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1.
Cylindrical samples of polycrystalline carnallite (KMgCl 3, 6H 2O) were deformed in a triaxial apparatus at 60°C, at confining pressures between 0.1 and 31 MPa and at strain rates between 10 −4 and 10 −8 s −1. In a number of cases, small amounts of saturated carnallite brine were added. Samples without added brine deform by intracrystalline slip, mechanical twinning, cracking, and by frictional sliding on crack surfaces. Stress-strain curves of these samples are strongly dependent on confining pressure. Addition of brine has a dramatic effect on both microstructural development and mechanical properties. Grain-boundary migration is strongly enhanced. At lower strain rates, additional intracrystalline effects start to appear, together with the onset of solution transfer. Rapid compaction in samples deformed with added brine causes high fluid pressures to develop. At higher strain rates addition of brine results in a decrease of the flow stress by a factor of two. This weakening will increase even further at strain rates below about 10 −9 s −1, when solution transfer becomes rate controlling. It is argued that deformation of carnallite in nature is adequately described by the flow law found for samples deformed with added brine. 相似文献
2.
通过反复荷载三轴剪切试验研究了EPS颗粒混合轻质土在反复荷载下的变形和阻尼特性,分析了不同围压、不同水泥掺入比及不同土质条件下轴向累积应变、回弹模量及阻尼比随轴向总应变的变化规律。结果表明：轴向累积应变与轴向总应变呈线性关系,与轴向总应变的比值较大,且在不同条件下基本不变;回弹模量随围压和水泥掺入比的增大而增大。在一定的围压和水泥掺入比下,当应变小于8%时,砂土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的回弹模量大于淤泥质土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的回弹模量;当应变大于8%时,情况相反。回弹模量与轴向总应变的关系曲线可用递减的幂函数来拟合;EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比随轴向总应变的增大而增大,随围压和水泥掺入比的增大而减小,砂土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比小于淤泥质土EPS颗粒混合轻质土的阻尼比,但以上变化和差别都非常小,阻尼比基本保持为一常数。 相似文献
3.
Cylindrical specimens of fine Ottawa sand (A.S.T.M. designation C-109), compacted at the optimum moisture content and saturated before unidirectional freezing, have been tested in uniaxial compression at a cold room temperature of —5.5°C and strain rates between 10 −7 and 10 −2 s −1. The results agree with an extrapolation of data obtained by Sayles and Epanchin [1], but are much higher than those obtained by both Goughnour and Andersland [2] and Perkins and Ruedrich [3] at strain rates below 10 −5 s −1. There is evidence that this may be due to variation in total moisture (ice) content, the conditions under which the specimens were frozen (closed system or an open system) and to the end effects at the platen—specimen interface. 相似文献
4.
利用美国GCTS公司研制的USTX-2000全自动非饱和土/饱和土动三轴仪,在不同围压下对以有机玻璃作加筋材料的H-V加筋饱和砂土进行了一系列循环荷载下动三轴试验,研究了H-V加筋饱和砂动弹性模量及阻尼比随围压、动应变、竖筋高度的变化规律,从而得到最大动弹性模量与围压的关系。试验表明,纯砂和加筋砂的动弹性模量都随动弹性应变幅的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋砂较纯砂和水平加筋砂有效地增大了动弹性模量,并随着竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的最大动弹性模量随着围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋随竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的阻尼比随动弹性应变幅的增大而增大,纯砂和H-V加筋砂的阻尼比随围压的变化不够显著,但有减小的趋势,H-V加筋砂阻尼比随竖筋高度的变化不明显,但加筋砂比纯砂有效地减小了阻尼比。 相似文献
5.
