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1.
随着我国城市化建设进程的加快,城市水系和绿地面积不断缩减,地表硬质化现象持续加重,城市扩张所带来的问题正日益凸显,尤其是汛期强降雨导致的内涝灾害日渐成为亟需解决的城市顽疾。城市内涝灾害模拟及风险评估是推进城市内涝灾害管理,减少内涝灾害损失的有效途径。本文在综合近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,从城市内涝产生机理、模型及风险评估的角度对城市内涝的研究进行了详细阐述。在模型方面重点介绍了两种应用广泛的雨洪模拟模型:SCS和SWMM模型,对两者的优缺点进行了分析,同时简单归纳了其他雨洪模型。在灾情风险评估方法方面,重点介绍了基于历史灾情数理统计、遥感图像和GIS技术耦合分析和基于指标体系评估等的风险评估方法,并对比分析了各自的优缺点及适用范围。最后对城市内涝模型及风险评估的未来发展方向进行了展望,提出集成多模型耦合的城市雨洪模拟模型以及多学科联合的灾害风险评估研究将成为今后的发展趋势。 相似文献
2.
《山地科学学报》2020,17(2):329-339
Debris-flow disasters occurred frequently after the Mw 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Based on historical accounts of debris-flow disaster events, it found that debris flow occurrence is closely related to the impact of earthquakes and droughts, because earthquakedrought activities can increase the loose solid materials, which can transform into debris flows under the effect of rainstorms. Based on the analysis of historical earthquake activity(frequency, magnitude and location), drought indexes and the trend of climate change(amount of rainfall), a prediction method was established, and the regional debris flow susceptibility was predicted. Furthermore, in a debris flow-susceptible site, effective warning and monitoring are essential not only from an economicpoint of view but are also considered as a frontline approach to alleviate hazards. The advantages of the prediction and early monitoring include(1) the acquired results being sent to the central government for policy making;(2) lives and property in mountainous areas can be protected, such as the 570 residents in the Aizi valley, who evacuated successfully before debris flows in 2012;(3) guiding the government to identify the areas of disasters and the preparation for disaster prevention and mitigation, such as predicting disasters in high-risk areas in the period 2012-2017, helping the government to recognize the development trend of disasters;(4) the quantitative prediction of regional debris-flow susceptibility, such as after the Wenchuan earthquake, can promote scientific and sustainable development and socioeconomic planning in earthquake-struck areas. 相似文献
3.
本文采用地理信息系统技术（GIS）与水文/水动力学相结合的方法,使用修正的SCS模型进行产流模拟,利用局部等体积法和水动力模型进行汇流模拟,建立了基于情景的城市暴雨内涝危险性模拟工具,并对相同雨强情景下不同汇流模型的模拟结果与精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）局部等体积法计算简单,对降雨的时程分配较为敏感,峰前历时和雨强对结果影响显著,较适合于雨型确定的城市暴雨内涝危险性快速模拟;水动力模型计算复杂,与整个降雨历时存在明显关系,模拟精度较高。（2）利用台风“麦莎”带来强降雨导致的积水实测数据,对模拟结果进行对比和验证,表明本文建立的水动力模型法模拟结果与实测降雨积水更为接近,更适合上海中心城区暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟。 相似文献
4.
Tree-ring chronologies from pine, oak and black locust tree species were used to reconstruct annual streamflow and examine hydrological drought years for Palgong Mountain forested watershed in southeastern South Korea for the period from 1954-2015. The backward elimination multiple regression analysis provided the statistically significant predictor chronologies of streamflow. The final calibration and verification test models accounted for 84.8% and 81.6%, respectively, of the variability in streamflow observed in the gage data. Further verification of the validity of the reconstructed model was undertaken with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the Reduction of Error Test, and the Durbin-Watson Statistics and indicated fidelity of the model for reconstructing the annual streamflow. Analyses of the reconstructed annual streamflow indicate that the most persistent years of high flows above the median annual discharge occurred from 1986-2008. This period included 7 single or multiple years of highest flow above the 90th percentile discharge and multiple years of high flows with a time interval of 2-6 years, although with intervening multiple years of low flows below the 10th and 50th percentile. In comparison, the most persistent years of low flows below the median annual discharge occurred from 1954-1985 and 2009-2015. This period included 8 single or multiple years of lowest flow below the 10th percentile discharge and multiple years of low flows with a time interval of 2-9 years, although also with intervening multiple years of high flows above the 50th percentile. No single years of extreme hydrological droughts below the 10th percentile were identified from 1986-2015 whereas a greater proportion of high flows above the 90th percentile occurred during this period. The persistent single or multiple years of lowest flows between 1954 and 1985 were the recent most critical hydrological drought years identified in the Palgong Mountain forested watershed providing supportive evidence of the severity of past hydrological droughts during that period, applicable to the southeastern South Korea where the study watershed is located. This interpretation agrees with the hydrological drought event years identified from 1951 to the early 1980s in a related national study that used precipitation proxy data to reconstruct past occurrences of droughts in Korea. 相似文献
5.
