共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
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城市供水管网中存在各种水质问题,研究供水管网在线监测及事故预警系统设计。在硬件设计上,采用hach的1 720 d作为浊度计。在软件设计上,通过建立在线监测信息数据库,避免人工在线操作可能造成的检测结果误差,进一步构建供水管网事故预警模块,设计系统登录界面,完成供水管网在线监测及事故预警系统设计。实验选取某城市的实时监控点,测试设计系统对余氯变化趋势的监测,得出设计系统的监测模块能够使用户能够非常直观的了解水质状况,为在线监测及事故预警系统提供有效参考。 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2017,(7)
近年来,国内山岭隧道塌方事故频发,造成了惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的设备损失,如何通过现场监测实时掌控围岩稳定性并进行安全预警已成为当前山岭隧道修建的关键难题之一。依托围岩塌方风险较高的大狮子隧道(宁波地区最长的公路隧道),阐明了隧道内围岩远程在线遥测技术的信号采集、传输与后台处理原理,基于现场监测组网的总线理论(FCS)和分组无线传输技术(GPRS),提出了一种新型隧道远程在线遥测系统构架方式。该系统构架采用洞内有线+无线的组网方案,包括监测数据的采集传输、管理分析、远程接收子系统3个部分。运用该系统对大狮子隧道围岩变形、锚杆应力、围岩与钢拱架之间喷层压应力开展了全天候实时高频监测,并采用服务器+客户端模式,实现了采集数据远程同步高速传输与多单位实时监控。通过分析高频采集数据后获得的监测量时程曲线(变形、应力、压力),发现大狮子隧道的围岩变形在整体变化趋势上呈现出一种台阶式的波动增长变化规律,受爆破开挖影响后变形值产生突变;同时围岩变形与喷层压力值受后续隧道开挖扰动的波动影响较大,但总体变化趋势上基本经历了前期快速变化-中期缓慢变化-后期逐步稳定3个阶段。通过对隧道近一年的远程在线监测表明,其技术可完全实现地下工程围岩稳定性的远程遥测和无人值守预警,具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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能坡法流量实时在线自动监测系统结合计算机处理、网络数据传输等先进技术,可以将常规的水文要素监测方式转变为信息采集、存贮、传输运用为一体的自动化、数字化过程。通过该系统在沈丘水文站的应用,与流速仪法测流进行对比分析,从而验证了能坡法流量实时在线自动监测系统的可靠性与合理性。 相似文献
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基于PCA和在线监测技术研究旅游活动对岩溶地下水水化学的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
岩溶地下水极易遭受污染且响应迅速,单靠几次取样难以揭示这种快速的动态过程。本研究采用高分辨率在线示踪技术确定了重庆金佛山水房泉的污染源位置,利用高密度监测获取了水房泉2014-12-01至2015-03-27期间水化学信息,同时定期获取流域内的大气降水、土壤水、景区假日酒店生活用水(以下简称宾馆用水)及污水样品。结果表明:投放在假日酒店卫生间的荧光素钠在水房泉的回收率为82%,示踪剂到达水房泉的最短时间和平均时间分别为26.8 h、90.3 h;水房泉泉水(以下简称泉水)在监测前期(2014-12-01至2014-12-14)和监测后期(2015-03-05至2015-03-27)大部分水化学指标的数值接近,监测中期出现的3次较大幅度的波动,与游客高峰期契合。主成分分析(PCA)提取了能代表75.0%信息量的2个主成分,旅游活动引起的pH值、溶解氧降低及电导率、盐度、浊度、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Sr~(2+)、全Fe、全Mn、SiO_2、HCO_3~–、Cl~–、PO_4~(3–)的上升,对本次监测信息的贡献率为61.2%;大气降水则导致泉水流量增加、水温降低,NO–3、Al~(3+)可能受到活塞效应的影响而增加,对本次监测信息贡献率为13.8%。旅游活动是影响该时段泉水水化学特征变化的主要因素。 相似文献
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为监测豆芽棚滑坡体的整体稳定性及综合治理的效果，建立了豆芽棚滑坡治理监测系统。实现了在线实时自动化监测。通过对监测资料的分析，论证了滑坡治理的必要性，说明了治理的效果。为滑坡治理自动化监测开辟了新的途径。 相似文献
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H-ADCP流量在线监测指标流速法定线软件"定线通"介绍与应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为适应H-ADCP应用于大江大河流量在线监测的需要,专门开发了指标流速法定线软件"定线通"."定线通"内置五种形式的回归方程(即断面平均流速与指标流速之间的函数关系).只需输入实测流量、H-ADCP指标流速、水位、及大断面数据,"定线通"便可以对五种回归方程进行回归分析,即刻给出回归系数、定线评估参数和图形、及定线报告."定线通"界面友好、使用方便.为应用H-ADCP进行流量在线监测提供了有效的定线工具. 相似文献
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法国AQUAPOD Light分析仪和AQUAPOD case应急监测仪用于微量有毒有机物和常规水质参数的在线监测,可对未知有机污染物发出报警,是实用性很强的微量污染物在线监测技术手段。基于该系统已建立了17个珠江流域特征有毒污染物的在线监测模型,将其应用于珠江重点饮用水源地,并对数据模型进行了检验;系统还具备常规参数的监测能力,其对COD、TOC和硝酸盐类等污染物监测的数据经与实验室内测试结果相比较,数据误差分布的检验结果表明其准确度和精密度均较好。 相似文献
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S Naseema Beegum Haifa Ben Romdhane Mohammed Tauha Ali Peter Armstrong Hosni Ghedira 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(8):1579-1602
The present study is on the aerosol optical and radiative properties in the short-wave radiation and its climate implications at the arid city of Abu Dhabi (24.42 °N, 54.61 °E, 4.5 m MSL), in the United Arab Emirates. The direct aerosol radiative forcings (ARF) in the short-wave region at the top (TOA) and bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) are estimated using a hybrid approach, making use of discrete ordinate radiative transfer method in conjunction with the short-wave flux and spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, over a period of 3 years (June 2012–July 2015), at Abu Dhabi located at the south-west coast of the Arabian Gulf. The inferred microphysical properties of aerosols at the measurement site indicate strong seasonal variations from the dominance of coarse mode mineral