We present a database and a graphical analysis of published experimental results for dissolution rates of olivine, quartz plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, spinel, and garnet in basaltic and andesitic melts covering a range of experimental temperatures (1100–1500°C) and pressures (10 5 Pa-3.0 GPa). The published datasets of Donaldson (1985, 1990) and Brearly and Scarfe (1986) are the most complete. Experimental dissolution rates from all datasets are recalculated and normalized to a constant oxygen basis to allow for direct comparison of dissolution rates between different minerals. Dissolution rates (ν) range from 5·10 −10 oxygen equivalent moles (o.e.m.) cm −2 s −1 for olivine in a basaltic melt to 1.3·10 −5 o.e.m. cm −2 s −1 for garnet in a basaltic melt. Values of ln ν are Arthenian for the experiments examined and activation energies range from 118 to 1800 kJ/o.e.m. for quartz and clinopyroxene, respectively. The relationship between calculated A/RT for the dissolution reactions, where A is the thermodynamic potential affinity, and values of ν is linear for olivine, plagioclase, and quartz. We interpret this as strong evidence in support of using calculated A as a predictor of ν for, at least, superliquidus melt conditions. 相似文献
6.
We present results of computations on the interaction of solid-phase electrum–argentite–pyrite (weight ratios 210 −5/ 210 −3/1 and 210 −5/410 −2/1) association with Cl-containing aqueous moderately acid solutions (0.5m NaCl, pH = 3.08) at 300 °C and 500 bars. These data are a physicochemical basis for predicting the geochemical behavior of Au and Ag during the hydrothermal-metasomatic transformation of Au-Ag-pyrite. We also propose a technique of study of this process based on the phase equilibria of the subsystem Au–Ag–S with the aqueous solution at different liquid/solid (l/s) ratios, with the use of new graphic diagrams. The relationship of the composition of the solid-phase association with l/s ratio in real boundary conditions (Au = 17 ppm, mAu/mAg = 10 –3.57–10 –2.28) is shown. The maximum l/s values for complete leaching of gold and silver (l/smax = 200–800) are estimated. It has been established that argentite is the first to dissolve when mAu/mAg(s) > mAu/mAg(sol), and electrum, when mAu/mAg(s) < mAu/mAg(sol). The experimental results showed that at 300 °C, the conversion of electrum (NAu = 300‰) nonequilibrated with pyrite into an Au-richer form (NAu = 730‰) and argentite follows an intricate kinetic scheme. Using the Pilling-Bedwords kinetic equation for processing data yielded the process rate constant K = 2.8(±0.5)10−5 g2cm−4day−1. With this equation, the time of the complete conversion of 200 μm thick flat gold grains is 604 days. These data evidence a significant role of kinetic factors in hydrothermal-metasomatic processes involving native gold, which requires combination of thermodynamic and kinetic approaches on the construction of geologo-genetic models for hydrothermal sulfide formation. 相似文献
7.
为了研究高温-高含冰量冻土这种极不稳定土体的动力学特性,开展了固结围压为0.3、0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0 MPa,控制温度为-0.5、-1.0、-2.0、-4.0 ℃、初始含水率为50%的高含冰量青藏线重塑冻土的动三轴试验。根据试验结果,提出了用广义的双曲线模型来描述动应力-应变关系,并且给出了模型参数预报关系式;基于动弹性模量和轴向应变之间的非线性关系,提出?3 =0.5 MPa为临界围压。当围压大于0.5 MPa时,动弹性模量随着动应变的增大呈减小的趋势;当围压小于0.5 MPa时,动弹性模量随着动应变先增大后又减小;此外,动阻尼比随应变幅值和围压的增大而增大,随着温度的降低,动阻尼比变小。 相似文献
8.
对不同温度和不同围压下的青藏冻结粉土进行了三轴压缩与加卸载试验,得到冻结粉土应力-应变关系曲线、抗压强度等力学参数随温度与围压变化的关系。结果表明,冻结粉土典型应力-应变曲线在低围压下大致可以分为线弹性、峰前塑性变形与峰后软化3个阶段。当? 3 < 3.0 MPa时,应力-应变曲线具有明显的峰后软化现象,随围压的增大,软化现象逐渐减弱,当? 3 达到14 MPa,应变软化现象重新变得明显;冻结粉土的强度与变形模量均随围压的增加先升后降;低围压作用下冻结粉土体积随轴向应变的增加先缩后胀,而高围压下体积变形只有体缩;低围压下冻结粉土体积塑性变形耗散能先是随着体积塑性变形增大而增大,之后由于剪胀而减少,高围压下体积塑性变形耗散能始终增加;剪切塑性变形耗散能与塑性剪应变之间近似成抛物线的关系。 相似文献
9.