通过对关中平原清代历史文献资料的搜集、整理和小波分析,对该区清代霜雪灾害等级、周期及其成因进行了研究,并恢复了该区清代霜雪灾害发生时的最低气温.结果表明:关中平原清代共发生霜雪灾害34次,其中轻度、中度、重度霜雪灾害分别为2、20、12次;关中平原清代霜雪灾害可分为3个阶段,1644~1733年为第1阶段,1734~1823年为第2阶段,1824~1912年为第3阶段;第1和第3阶段为霜雪灾害多发阶段,以中度和重度灾害为主,第2阶段为霜雪灾害少发阶段,以轻度和中度灾害为主;小波分析表明,关中平原清代霜雪灾害的发生存在不同的时间周期规律,其周期主要有9~15年、13年、34年左右和40年左右;降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成关中平原清代霜雪灾害的主要原因;关中平原清代轻度和中度霜雪灾害的气温范围为-6.4℃~-1℃,重度的气温范围一般为-19℃~-17℃;关中平原清代共发生3次寒冷气候事件,分别为1690~1692年、1861~1865年和1893~1895年. 相似文献
6.
为了解北碚地区的降水风险规律,减少地区旱涝引起的灾害损失.利用北碚区地面气象观测站的年降水观测资料（1981～2010年）,结合信息扩散理论模型,分析北碚地区的降水风险及成因.结果显示：（1）北碚地区降水的概率曲线为单峰型,峰值在1000～1100mm,夏季降水量离散程度比春、秋两季高,存在明显的旱季或涝季.（2）汛期降水量和年降水量的概率分布曲线趋势基本一致,也存在一些差异.（3）降水日分布特征显示雨量从21时开始增加,03时累积雨量为最大值,20时达到最低水平;降水频次从21时开始逐渐增加,并在08时达到最大.在暴雨小时降水量中5mm/h以下的降水次数最多,约占总次数的41％. 相似文献
7.
The mountainous hydrological process usually shows high variation to climate change and human action. In the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), Southwestern China and Southeast Asian, the transboundary runoff variations are much more sensitive and complex under the interaction of climate change, “corridor-barrier” functions in LRGR, and dams building. In this paper, based on the long hydrological records (1956-2013) from three mainstream hydrological stations in Nu River, Lancang River, and Red River, the region runoff variations were analyzed. The results show out: i) the regional runoff changes were strongly influenced by the “Corridor-Barrier” functions in LRGR from west to east, the variability extent of annual runoff increased, but tended to decrease after 2009 and the reduced extents also increased; ii) the annual runoff change in the three rivers had high concentration degrees; iii) there were periodicities of 33 years of runoff change in Nu River and Lancang River, and 30 years in Red River, and the lower flow period would continue for 8-9 years in Nu River and Lancang River but only for 4 years in Red River; iv) since 2010, as the two mega dams of Xiaowan and Nuozhadu built in Lancang River mainstream, their variations of annual runoff were quite different. The research results could offer a scientific base for sustainable utilization, conservation, and management of the regional water resources 相似文献
8.
