共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
华南海岸沙丘岩形成与全新世环境变化的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海岸沙丘岩是热带亚热带地区由碳酸盐胶结的海岸风成堆积,其成岩过程的各个阶段需要特定的水热和地貌条件。对华南海岸沙丘岩的形成年代、堆积高度、出露地点进行统计分析,将其特征与全新世环境变化事件作对比, 结果显示华南沿海沙丘岩的形成过程与全新世气候变化及海平面变化等事件有很好的对应关系, 能很好地解释我国沙丘岩研究中一些尚未解决的问题：华南沿海缺少5000a BP以前沙丘岩是因为当时的沙丘岩形成于低海面,后来因海面上升而被淹没;3000a BP前后海岸风沙大规模堆积是大暖期结束后气温下降的结果;华南沿海沙丘岩的胶结主要发生在中世纪暖期;华南沿海缺少年代小于1000aBP沙丘岩是因为近千年来气候条件下,不适合沙丘岩的胶结。 相似文献
2.
华南海岸现代风成沙与海滩沙的粒度特征差异 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
基于华南海岸沙丘集中分布的闽南、粤东、粤西、海南岛沿岸141个现代沙丘沙和70个海滩沙样品的粒度数据,从粒径组成、粒度参数、粒度参数图和概率累积曲线等方面,分析了华南海岸现代风成沙与海滩沙的粒度差异特点。结果表明:现代沙丘沙较海滩沙细、分选程度变好、正偏相对增多及峰态变窄,但二者的差异并不显著,其概率累积曲线相近且一般通过粒度参数图难以区分,差异程度还呈现出明显的区域性。上述差异主要受华南海岸沙丘发育时间较短、季风气候的风向交替、台风频发、风沙活动空间不足、沙源粗细不同与沙丘规模差别等因素影响。 相似文献
3.
《亚热带资源与环境学报》2016,(2)
通过对福建长乐东部海岸典型的海滩-沙丘系统表层砂样的粒度分析,探索海滩砂与沙丘砂物质物源及其在海滩与滨海沙丘之间输移变化的关系模式。结果表明:1)长乐海岸横向沙丘表面粒度组成以中砂和细砂为主,平均粒径介于1.53~2.31Ф,平均值为1.98Ф;海滩砂的粒度组成以粗砂、中砂和细砂为主,平均粒径介于1.26~2.08Ф,平均值为1.76Ф;海滩砂分选性不如沙丘砂。2)海滩-沙丘系统的砂质沉积以滚动和悬浮组分(OP)、悬浮和滚动(PQ)为主,同时含有极少量的递变悬浮组分(OR),反映了典型的海陆过渡相(潮间带和潮上带)的沉积环境,经常遭受风力和波浪的混合作用。3)从粒度特征看,研究区海滩-沙丘系统的动力关系属于完全耗散性,海岸系统的动力环境,即波浪、潮汐、风力的共同作用,以及海滩宽度与坡度、海滩与沙丘之间的相互作用关系决定了海滩-沙丘系统的粒度组成和粒度参数特点。 相似文献
4.
海岸风沙的物质来源及其搬运、风化等作用受控于砂质海岸的地表过程,它们的粒度特征是解释区域环境演化的重要部分.基于闽江口地区河流砂、海滩砂、老红砂和海岸沙丘这4类砂质沉积,通过端元分析得出粒度端元特征,结合粒度频数分布曲线、粒度概率累积曲线、粒度参数和粒度组分特征分析和探讨了各端元指示的环境及与传统指标的关系,其结果如下... 相似文献
5.
海南岛现代风成岩(沙丘岩)的形成及其地貌意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文从沉积物结构、沉积结构特征以及胶结物类型等方面区别海岸沙丘岩、沙堤岩和海滩岩,并探讨了沙丘岩的形成机制及环境意义。 相似文献
6.
海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
根据“麦德姆”强台风登陆前后福建平潭岛海岸前丘、爬坡沙丘、横向沙丘和海岸沙席等海岸沙丘近表层的粒度数据,分析了台风登陆前后典型海岸沙丘近表层粒径组成与粒度参数的变化,初步总结了海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应特征。整体而言,平潭岛海岸沙丘在“麦德姆”登陆前后近表层的粒度变化较小,对台风的响应变化不大且基本无等级性的差别,但海岸沙丘不同类型及不同部位的响应程度并不一致,主要是由海岸沙丘沙与海滩沙粒度的相近性及台风过程中大风的非选择性风蚀所致,同时也受到不同类型沙丘的形态和规模等的影响。 相似文献
7.
海南岛东北部海岸沙丘的沉积构造特征及其发育模式 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
海岸沙丘沉积构造中既有大型交错层理,也具某些区别于内陆沙丘构造的特征,如厚层顶积层的保存及变形层理的普遍存在。 本区海岸沙丘形成于东北季风,沙源来自海滩砂。从海滩后滨向陆地的沙丘类型依次是海岸前丘、横向沙丘和新月形沙丘、抛物线沙丘、纵向沙丘、海岸沙席。其中海岸前丘和沙席为海岸沙丘区别于内陆沙丘的特有类型。本区海岸沙丘的发育开始于3000年前。 相似文献
8.