dust aerosols during spring (March–May) and summer (June–September), to the abundance of fine/accumulation mode aerosols mainly from combustion of fossil-fuel and bio-fuel during autumn (October–November) and winter (December–February) seasons. The monthly mean diurnally averaged ARF at the BOA (TOA) varies from ?13.2 Wm?2 (～?0.96 Wm?2) in November to ?39.4 Wm?2 (?11.4 Wm?2) in August with higher magnitudes of the forcing values during spring/summer seasons and lower values during autumn/winter seasons. The atmospheric aerosol forcing varies from + 12.2 Wm?2 (November) to 28.2 Wm?2 (June) with higher values throughout the spring and summer seasons, suggesting the importance of mineral dust aerosols towards the solar dimming. Seasonally, highest values of the forcing efficiency at the surface are observed in spring (?85.0 ± 4.1 W m?2 τ ?1) followed closely by winter (?79.2 ± 7.1 W m?2 τ ?1) and the lowest values during autumn season (?54 ± 4.3 W m?2 τ ?1). The study concludes with the variations of the atmospheric heating rates induced by the forcing. Highest heating rate is observed in June (0.39 K day ?1) and the lowest in November (0.17 K day ?1) and the temporal variability of this parameter is linearly associated with the aerosol absorption index. 相似文献
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Hong-Lin Yuan Shan Gao Meng-Ning Dai Chun-Lei Zong Detlef Günther Gisela Helene Fontaine Xiao-Ming Liu ChunRong Diwu 《Chemical Geology》2008,247(1-2):100-118
We describe an in situ method for simultaneous measurement of U–Pb–Hf isotopes and trace element compositions of zircons using a quadrupole and multiple-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometer (Q-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively) connected to a single excimer laser-ablation system. A laser-generated zircon aerosol was split behind the ablation cell into two transport tubes via a Y-shaped connector and simultaneously introduced into the two mass spectrometers. Hafnium isotopes were measured on the MC-ICP-MS instrument, while U–Pb ages and trace element compositions were determined using the Q-ICP-MS. The precision and accuracy of this method was evaluated using six well-known and widely used zircon standards (91500, Temora-2, GJ-1, Mud Tank, BR266 and Monastery). Analyses were carried out using spot sizes of 32, 44 and 60 μm. For the 44 and 60 μm spot, the resulting U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic and rare earth element (REE) compositions of these six zircons agree with recommended/reported values within 2σ error. The difference in relative standard deviations (RSD) of 206Pb/238U ages between split-flow measurements and those obtained separately on the Q-ICP-MS is within ～ 20% for 91500, Temora-2 and GJ-1, and ～ 60% for Mud Tank (due to its lower U and Pb concentrations). Our method provides a precise approach for determining the U–Pb age and the Hf isotopic and trace element compositions of zircon within a single ablation event. This is in particular important for analysis of zircons that are small or contain complicated zoning patterns. Finally, the REE composition of zircon BR266 is more homogeneous than other zircons and could be a suitable standard by which to benchmark new standards for microprobe analyses of zircons. 相似文献