全国山洪灾害调查评价成果及规律初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
山洪灾害调查评价是1949年来水利行业最大的非工程措施项目,是规模最大的全国性防灾减灾基础信息普查工程,历时4年,涉及全国30个省305个市2138个防治县（区）,国土面积755万km2,人口近9亿。运用普查、详查、外业测量、分析计算等多种手段,掌握了中国山洪灾害防治区范围、人员分布、下垫面条件、社会经济、历史山洪灾害等基本情况,科学分析了山丘区小流域的暴雨洪水特性,评价了现状防洪能力,计算了预警指标,划定了危险区,为山洪灾害预警预报和应急救援决策提供了基础信息支撑。本文系统介绍了全国山洪灾害调查评价的核心要点,综述了调查评价成果,归纳了调查评价成果要素类型,揭示了全国山洪灾害防治区、人口、历史山洪灾害事件与预警能力的空间分布一致性,即山洪灾害各要素集中分布于青藏高原-四川盆地过渡带、川滇交界地区、黄土高原区、东部沿海地区及华北等地区,最后初步探讨了该成果的应用前景。全国山洪灾害调查评价成果将为中国山洪灾害监测预警预报体系建设及防灾减灾能力提升提供丰富的基础数据支撑。 相似文献
9.
Based on annual runoff data collected from several hydrological stations in the Nen River Basin from 1956 to 2004,the cumulative filter method,Mann-Kendall method and Morlet wavelet analysis were used to analyze variations in the characteristics and factors influencing runoff.Specifically,the general characteristics list as：The distribution of runoff was found to be uneven within a year,and the annual variation showed an overall decreasing trend.The abrupt change points of runoff were found to be in the early 1960s,middle 1980s and late 1990s.Multiple time scales analysis revealed three time-scale cycles,a long-term cycle of about 20-35 years with a scale center of 25 years,another cycle of about 8-15 years with a scale center of 11 years and a short-term cycle of about 5 years.Based on the Morlet wavelet transform coefficients figure of the 25-year time scale,it is preliminarily estimated that the Nen River Basin will enter a high flow period in 2013.The results obtained using various methods were consistent with each other.The physical causes of the results were also analyzed to confirm their accuracy. 相似文献
10.
基于AO的洪水灾害风险分析模型设计与构建 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国是一个自然灾害尤其是洪涝灾害发生较频繁的国家,洪水灾害的风险分析与评估是抗洪救灾中的一个重要组成部分,洪灾风险分析的时效性、科学性对于防汛抗洪、抢险救灾具有重要的意义。本文针对流域洪水灾害的特点与其复杂的风险分析过程,考虑影响流域洪水灾害的因子,结合层次分析方法(AHP),以COM组件的架构思想为基础,采用ArcObjects语言的相关接口和方法,构建了流域洪水灾害风险分析模型,将各因子对洪水灾害的危险性和风险的影响进行了量化,分别得出洪水灾害风险性分布图和洪水灾害易损性分布情况。通过对洞庭湖试验区域的模型检验,结果表明,所构造的模型简单易操作,能够较好地对区域洪水灾害进行风险分析。 相似文献
11.
Yu-Shiu Chen Yu-Shu Kuo Wen-Chi Lai Yuan-Jung Tsai Shin-Ping Lee Kun-Ting Chen Chjeng-Lun Shieh 《山地科学学报》2011,8(4):571-581
Climate change has altered locally single-type disasters to large-scale compound disasters because of increasing intensity
and frequency of extreme rainfall events. The compound disasters can combine small-scale floods, debris flows, shallow landslides,
deep-seated landslides, and landslide lakes into a large-scale single disaster event. Although simulation models and evaluation
tools are available for single-type disasters, no single model is well developed for compound disasters due to the difficulty
of handling the interrelationship between two successive single-type disasters. This study proposes a structure for linking
available single-type simulation models to evaluate compound disasters and provides a useful tool of decision making for warning
and planning of disaster reduction. 相似文献
12.
