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1.
A full-scale landslide experiment was conducted to clarify the failure process of a landslide triggered by rainfall, using a loose sandy soil. The experiment used a 23-m long and about 8-m high flume, consisting of three parts: an upper 30° slope section, a lower 10° slope section, and a horizontal section at the foot of the slope. The flume was sprinkled at a constant intensity of 100 mm/h. The landslide occurred first in the upper slope about 154 min after the sprinkling started, following a creep movement within 41 min. The sliding mass slid to a stop in about 5 s, compressing soils in the lower gentle slope and horizontal sections. The dynamic process related to slide movement and the fluctuation of subsurface water pressures during failure were measured and analyzed. Sequential visual observations provided a clear record of the slip surface during failure. The rapid increase of subsurface water pressure in the slope and horizontal soil layers was also recorded during failure. It was inferred that the increased water pressures in the upper slope resulted from collapse of loose soil structure during shearing in the translational slide, whereas those in the lower portion of the slope and horizontal sections resulted from a mix of soil compression and shearing by the sliding mass. 相似文献
2.
填方路堤变形失稳是西部山区工程建设的常见问题。重庆某高速公路边坡为典型的堆载条件下降雨诱发型滑坡,填方堆载后,填方边坡在连续降雨条件下,沿基岩之上的软弱面产生滑动破坏。定性分析认为,降雨在滑坡形成中起着关键作用,为了研究填方边坡在降雨条件下的变形破坏机制及孔隙水压力与变形之间的关系,采用物理模拟方法研究边坡变形失稳的全过程,分析孔隙水压力随降雨时间的变化规律及其与变形破坏的关系。研究结果表明：边坡后缘大方量堆载,改变了其应力条件,是滑坡产生的主要因素。场地施工改变了原有的地表水环境,连续强降雨致使大量下渗的雨水,不仅显著改变坡体应力条件,而且雨水沿着滑面运移软化滑带,是滑坡产生的重要诱发因素。孔隙水压力在坡体失稳过程中起着关键作用,填方体土碎屑、泥质含量大,下渗的雨水携带上部细小颗粒及滑带泥质成分至滑带附近,堵塞地下水消散通道,表现为坡体变形积累,孔隙水压力增加;边坡变形陡增,孔隙水压力降低。该滑坡破坏分为降雨下渗、滑带饱水软化、后缘产生裂缝、裂缝贯通-整体滑动4个阶段,为蠕滑-拉裂式滑坡。 相似文献
3.
Rainfall-induced landslides are a significant hazard in many areas of loess-covered terrain in Northwest China. To investigate the response of a loess landslide to rainfall, a series of artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on a natural loess slope, located in the Bailong River Basin, in southern Gansu Province. The slope was instrumented to measure surface runoff, pore water pressure, soil water content, earth pressure, displacement, and rainfall. The hydrological response was also characterized by time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography. The results show that most of the rainfall infiltrated into the loess landslide, and that the pore water pressure and water content responded rapidly to simulated rainfall events. This indicates that rainfall infiltration on the loess landslide was significantly affected by preferential flow through fissures and macropores. Different patterns of pore water pressure and water content variations were determined by the antecedent soil moisture conditions, and by the balance between water recharge and drainage in the corresponding sections. We observed three stages of changing pore water pressure and displacement within the loess landslide during the artificial rainfall events: Increases in pore water pressure initiated movement on the slope, acceleration in movement resulting in a rapid decrease in pore water pressure, and attainment of a steady state. We infer that a negative pore water pressure feedback process may have occurred in response to shear-induced dilation of material as the slope movement accelerated. The process of shear dilatant strengthening may explain the phenomenon of semi-continuous movement of the loess landslide. Shear dilatant strengthening, caused by intermittent or continuous rainfall over long periods, can occur without triggering rapid slope failure. 相似文献
4.