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Atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) plays an important role in radiation modeling and partly determines the accuracy of estimated downward surface shortwave radiation (DSSR). In this study, Iqbal’s model C was used to estimate DSSR under cloud-free conditions over the Koohin and Chitgar sites in Tehran, Iran; the estimated DSSR was based on (1) our proposed hybrid modeling scheme where the AOD is retrieved using the Simplified Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA), ground-based measurements at the AERONET site in Zanjan and (2) the AOD from the Terra MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Several other Terra MODIS land and atmospheric products were also used as input data, including geolocation properties, water vapor, total ozone, surface reflectance, and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance. SARA-based DSSR and MODIS-based DSSR were evaluated with ground-based DSSR measurements at the Koohin and Chitgar sites in 2011 and 2013, respectively; the averaged statistics for SARA-based DSSR [R 2 ≈ 0.95, RMSE ≈ 22 W/m2 (2.5% mean value), and bias ≈ 3 W/m2] were stronger than those for MODIS-based DSSR [R 2 ≈ 0.79, RMSE ≈ 51 W/m2 (5.8% mean value), and bias ≈ 34 W/m2]. These results show that the proposed hybrid scheme can be used at regional to global scales under the assumption of future access to spatially distributed AERONET sites. Additionally, the robustness of this modeling scheme was exemplified by estimating the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) during a dust storm in Southwest Asia. The results were comparable to those of previous studies and showed the strength of our modeling scheme. 相似文献
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Black carbon (BC) is the combustion-altered, solid residue remaining after biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Radiocarbon measurements of BC provide information on the residence time of BC in organic carbon pools like soils and sediments, and also provide information on the source of BC by distinguishing between fossil fuel and biomass combustion byproducts. We have optimized dichromate-sulfuric acid oxidation for the measurement of radiocarbon in BC. We also present comparisons of BC 14C measurements on NIST aerosol SRM 1649a with previously published bulk aromatic 14C measurements and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 14C measurements on the same NIST standard.Dichromate-sulfuric acid oxidation belongs to the chemical class of BC measurement methods, which rely on the resistance of some forms of BC to strong chemical oxidants. Dilute solutions of dichromate-sulfuric acid degrade BC and marine-derived carbon at characteristic rates from which a simple kinetic formula can be used to calculate concentrations of individual components (Wolbach and Anders, 1989). We show that: (1) dichromate-sulfuric acid oxidation allows precise, reproducible 14C BC measurements; (2) kinetics calculations give more precise BC yield information when performed on a % OC basis (vs. a % mass basis); (3) kinetically calculated BC concentrations are similar regardless of whether the oxidation is performed at 23°C or 50°C; and (4) this method yields 14C BC results consistent with previously published aromatic 14C data for an NIST standard.For the purposes of intercomparison, we report % mass and carbon results for two commercially available BC standards. We also report comparative data from a new thermal method applied to SRM 1649a, showing that thermal oxidation of this material also follows the simple kinetic sum of exponentials model, although with different time constants. 相似文献
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多壁碳纳米管固相萃取快速检测水样中铅镉铜铁 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
传统的固相萃取填料应用于环境样品的重金属处理过程中,存在pH不稳定和不同极性萃取物共同萃取较为困难等方面的不足,因此寻找新型固相萃取填料显得尤为重要。本文采用多壁碳纳米管填充固相萃取柱,萃取水中金属元素铅、镉、铜和铁,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅和镉,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铜和铁。实验考察了多壁碳纳米管的性质、溶液pH值、洗脱溶液、样品流速以及基体效应对测定结果的影响。结果显示:溶液pH=9,1 mol/L硝酸为洗脱溶液,样品流速为2 mL/min时,外径8 nm未修饰的多壁碳纳米管有较好的萃取效率,对溶液中铅、镉、铜和铁的最大吸附容量分别为44.91、42.31、54.68和49.07 mg/g,四种元素的吸附容量均衡;钾、钠、钙、镁离子以及苯和甲苯等基质对四种金属元素的萃取影响不大。方法回收率为95.3%~99.5%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.2%~3.2%。本方法采用外径8 nm的多壁碳纳米管固相萃取,与传统萃取方法相比,富集效果好、回收率较高,而且操作简便、准确度高;与前人采用外径20~30 nm的多壁碳纳米管的性能相比,镉和铜的吸附容量更高,还可实现对铁的吸附,且铅、镉、铜和铁四种元素的吸附容量均衡,更适合用于检测水样中的金属元素。 相似文献