On the basis of large amount of historical and measured data,this paper analyzed the regional,periodic,frequency,continuing,and response characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang and proposed the conception of ratio of peak runoff.Main characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang are as follows:1)The western Zhejiang region is plum rain major control area,and the eastern coastal region of Zhejiang is typhoon major control area.2)Within a long period in the future,Zhejiang will be in the long period that features droughts.3)In Zhejiang the 17th century was frequent drought and flood period,the 16th,19th,and 20th centuries were normal periods,while the 18th century was spasmodic drought and flood period.4)The severe and medium floods in Zhejiang were all centered around the M-or m-year of the 11-year sunspot activity period.5)There are biggish years of annual runoff occurred in El Ni?o year(E)or the following year(E 1)in Zhejiang.The near future evolution trend of droughts and floods in Zhejiang is as follows:1)Within a relatively long period in the future,Zhejiang Province will be in the long period of mostly drought years.2)Between 1999 and 2009 this area will feature drought years mainly,while the period of 2010-2020 will feature flood years mostly.3)Zhejiang has a good response to the sunspot activities,and the years around 2009,2015,and 2020 must be given due attention,especially around 2020 there might be an extremely severe flood year in Zhejiang.4)Floods in Zhejiang have good response to El Ni?o events,in El Ni?o year or the following year much attention must be paid to.And 5)In the future,the first,second,and third severe typhoon years in Zhejiang will be 2009,2012,and 2015,respectively. 相似文献
13.
中国历史山洪灾害分布特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国山洪灾害发生频繁,区域分布差异性明显且难以预报,关于山洪灾害分布特征的研究对于山洪灾害预警、山洪灾害防治区规划等具有重要意义。本文以历史山洪灾害点为基础数据,以6个一级地貌大区（东部平原低山丘陵大区（Ⅰ）、东南低山丘陵平原大区（Ⅱ）、华北-内蒙东中山高原大区（Ⅲ）、西北高中山盆地高原大区（Ⅳ）、西南中低山高原盆地大区（Ⅴ）、青藏高原高山极高山盆地谷地大区（Ⅵ））为基本分析单元,统计对比不同地貌区域内山洪灾害数目、密度,并进一步分析山洪灾害随高程、高程标准差以及50年一遇6 h雨量（H6-50）的分布情况,从而获得中国历史山洪灾害的主要分布特征。结果表明：山洪灾害集中分布于东南低山丘陵平原大区及西南中低山高原盆地大区,占全国山洪灾害的60%左右。6 h雨量（H6-50）处于240~280 mm区域山洪灾害密度最大。高程标准差小于30 m区域山洪灾害密度较大。东南低山丘陵平原大区高程处于10~50 m间,高程标准差小于30 m,雨量（H6-50）在150~270 mm间地区山洪灾害密度较大;西南中低山高原盆地大区山洪灾害集中分布于高程600 m以下,高程标准差小于50 m,雨量（H6-50）大于120 mm地区。以地貌区划结果为基本分析单元相对于行政界线而言更有助于分析山洪灾害分布特征。 相似文献
14.
随着气候变暖加剧,全球极端天气事件频发,重大气象灾害的发生频率与日俱增。研究气候变化与气象灾害发生频率的关系,对于气候变化背景下的防灾减灾具有重要意义。文献资料及泛在网络数据中蕴含了海量的气象灾害时空事件,为此,本文基于自然语言处理技术研发了文本气象灾害时空事件自动抽取方法。① 提出了基于专业文献的由粗到精的气象灾害标注语料训练库构建方法。首先针对不同文献资料存在的歧义和不兼容等问题,构建了面向文本事件统一的气象灾害知识体系。然后构建了基于章节结构的粗标注方法,分别针对长文本（现代文）和短文本（文言文）研发了基于Labeled LDA模型及基于TF-IDF和N-gram模型的精细标注语料筛选方法,解决了语料库的快速构建问题;② 基于BERT-CNN模型研发了融合上下文语义特征和多粒度的局部语义特征的、面向长短文本一体化处理的气象灾害时空事件自动分类方法;③ 利用该方法分别从文言文和泛在网络数据中自动抽取了灾害时空事件,其宏F1值分别达到89.09%和80.06%,主要气象灾害时空事件分布与专业统计数据相关性较高;④ 基于以上结果,重建了我国各历史时期灾害时空演变过程,发现各时期灾害数据量整体呈现出逐步上升趋势,暴雨灾害、洪涝灾害与干旱灾害是影响我国的主要灾种。本方法既可实现网络长文本事件的自动发现,也可实现文言文短文本事件的自动检测,为文本数据便捷应用于气象灾害研究和监测提供了新的技术方法。 相似文献
15.