自三峡水库蓄水后,库区地质灾害频发,研究库水位升降条件下的库岸边坡稳定性与破坏模式日益重要。以三峡库区云阳县凉水井滑坡为原型,基于长江科学院CKY?200土工离心机,结合滑坡区工程地质概况,模拟制作了这一典型库岸滑坡的简化模型。采用高速相机、激光位移传感器、孔隙水压力传感器、土压力传感器等监测手段,在模型试验中实现了对边坡前缘水位高程及升降的控制,获取了试验过程中坡体水平位移和沉降、孔隙水压力、土压力值的变化规律,得到以下结论：试验从开始至加水阶段结束,模型位移以竖直方向为主,而在排水阶段则水平方向位移远大于竖直方向;试验过程中,在库水位上升与骤降作用下,首先在前缘产生裂隙,并逐渐向中部、后缘扩展,随后在中部产生较大变形,出现局部滑移,模型总体破坏形式呈牵引式破坏模式;试验结束时,模型自后缘起体积含水率逐渐增大;在水位上升期间,模型变形相对较小,主要滑移出现在水位下降期间,因此,该滑坡为动水压力型,产生变形破坏主要是由于动水压力效应所致。试验揭示了库岸牵引式滑坡在库水位升降条件下的破坏模式和变形失稳机制,为库区滑坡的防治提供了重要依据。 相似文献
5.
深入研究顺层缓倾型水库滑坡的变形破坏规律、影响因素以及失稳条件, 以三峡库区向家坪滑坡为典型实例, 基于相似理论建立地质物理模型, 考虑水位升降、降雨(含汛期)等诱发因素, 通过监测滑坡模型的位移、土压力及孔隙水压力的时空演化规律, 掌握滑坡的变形特征和规律。结果表明:库水位上升, 坡体前缘不断被浸没, 致使土体结构松散, 前缘发生滑移式滑塌; 库水位下降, 其位移、土压力和孔隙水压力在坡体中部和后缘均无变化, 但前缘破坏范围扩大, 延伸至中部; 库水位的独立变动仅影响下伏滑床水位, 但当其与后缘的基岩裂隙水耦合作用时, 可改变滑床的承压水头; 汛期降雨较小, 对滑坡稳定性影响不大, 仅土压力和孔隙水压有小幅度的变化, 没有位移变形; 在暴雨作用下, 中部和后缘先后发生变形, 土体应力累积和释放。库水位下降时, 强降雨将改变坡体原始应力状态, 坡体产生微小变形; 在极端条件下向家坪滑坡发生滑动的可能性较大, 库水位的下降、暴雨和后缘水位相互耦合作用导致坡体变形破坏。研究结果可为库区地质灾害防治和减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(3):101378
Frequent soil landslide events are recorded in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China, making it necessary to investigate the failure mode of such riverside landslides. Geotechnical centrifugal test is considered to be the most realistic laboratory model, which can reconstruct the required geo-stress. In this study, the Liangshuijing landslide in the Three Gorgers Reservoir area is selected for a scaled centrifugal model experiment, and a water pump system is employed to retain the rainfall condition. Using the techniques of digital photography and pore water pressure transducers, water level fluctuation is controlled, and multi-physical data are thus obtained, including the pore water pressure, earth pressure, surface displacement and deep displacement. The analysis results indicate that: Three stages were set in the test (waterflooding stage, rainfall stage and drainage stage). Seven transverse cracks with wide of 1–5 mm appeared during the model test, of which 3 cracks at the toe landslide were caused by reservoir water fluctuation, and the cracks at the middle and rear part were caused by rainfall. During rainfall process, the maximum displacement of landslide model reaches 3 cm. And the maximum deformation of the model exceeds 12 cm at the drainage stage. The failure process of the slope model can be divided into four stages: microcracks appearance and propagation stage, thrust-type failure stage, retrogressive failure stage, and holistic failure stage. When the thrust-type zone caused by rainfall was connected or even overlapped with the retrogressive failure zone caused by the drainage, the landslide would start, which displayed a typical composite failure pattern. The failure mode and deformation mechanism under the coupling actions of water level fluctuation and rainfall are revealed in the model test, which could appropriately guide for the analysis and evaluation of riverside landslides. 相似文献
7.