海滩岩在连云港的发现 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
作者在江苏连云港海滨首次发现的全新世海滩岩。经岩石样品及簿片、扫描电镜、＾１４Ｃ同位素等分析测定,海滩岩主要由陆源碎屑和生物碎屑组成,胶结物为文石和高镁方解石。该地海滩岩主要形成于全新世早期,当时气温高于现在８￣１０℃,据此对连云港市全新世早期古气候、水动力条件、海岸线的发展变化及古地理环境等作了初步探讨。 相似文献
9.
《亚热带资源与环境学报》2017,(4)
对福建长乐东海海岸沙丘进行光释光测年(OSL)分析,并根据毗邻海岸沙丘的光释光年代以及环境考古年代校验,初步确定了长乐海岸带近300 a来的海岸沙丘发育的时段。在光释光年代学确定的统一时间标尺基础上,采用粒度参数作为环境代用指标,讨论分析了不同空间尺度下影响长乐海岸沙丘发育的主要因素。研究表明:1)长乐海岸沙丘砂粒度特征表现出典型风成砂的特征:以中砂为主,分选较好,近对称,中等峰态,粒级较集中;2)长乐东海海岸沙丘发育于1714年以来,长乐海岸带海岸沙丘发育可划分为3个时期,AD1800以前、AD1800—1868、AD1896年至今;3)近300 a来东海沙丘发育主要受到东亚冬季风强度的影响,冬季风较强的时期海岸风沙活动频繁,但人类活动的影响也不容忽视。 相似文献
10.
海南岛海岸沙丘岩的特征、成因及其环境意义 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对海南岛海岸沙丘岩的沉积结构与构造进行了实地调查和实验分析。研究表明,海岸沙丘岩的沉积构造和结构特征有别于其他海岸沉积类型,既有风成特征,也有成岩作用特征。海岸沙丘岩的形成需要具备物源、气候和水分3个条件,并经历初始沉积物堆积、初步胶结和溶解—沉淀3个形成阶段。海岸沙丘岩具有一定的环境指示意义,即海岸沙丘岩形成于冰后期的相对高海面时期,能指示风力较弱、沙丘固定和湿热的气候条件。近1 000多年来,研究区的季风风向与现代盛行风风向基本一致。 相似文献
11.
12.
Long-duration deformation experiments at room temperature have shown that crystalline rocks with low porosities, such as granites, diorites, gneisses and metabasites, swell when saturated with water and shrink when dried out. The effect is reversible and reproducible. The swelling cannot be completely hindered by confining pressures up to 15 MPa. The volume strain (from the dry to the saturated state) is of the order of a tenth of the porosity. The volume strain is decreased in brine with increasing molarity and becomes much smaller by saturation with heptane. Swelling and shrinking can also be observed with sorption and desorption of water, that is a change in the relative humidity of the air. It is proposed that the swelling effect is due to surface forces, that is van der Waals attraction and electrostatic double-layer and solvation repulsion. The pore pressure causing the swelling was estimated to be of the order of 15 MPa. This indicates the presence of very flat pores with distances between the surfaces of about 1 nm. The surface forces probably also play an important role in determining the seismic properties of the rocks at low confining pressures. 相似文献
13.
Non-linear elastic behaviour of damaged rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vladimir Lyakhovsky Ze'ev Reches Ram Weinberger Thurman E. Scott 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,130(1):157-166
The pervasive damage of rocks by microcracks and voids strongly affects their macroscopic elastic properties. To evaluate the damage effects, we derive here the macroscopic stress-strain relations for a 3-D elastic solid with non-interacting cracks embedded inside a homogeneous matrix. The cracks considered are oriented either perpendicular to the maximum tension axis, or perpendicular to the maximum compression axis. In the first case they dilate during loading and in the second case they contract during loading. We derive a solution for the elastic energy of this rock following the self-consistent scheme of Budiansky & O'Connell (1976). The solution describes the stress-strain relations in terms of Λd and μd , which are the modified Lame constants, and an additional parameter Λ. The latter accounts for the non-linear behaviour of the solid and is related to crack density. The solution predicts a non-linear elastic rheology even for an infinitesimal strain of ɛ < 0.001, and abrupt change in the elastic moduli when the loading reverses from uniaxial compression to uniaxial tension.
We use the derived solution to analyse rock-mechanics experiments in which beams of Indiana limestone were deformed under four-point loading. This configuration provides simultaneously the apparent tensile and compressive moduli for small strains. The apparent moduli fit the effective elastic moduli calculated with the present damage model well, including the differences between tensile and compressive moduli. 相似文献
We use the derived solution to analyse rock-mechanics experiments in which beams of Indiana limestone were deformed under four-point loading. This configuration provides simultaneously the apparent tensile and compressive moduli for small strains. The apparent moduli fit the effective elastic moduli calculated with the present damage model well, including the differences between tensile and compressive moduli. 相似文献
14.
The fracture criticality of crustal rocks 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Stuart Crampin 《Geophysical Journal International》1994,118(2):428-438
15.
