耦合成矿的影响,为全区煤系多种矿产的综合勘查和开发提供依据。 相似文献
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GIS-based spatial and temporal changes of land occupation caused by mining activities-a study in eastern part of Hubei Province 
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下载免费PDF全文 By using multi-source and multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data and related techniques of remote sensing and geographic information systems, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal changes of land occupation caused by mine development in four mining areas of eastern Hubei Province from 2011 to 2014, including Chengchao-Tieshan iron-copper polymetallic deposit area, Daye-Yangxin iron-copper polymetallic deposit area, E-Nan mining area, and Wuxue-Yangxin non-metallic mining area along the Yangtze River. The results show that: In the research area, land occupation of energy mine exploitation is small and in scattered distribution, with coal mine occupying the largest area, showing a downward trend in four years; land occupation of metal mines is large and in centralized distribution, with iron mine and copper mine occupying the largest area, showing a downward trend in four years; non-metallic mines are large and in great quantity, with mines of limestone for building and limestone occupying the largest area, showing a upward trend in four years. 相似文献