Large-scale shaking table model tests were carried out to study the dynamic behaviors of slopes and failure mechanism of landslide in permafrost regions. The model slope was constituted of silty clay layer stacked on an ice layer with 8° surface slope. Acceleration, displacement, and pore pressure were measured subjected to vertical and horizontal seismic loadings. The horizontal wave has a stronger influence on the failure of the model than the vertical wave motion, and the natural frequency of vibration in the horizontal direction decreased obviously at the failure state. The model slope has three components of different nonlinear mechanical properties, which are the soil layer, soil-ice interface, and ice layer. The amplification factor of peak ground acceleration is obviously smaller at the soil-ice interface than that at the soil and ice layer. The acceleration responses are nonlinear because of the nonlinear soil properties and degradation of modulus with increasing horizontal acceleration. Especially, excess pore pressure generation was observed near the soil-ice interface of the slope subjected to higher input acceleration, which resulted in the decrease of the effective stress. Failure surface appeared to be the soil-ice interface, which was consistent with the field observations of landslides in permafrost regions. Slope failure could be defined based on the massive movement of the slope, characterized by integral sliding pattern along the soil-ice interface without the distinct deformation inside the sliding body. The results show that the sliding of the slope with soil layer at gentle gradient is mainly triggered by the combined action of horizontal seismic wave, existence of soil-ice interface, and pore pressure generation in permafrost regions. 相似文献
8.
三峡库区蓄水后，大量库岸滑坡发生复活变形，为研究滑坡随库水位升降的变形特征和机制，以库区典型直线形滑面形态滑坡为地质原型，概化设计了大尺度离心模型试验，通过模拟两个水位升降过程，布设高速相机和传感器，获取了滑坡变形演化全过程高清影像、孔压和土压?时间变化曲线，可得以下研究结果：在水位首次下降时，孔压和土压逐渐减小，当下降15 min后滑坡发生整体蠕滑变形，首先是前部产生横向张拉裂缝，中后部则是以竖直位移为主的蠕滑压密变形过程，水位停止下降2 min后变形停止，表明变形对库水位变化具有一定滞后性；当水位再次下降时，前部沿原破裂面再次下滑并失稳，中后部则无变形，变形演化具有典型牵引式特征。在库水首次入渗滑坡时，坡体孔隙水压力对库水位升降具有明显的滞后性，而在下一次水位升降过程中，这种滞后性明显减弱。该类滑坡受水位下降的动水压力效应影响较大，在滑坡变形过程中，中后部滑体变形在竖直方向的蠕滑压密行为使得中后部稳定性有所提高，因此，在后期蓄水过程中不再发生变形，试验现象与实际库岸滑坡吻合。试验揭示了三峡库区该类滑坡在水位升降条件下的变形破坏模式及长期演化趋势，为库区地灾防治提供了参考依据。 相似文献
9.
Rainfall is considered as one of the paramount factors for slope failures in many regions around the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. To study the effect of rainfall storm and its duration on the stability of slopes with a thin soft band layer, a 2D seepage numerical analysis and experimental investigation were implemented on an unsaturated model, consisting of clayey sand soils with a thin soft layer inclined to the horizontal level by 30° at a slope angle of 50°. It was subjected to intensive rainfall 20 mm/h for 8 h. Positive pore water pressures and horizontal earth pressures were monitored during the rainstorm using sensors distributed inside the experimental model. Both the experimental and numerical simulation results showed that the stability of the slope decreased during the time of the rainfall storm. Infiltration of rainwater resulted in reduction of soil shear strength, due to the loss occurring in soil suction after 1 h of rainstorm; the tension cracks appeared at the top of the slope and a certain displacement was observed in the sliding blocks. During the time of rainstorm, the infiltrated water flowed out from the slope through the weak interlayer near to the toe causing piping and local failure, so the formed cracks at the top of slope grew and expanded due to sliding of the failed soil blocks. Moreover, the ground water table rose and the positive pore water pressures increased, resulting in a reduction of effective stress, which is considered as a main factor in soil shear strength. A surface runoff was also present following the full saturation of the slope, leading to dragging the fine particles with water flow causing erosion. The combination of piping and erosion effects led to a quick local failure at the toe, as well as sliding of the failed blocks and spreading of the cracks. 相似文献
10.