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Dany Savard Sarah Dare L. Paul Bédard Sarah-Jane Barnes 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2023,47(2):243-265
Although in situ analysis by LA-ICP-MS is considered a rapid technique with minimal sample preparation and data reduction, mapping areas of millimetres in size using a small beam (< 15 μm) can be time consuming (several hours) when a quadrupole ICP-MS is used. In addition, fully quantitative imaging using internal standardisation by LA-ICP-MS is challenging in samples with more than one mineral phase present due to varying ablation rates. A new protocol for the quantification of multiple coexisting phases, mapped at a rate of about 12 mm2 h-1 and a resolution of 12 μm × 12 μm per pixel, is presented. The protocol allows mapping of most atomic masses, ranging from 23Na to 238U, using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ICP-ToF-MS, TOFWERK) connected to a 193 nm excimer laser. A fast-funnel device was successfully used to increase the aerosol transport speed, reducing the time usually required for mapping by a factor of about ten compared with a quadrupole ICP-MS. The lower limits of detection for mid and heavy masses are in the range 0.1–10 μg g-1, allowing determination of trace to ultra-trace elements. The presented protocol is intended to be a routine analytical tool that can provide greater access to the spatial distribution of major and trace elements in geological materials. 相似文献
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Extensive measurements of aerosol optical and microphysical properties made at a remote island, Minicoy in southern Arabian Sea for the period (February 2006–March 2007) are used to characterize their temporal variability and Black Carbon (BC) mass mixing ratio. Large decrease in aerosol BC (from ～800 ng m?3 to ～100 ng m?3) was observed associated with change in airmass characteristics and monsoon rains. The total aerosol mass varied between ～80 and 20 μg m?3. Though the total mass fell drastically, a slight increase in super micron mass was observed during the June–August period associated with high winds. The mass fraction of Black Carbon aerosols during the prevalence of continental airmass is found to be ～1.2% of the composite aerosols, which is much lower than the values reported earlier for this region. 相似文献
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Mass loading and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols over the Arabian Sea during the pre-monsoon months of April and May have been studied as a part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB). These investigations show large spatial variabilities in total aerosol mass loading as well as that of individual chemical species. The mass loading is found to vary between 3.5 and 69.2 μg m?3, with higher loadings near the eastern and northern parts of Arabian Sea, which decreases steadily to reach its minimum value in the mid Arabian Sea. The decrease in mass loading from the coast of India towards west is estimated to have a linear gradient of 1.53 μg m?3/° longitude and an e?1 scale distance of ～2300 km. SO 4 2? , Cl? and Na+ are found to be the major ionic species present. Apart from these, other dominating watersoluble components of aerosols are NO 3 ? (17%) and Ca2+ (6%). Over the marine environment of Arabian Sea, the non-sea-salt component dominates accounting to ～76% of the total aerosol mass. The spatial variations of the various ions are examined in the light of prevailing meteorological conditions and airmass back trajectories. 相似文献