耦合蚁群算法和SCS-CN水文模型的城市不透水面空间格局优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,中国城市暴雨内涝频繁发生,已经发展成为一类严重的“城市病”。城市不透水面密度及其空间格局是形成暴雨内涝的一个重要影响因素。本文提出一种耦合蚁群算法和SCS-CN水文模型优化不透水面空间格局的方法,从而实现通过增加地面雨水渗透量达到减缓城市内涝发生的目的。首先应用Williams公式计算基于坡度修正的CN值,在此基础上计算地表径流量;然后设定径流系数最小化目标,耦合水文模型和蚁群算法对径流小区尺度的不透水面空间格局进行优化配置;最后应用景观格局指数对不透水面空间格局进行分析。研究结果表明：面对1年、5年、10年、20年、50年以及100年一遇重现期的1 h持续降雨事件,研究区优化后的不透水面空间格局可以分别减少径流系数21.19%、19.58%、19.38%、18.93%、18.41%和17.25%,在一定程度上缓解城市暴雨内涝的发生。在此基础上,提出面向暴雨内涝防治的城市更新优化措施建议：① 通过增加草地、花园、树木等植被绿化减少高不透水面类型的面积,并划分成更多中高不透水面类型的斑块;② 集聚低、中低等不透水面类型,从而加大连通性,形成更多的中高不透水面类型;③ 增加每个径流小区内斑块数量,增大斑块密度,减少其蔓延度和聚集度。 相似文献
16.
XU Jianhua CHEN Yaning LI Weihong DONG Shan 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2008,18(1):77-84
Based on the time series data from the Aral hydrological station for the period of 1958-2005, the paper reveals the long-term trend and fractal of the annual runoff process in the mainstream of the Tarim River by using the wavelet analysis method and the fractal theory. The main conclusions are as follows： 1） From a large time scale point of view, i.e. the time scale of 16 （24） years, the annual runoff basically shows a slightly decreasing trend as a whole from 1958 to 2005. If the time scale is reduced to 8 （23） or 4 （22） years, the annual runoff still displays the basic trend as the large time scale, but it has fluctuated more obviously during the period. 2） The correlation dimension for the annual runoff process is 3.4307, non-integral, which indicates that the process has both fractal and chaotic characteristics. The correlation dimension is above 3, which means that at least four independent variables are needed to describe the dynamics of the annual runoff process. 3） The Hurst exponent for the first period （1958-1973） is 0.5036, which equals 0.5 approximately and indicates that the annual runoff process is in chaos. The Hurst exponents for the second （1974-1989） and third （1990-2005） periods are both greater than 0.50, which indicate that the annual runoff process showed a long-enduring characteristic in the two periods. The Hurst exponent for the period from 1990 to 2005 indicates that the annual runoff will show a slightly increasing trend in the 16 years after 2005. 相似文献
17.
With changing climatic conditions and snow cover regime, regional hydrological cycle for a snowy basin will change and further available surface water resources will be redistributed. Assessing snow meltwater effect on runoff is the key to water safety, under climate warming and fast social-economic developing status. In this study, stable isotopic technology was utilized to analyze the snow meltwater effect on regional hydrological processes, and to declare the response of snow hydrology to climate change and snow cover regime, together with longterm meteorological and hydrological observations, in the headwater of Irtysh River, Chinese Altai Mountains during 1961-2015. The average δ~(18) O values of rainfall, snowfall, meltwater, groundwater and river water for 2014–2015 hydrological year were-10.9‰,-22.3‰,-21.7‰,-15.7‰ and-16.0‰, respectively.The results from stable isotopes, snow melting observation and remote sensing indicated that the meltwater effect on hydrological processes in Kayiertesi River Basin mainly occurred during snowmelt supplying period from April to June. The contribution of meltwater to runoff reached 58.1% during this period, but rainfall, meltwater and groundwater supplied 49.1%, 36.9% and 14.0% of water resource to annual runoff, respectively. With rising air temperature and increasing snowfall in cold season, the snow water equivalent(SWE) had an increasing trend but the snow cover duration declined by about one month including 13-day delay of the first day and 17-day advancement of the end day during 1961–2016. Increase in SWE provided more available water resource. However, variations in snow cover timing had resulted in redistribution of surface water resource, represented by an increase of discharge percentage in April and May, and a decline in Juneand July. This trend of snow hydrology will render a deficit of water resource in June and July when the water resource demand is high for agricultural irrigation and industrial manufacture. 相似文献
18.