灌溉作用下浅表层黄土滑坡变形破坏机理实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为有效减少泾阳地区大面积灌溉活动诱发黄土滑坡对社会和经济带来的巨大损失,开展灌溉型滑坡室内实验研究,研究坡度在灌溉条件下对黄土滑坡变形破坏过程影响,具有重大的现实意义。本次实验设计了可用于坡顶和坡面的灌溉装置,同时进行了45°斜坡和60°斜坡的两组室内灌溉模型实验,且每组斜坡内埋设体积含水率传感器、基质吸力传感器和孔隙水压力传感器三种传感器记录其内部变化。通过对两组实验过程及结果进行对比分析,进而得出灌溉条件下浅表层黄土滑坡的变形破坏规律,总结出该类滑坡的破坏模式及其诱发机理。实验结果表明,实验前期随着体积含水率不断增大,基质吸力逐渐减小至基本稳定,土体强度随之减小;实验后期上部土体饱和,斜坡产生的变形和土体排水不畅产生了超孔隙水压力,有效应力随之减小,土体强度减小至最小,导致滑坡产生。同时,坡度越大,滑坡越易发生,滑面深度和滑动距离越小。 相似文献
11.
在甘肃天水地区每年由降雨诱发的黄土-泥岩滑坡灾害事故很多,给当地人民生命财产造成巨大损失。为探索该类斜坡的滑动破坏过程与机理,在野外地质调查、工程地质钻探及岩土体力学测试的基础上,通过室内大型物理模型实验,研究“上部黄土+下部泥岩”二元结构类型斜坡在强降雨作用下的动态变形演化过程,揭示该类斜坡的破坏机理和破坏模式。结果表明:强降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏以滑动破坏为主,水分的作用主要表现为增加土体自重、引起土体强度降低、降低结构面的抗滑力、产生孔隙水压力及降低有效应力等几个方面,斜坡的破坏模式则主要表现为坡肩侵蚀→微裂隙产生、发展、贯通→斜坡局部滑动破坏→斜坡整体滑动破坏。研究结果对天水地区该类滑坡的早期识别有重要的参考意义,可为该类滑坡的防灾减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
库水位变动是诱发库岸边坡变形失稳的主要因素。为探究库水位变动下倾倒变形岩体破坏后形成的堆积体斜坡的地下水动力作用,以云南澜沧江的苗尾水电站赵子坪滑坡为研究对象,通过现场地质调查和勘探确定了滑坡形态和坡体结构特征;再结合监测数据深入分析了滑坡在地下水动力作用下的变形失稳机制,并基于非饱和土力学理论和有限元法对其失稳机制进行进一步验证。结果显示:赵子坪岸坡为原始倾倒岩体变形破坏后上部强倾倒岩体沿着折断面发生滑动而形成的堆积体斜坡,内部呈层状堆积的片石表明其还保留了部分倾倒岩体的结构特征。水库蓄水后,由于松散的倾倒堆积体为库水渗入坡体创造了良好的条件,地下水位随库水位升高而快速升高,导致孔隙水压力增大而滑坡阻滑段有效应力减小,从而造成稳定性降低,滑坡易沿着由倾倒折断面演化而成的基覆界面发生滑动破坏。 相似文献
13.
为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。 相似文献
14.
Landsliding triggered by reservoir operation: a general conceptual model with a case study at Three Gorges Reservoir 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Three Gorge Reservoir, one of the largest civil engineering projects in human history, dams the Yangtze River to form a 660-km-long and 1.13-km-wide reservoir. Today, although the project has been completed and is in normal operation, the on-going landslide initiation and movement in response to the reservoir operating is one of the main geologic hazards. The Huangtupo (meaning “yellow soil slope” in Chinese) Slope typifies such on-going landslides along the reservoir. Observations from a multi-year monitoring program conducted on this slope indicate that there are multiple slides on the reservoir banks that move episodically into the reservoir and their movements appear to be highly correlated with the initial and seasonal changes in the reservoir pool level. A hydro-mechanical numerical model is constructed to investigate the quantitative links among the episodic movements and the variations in pore water pressure, suction stress, hydrostatic reservoir water loading, and slope self-weight induced by the fluctuating water levels. Modeling results identify regions within the variably saturated slope where significant changes in stress occur during the periods of the initial impoundment that raised water levels from 68 to 135 m and that occur in response to seasonal fluctuations of the reservoir pool level between 145 and 175 m. We find that the rise or decline of reservoir pool level can either increase or decrease the stability of landslide. In general, hydrostatic reservoir water loading has positive correlation with the stability; pore water pressure and suction stress have negative correlation with the stability; and the effects of slope self-weight depend on the dip angle and mechanical properties of sliding surface. 相似文献
15.