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K. R. Chakraborty 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,65(1):101-110
The methods used by earlier workers for evaluating material balance in core-mantle-matrix type differentiated systems are examined in detail. It is demonstrated that these methods can be successfully employed only when the true core-mantle volume ratio is known. On geometric grounds, it is rarely possible to have a reliable estimate of this ratio from natural specimen. Consequently, the scope of balance evaluation by these methods is severely restricted. From theoretical consideration of mass transfer relations in differentiated systems, a new computational method is proposed that can be effectively employed for quantitative balance evaluation without any prior knowledge of the core-mantle volume ratio provided the chemical analyses of the core, mantle and matrix are available. This method involves the application of the following mass balance equation: $$m_1 x_1^i + m_2 x_2^i = m_0 x_0^i {\text{ (}}i = {\text{1,2}}...{\text{,}}n{\text{)}}$$ where m 1 and m 2 are the mass of the core and mantle respectively, m 0 is the mass of the matrix involved in differentiation, and x 1 i , x 2 i , x 0 i are the weight fractions of the component i in the core, mantle and matrix respectively. This method would also permit a quantitative estimation of the materials added to or removed from the system. Three differentiated systems previously investigated by Mehnert (1951, 1968), Loberg (1963) and Kretz (1966) are selected for balance evaluation by the proposed method and the results are compared with the published balance analyses. 相似文献
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Mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and black smoke (BS) were measured in April 2003 during a 3-week campaign in a small village and at a nearby background location in the central part of the Czech Republic. In a pilot analysis, concentrations of selected trace elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sb, Cs, Pb) in the collected aerosol were determined by means of ICP-MS. Average concentrations of both PM fractions and BS were higher in the village (37, 26 and 26 μg m−3) than at the background location (26, 19 and 11 μg m−3) for PM10, PM2.5 and BS, respectively. Both PM10 and PM2.5 were reasonably correlated in the village (r = 0.80) and also at the background location (r = 0.79). Correlation between same fractions from the village and from the background site were even higher (r = 0.97 and r = 0.95 for the PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) suggesting that most of the aerosol in both locations may be influenced by similar sources. The ratio between PM10 and PM2.5 showed that sources in the village contributed about 33% and 35% to local aerosol concentration for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. When the data from the two rural locations were compared with corresponding 24-h averages of PM10 concentrations obtained for the period of the campaign from fixed site monitors situated near larger towns, the highest concentration was found in Prague the Czech capital (49 μg m−3) followed by a district town Beroun (41 μg m−3) and the village (37 μg m−3). The lowest PM10 concentration was found in the village background (26 μg m−3). Elemental analysis revealed higher concentrations for most of the elements characteristic of combustion aerosol (namely Zn, Pb, As, Mn and Ti) in the PM collected in the village. The results support the idea that traditional heating in villages may contribute a great extent to local air pollution and may represent an important problem. 相似文献