Due to rapid urbanization, waterlogging induced by torrential rainfall has become a global concern and a potential risk affecting urban habitant’s safety. Widespread waterlogging disasters have occurred almost annually in the urban area of Beijing, the capital of China. Based on a self-organizing map (SOM) artificial neural network (ANN), a graded waterlogging risk assessment was conducted on 56 low-lying points in Beijing, China. Social risk factors, such as Gross domestic product (GDP), population density, and traffic congestion, were utilized as input datasets in this study. The results indicate that SOM-ANN is suitable for automatically and quantitatively assessing risks associated with waterlogging. The greatest advantage of SOM-ANN in the assessment of waterlogging risk is that a priori knowledge about classification categories and assessment indicator weights is not needed. As a result, SOM-ANN can effectively overcome interference from subjective factors, producing classification results that are more objective and accurate. In this paper, the risk level of waterlogging in Beijing was divided into five grades. The points that were assigned risk grades of IV or V were located mainly in the districts of Chaoyang, Haidian, Xicheng, and Dongcheng. 相似文献
19.
《山地科学学报》2021,(10)
Climate change has significantly affected hydrological processes and increased the frequency and severity of water shortage, droughts and floods in northeast China. A study has been conducted to quantify the influence of climate change on the hydrologic process in the Tao'er River Basin(TRB), one of the most prominent regions in northeast China for water contradiction. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model was calibrated and validated with observed land use and hydro-climatic data and then employed for runoff simulations at upper, middle and lower reaches of the river basin for different climate change scenarios. The results showed that a gradual increase in temperature and decrease in annual precipitation in the basin was projected for the period 2020-2050 for both representative concentration pathways(RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The climate changes would cause a decrease in annual average runoff at basin outlet by 12 and 23 million m3 for RCP4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The future runoff in the upstream and midstream of the basin during 2020-2050 would be-10.8% and-12.1% lower than the observed runoff compared to the base period for RCP4.5, while those would be-5.3% and-10.7% lower for RCP8.5. The future runoff will decrease at three hydrology stations for the assumed future climate scenarios. The results can help us understand the future temperature and precipitation trends and the hydrological cycle process under different climate change scenarios, and provide the basis for the rational allocation and management of water resources under the influence of future climate change in the TRB. 相似文献
20.
The Loess Plateau of China has experienced a lengthy drought and severe soil erosion.Changes in precipitation and land use largely determine the dynamics of runoff and sediment yield in this region. Trend and mutation analyses were performed on hydrological data(1981–2012) from the Yanwachuan watershed in the Loess Plateau Gully Region to study the evolution characteristics of runoff and sediment yield. A time-series contrasting method also was used to evaluate the effects of precipitation and soil and water conservation(SWC) on runoff and sediment yield. Annual sediment yield declined markedly from 1981 to 2012 although there was no significant change in annual precipitation and annual runoff. Change points of annual runoff and annual sediment yield occurred in 1996 and 1997,respectively. Compared with that in the baseline period(1981–1996), annual runoff and annual sediment yield in the change period(1997–2012)decreased by 17.0% and 76.0%, respectively, but annual precipitation increased by 6.3%. Runoff decreased in the flood season and normal season, but increased in the dry season, while sediment yield significantly declined in the whole study period. The SWC measures contributed significantly to the reduction of annual runoff(137.9%) and annual sediment yield(135%) and were more important than precipitation. Biological measures(forestland and grassland) accounted for 61.04% of total runoff reduction, while engineering measures(terraces and dams) accounted for 102.84% of total sediment yield reduction. Furthermore, SWC measures had positive ecological effects. This study provides a scientific basis for soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献