以陕西省洛南县刘涧滑坡为研究对象,采用颗粒流离散元法对其破坏运动过程进行数值模拟。首先通过双轴数值试验对滑坡饱和土体进行细观参数标定,并与室内试验中饱和土体宏观力学参数进行对比,经验证该细观参数能应用到滑坡的破坏运动分析中,进而引入颗粒流（PFC2D）程序中平行黏结模型,采用ball-wall建模方法建立滑坡模型,对滑坡不同关键部位颗粒进行位移、速度监测,阐明其破坏运动特征。模拟结果表明,降雨为刘涧滑坡的直接诱发因素,斜坡变形破坏模式为由坡脚开挖引起的自前缘向后部牵引-孔隙水压力诱发的后部向前缘推移式滑塌。总体特征为上部推移,中部剪切,下部牵引;滑坡滑动最高时速13.4 m/s,最大滑移170 m,滑动阶段持续25 s。利用颗粒流法对滑坡的破坏运动过程模拟具有较好的适用性,可为工程决策提供依据。 相似文献
16.
2008年汶川Ms8.0级强震触发了体积近12×108 m3的大光包滑坡。该滑坡发生于古生代碳酸盐岩地层,滑带地质背景为斜坡内部深埋400 m、最大厚度达5 m的先期层间构造错动带。最新调查表明,该错动带是斜坡内部地下水通道,错动带岩体处于饱和状态。为揭示强震过程与地下水相关的大光包滑坡启动机制,提出了一种具有软弱层带的硬质碳酸盐岩边坡简化模型,将层间构造错动带概化为碳酸盐岩硬层内部软弱层带,采用FLAC3D程序中的流固耦合算法模拟了模型的响应特性。研究结果表明:强震过程中软弱层带上下碳酸盐岩硬层的变形响应时间、波型、大小出现明显差异,上硬层相对于下硬层产生了张离、压缩和剪切3种非协调变形模式,由此对软弱层带产生了振动冲压-张拉和振动剪切动力学行为,饱水软弱层带形成了具有瞬间放大和累积增涨特征的超孔隙水压力。这里将上下硬层差异性变形称为非协调变形,认为非协调变形是软弱层带应力放大成因,推测软弱层带应力瞬间放大以及放大应力长持时作用下的岩体致损是超孔隙水压力激发和累积的成因;强震过程软弱层带超孔隙水压力导致其内有效应力快速降低,使得斜坡前部锁固段应力快速集中,而后被突然剪断,滑坡骤然启动,揭示了强震过程中超孔隙水压力是大光包滑坡启动的主要原因。 相似文献
17.
受库区水位波动和降雨影响,库岸大量老滑坡体变形加剧,地质灾害问题十分突出。为研究库岸滑坡影响因素、变形演化规律及失稳条件,以大型物理模型试验为手段,选取三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为对象,通过考虑水位波动、降雨及其组合作用等诱发因素,开展了一系列的库岸滑坡模型试验研究。试验结果表明：水位升降,变形主要集中于模型坡体前缘,其中,水位抬升过程中,滑坡模型变形较小,变形加速阶段出现于水位下降期间,且变形速率与水位下降速率成正比,即临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为典型的动水压力型滑坡;降雨影响下坡体变形在时间和空间上存在明显分区现象,时间上,变形发展主要集中于坡体浅表层饱和之后,即短时降雨对坡体变形未产生显著影响,空间上,坡体前缘和后缘变形剧烈;库水位下降和强降雨联合作用下坡体前缘产生局部流滑破坏,并溯源发展至前缘整体破坏,为典型的牵引式破坏模式。试验揭示处于临滑阶段坡体,其孔隙水压力、土压力变化呈现异常频繁的波动现象,可为滑坡预警预报提供一定参考依据。 相似文献
18.