P-wave velocity anisotropy in crystalline rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vladislav Babu&#;ka 《Geophysical Journal International》1984,76(1):113-119
Summary. Compressional wave velocities and anisotropy coefficients determined at high hydrostatic pressures are compiled from the data published for the main types of crystalline rocks. The crack-free elastic anisotropy of igneous crustal rocks is generally very low, between 1 and 3 per cent on average. The anisotropy of metamorphic rocks is higher (up to 22 per cent), but very variable. The average anisotropy coefficients in schists and amphibolites are about 10 per cent, in gneisses between 3 and 7 per cent, and in granulites less than 3 per cent. The average anisotropy of olivine ultramafites is between 7 and 12 per cent, whereas in pyroxenites and eclogites it is usually less than 4 per cent. A comparison of ranges of average velocities and average anisotropies for the individual rock groups suggests that, whereas in the crust the lateral velocity variations are mainly due to compositional changes, in the olivine of the uppermost mantle the velocity variations due to anisotropic structures could be of the same magnitude as the variations due to inhomogeneities. 相似文献
16.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):207-208
The gneisses and schist bedrock in Bjugn, Åfjord and Ål counties of Norway are remarkably rich in caves and shelters. The caves are mainly developed along tectonic structures, primarily prominent fissure zones and nappes. Five modes of origin seem reasonable: 1. Tectonic movements and gravity sliding, producing displacement of hillsides. 2. Frost shattering. 3. Wave abrasion during stages of high sea-levels. 4. Preferential weathering in brecciated zones. 5. ‘Karstic’ dissolution of small, isolated marble lenses within the gneisses. In many cases, two or more of the processes appear to have worked together. Abundant speleothem growth suggests that calcareous zones exist in the rocks. The caves reach a horizontal extent of up to 200 m and vertical depths of 55 m. These much neglected cave types arc valuable shelters and habitats for animals, as well as paleontologically important pit-fall traps. Some of the caves and shelters are also potential archeological localities. 相似文献
17.
Gas generated and expelled from coals often results in economic gas accumulations. As a consequence, it is important to consider
the theoretical aspects of these processes and to develop methods that can be used to assess coal as a potential source rock.
On the basis of results of modeling hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, and retention in coals, two comprehensive indexes are
proposed for assessing the quality and the nature of coal as a potential source rock. Theoretical charts of the two indexes
are used to assess coals as potential source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin in northwestern China. 相似文献
18.
Summary. Measurements using standard contacting piezoelectric transducers and non-contacting laser sources and detectors, have been investigated for the study of ultrasonic anisotropy in rocks. An ultrasonic polariscope has been constructed in order to obtain reproducible travel-time and amplitude measurements. Three case studies are described to demonstrate the apparatus, namely isotropic halite, anisotropic calcite and transversely anisotropic mudstone. A novel technique has been developed in order to construct pseudo-particle motion diagrams, to highlight shear-wave birefringence in rock samples using 2.25 MHz transducers. A pulsed laser has been used to generate compressional and shear waves for comparison with piezoelectric transducer results. The pulses generated by laser irradiation have many advantages for the study of velocity and attenuation anisotropy because of their known characteristics, broad bandwidth and high level of reproducibility. The use of a non-contacting laser source and detector eliminates the need for elaborate coupling agents, stress bonding or immersion techniques. Point-source and line-focusing of the laser beam provides an indirect method of studying shear-wave polarization phenomena. Results from rotation of the line-focused laser beam and rotation of piezoelectric shear-wave transducers with respect to anisotropy, are compared for both velocity and amplitude phenomena in an anisotropic rock sample. 相似文献
19.
James G. Berryman 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(2):954-974
Seismic wave propagation through the earth is often strongly affected by the presence of fractures. When these fractures are filled with fluids (oil, gas, water, CO2 , etc.), the type and state of the fluid (liquid or gas) can make a large difference in the response of the seismic waves. This paper summarizes recent work on methods of deconstructing the effects of fractures, and any fluids within these fractures, on seismic wave propagation as observed in reflection seismic data. One method explored here is Thomsen's weak anisotropy approximation for wave moveout (since fractures often induce elastic anisotropy due to non-uniform crack-orientation statistics). Another method makes use of some very convenient crack/fracture parameters introduced previously that permit a relatively simple deconstruction of the elastic and wave propagation behaviour in terms of a small number of crack-influence parameters (whenever this is appropriate, as is certainly the case for small crack densities). Then, the quantitative effects of fluids on these crack-influence parameters are shown to be directly related to Skempton's coefficient B of undrained poroelasticity (where B typically ranges from 0 to 1). In particular, the rigorous result obtained for the low crack density limit is that the crack-influence parameters are multiplied by a factor (1 − B ) for undrained systems. It is also shown how fracture anisotropy affects Rayleigh wave speed, and how measured Rayleigh wave speeds can be used to infer shear wave speed of the fractured medium in some cases. Higher crack density results are also presented by incorporating recent simulation data on such cracked systems. 相似文献
20.
Upscaling of elastic properties of anisotropic sedimentary rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Irina O. Bayuk Mike Ammerman Evgeni M. Chesnokov 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,172(2):842-860