《工程地质学报》2016,24(5):732-740
特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡广泛发育于三峡库区重庆段万州城区及云阳地区。基于万州城区太白岩古滑坡以及云阳地区老药铺滑坡两个典型特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡,分析了其结构特征及破坏特点;建立了强降雨作用下特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏的力学模型,解译了此类滑坡的破坏过程,并提出了滑带（面）超孔隙水压力是此类滑坡破坏的诱因。基于孔隙水压力与土体所处的应力状态的内在关系,推导了滑面处每个土条的孔隙水压力及水压力公式,并得出了考虑超孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定系数表达式。云阳地区老药铺滑坡算例表明,若将老药铺滑坡按zk5分为两个滑坡,两个滑坡的中心段是孔隙水压力值较高的区域;本文的孔隙水压力计算值略大于钻孔量测值,计算误差为5.8%～10%,原因在于滑面超孔隙水压力的消散;暴雨工况（含超孔隙水压力）下老药铺滑坡稳定系数为0.862,滑坡处于非稳定状态,并已发生破坏,验证了超孔隙水压力对滑坡体破坏的诱发作用;建议滑坡治理工程中应在按zk5分成的两个滑坡中间段打设排水孔,消除或降低滑面处的超孔隙水压力值,并结合滑坡周围及坡面的截排水工程以及封填裂隙治理老药铺滑坡。 相似文献
19.
为探索黄土-基岩型滑坡的降雨响应机制,以麟游县岭南滑坡为例,利用滑坡宏观变形破坏数据、岩土体测试与模拟计算相结合的方法,讨论了暴雨、连阴雨下岭南滑坡的地下水水位响应特征,相应应力路径下土体应力应变特征,对黄土-基岩型滑坡的破坏机制进行了研究。初步揭示:(1)滑坡体为粉质黄土状黏土,滑床为砂砾岩,渗透系数小,具有隔水性质。(2)黄土泥流与块体滑动是岭南斜坡的主要运动失稳方式。暴雨天气时黄土泥流频发,块体滑动的出现与连阴雨有关。(3)与降雨103mm的暴雨天气相比,连续降雨235.5mm,斜坡地下水位明显升高。(4)滑坡体粉质黄土状土具有剪胀特征。在暴雨背景下,表层土体孔隙水压力易消散,诱发低速运动的黄土泥流; 在连阴雨背景下,地下水水位以下的滑动面剪切破坏过程中,剪胀孔隙被地下水迅速补充,诱发的剧烈块体滑动,具有高危险性。 相似文献
20.
Analysis of an anti-dip landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Runqiu Huang Jianjun Zhao Nengpan Ju Guo Li Min Lee Lee Yanrong Li 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(2):1021-1039
The Guantan landslide, with a total displaced mass of about 468 × 104 m3, was triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and succeeding rainfall in Jushui Town, Sichuan Province, China. The landslide occurred on an anti-dip hard rock slope with a weak rock founding stratum of 200 m in thickness. To investigate the failure mechanism of the Guantan landslide, dynamic behaviors of hard and soft rock slopes were investigated by means of large scale shaking table tests. The laboratory models attempted to simulate the field geological conditions of the Guantan landslide. Sinusoidal waves and actual seismic waves measured from the Wenchuan Earthquake were applied on the slope models under 37 loading configurations. The experimental results indicated that deformation mainly developed at a shallow depth in the upper part of the hard rock slope and in the upper (near the crest) and lower (near the toe) parts of the soft rock slope. An equation for predicting the depth of sliding plane was proposed based on the location of the maximum horizontal acceleration. Finally, it was concluded that the failure process of the Guantan landslide occurred in three stages: (1) toppling failure caused by compression of the underlying soft rock strata, (2) formation of crushed hard rock and sliding surface in soft rock as the result of seismic shocks, particularly in the horizontal direction, and (3) aftershock rainfall accelerates the process of mass movement along the sliding plane. 相似文献