通过对取自新疆克拉玛依风城油田重油储层的油砂进行室温和高温三轴固结排水压缩试验,研究了油砂基本力学和热学性质。研究结果表明：在常温试验条件下,油砂的偏应力-应变曲线可分为弹性阶段、塑性阶段和软化阶段,高温试验条件下则首先会出现压密阶段,不同围压下的体积应变变化规律显著不同;油砂的弹性模量和泊松比均与固结压力有较好的线性关系;高温对油砂的峰值强度、残余强度、泊松比和弹性模量影响很小;油砂的内摩擦角为34°,大小与粗粒土相近,凝聚力为0.47 MPa;油砂的热膨胀系数随围压的增大而增大,环向膨胀系数远大于轴向膨胀系数;围压?3 =5 MPa时存在临界温度,使得油砂的变形在低于或高于临界温度时表现出不同的特点,当温度小于临界温度时,试件的环向变形、轴向变形、体积变形均随温度的升高线性膨胀;当温度大于临界温度时,试件的环向变形、轴向变形、体积变形均随温度的升高线性收缩。最后将风城油砂的性质与加拿大Athabasca和Cold Lake两处的油砂进行了对比,发现3个地区的油砂在强度、变形等方面有很多相似之处,这对风城重油资源的开采具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
10.
对含盐冻结粉质砂土进行温度-2 ℃、-4 ℃、-6 ℃和围压0.3~16 MPa的三轴强度试验. 结果表明: 含盐冻结粉质砂土应力-应变曲线在低围压和高围压表现为应变软化特征, 中围压为理想塑性变形特性; 随着围压的增大, 强度先增加后减小. 在围压小范围内得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角, 并得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角随围压和温度的变化规律; 同时, 针对强度随围压的变化, 提出非线性强度准则. 相似文献
11.
We investigate the use of a ductile material with temperature-sensitive viscosity for thermomechanical modelling of the lithosphere. First, we consider the scaling of mechanical and thermal properties. For a normal field of gravity, the balance of stresses and body forces sets the stress scale, in proportion to the linear dimensions and the densities. The equation of thermal conduction sets the time scale. The activation enthalpy for creep sets the temperature scale; but the thermal expansivity provides an additional constraint on this temperature scale. Gum rosin appears to be a suitable material for lithospheric modelling. We have measured its flow properties, at various temperatures, in a specially designed rotary viscometer with unusually low machine friction. The rosin is almost Newtonian. Strain rate depends upon stress to the power n, where 1.0 <n < 1.14. The viscosity varies over 5 orders of magnitude, from about 102 Pa s at 80°C, to about 107 Pa s at 40°C. The activation enthalphy is thus about 250 kJ/mol. Measured with a needle probe, the thermal conductivity is 0.113 ± 0.001 W m−1K−1; the thermal diffusivity, (6±3) ×10−7 m2 s−1. Calculated from X-ray profiles, the thermal expansivity is about 3 × 10−4 K−1. These thermal and mechanical properties make gum rosin suitable for thermomechanical models, where linear dimensions scale down by a factor of 106; time, by 1011; viscosity, by 1017; and temperature change, by 101. 相似文献
12.
为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在 q- p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力 c和内摩擦角 φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。 相似文献
13.
冻土对温度敏感且性质易变, 而高含冰量冻土的性质更是极不稳定, 针对不同温度、 不同围压下50%的高含冰量重塑冻土进行了动三轴试验.结果表明: 动强度随着振次的增大线性减小, 和温度呈二次变化关系, 随着负温的增大而增大, 围压对动强度影响不大;残余轴应变随着振次的增大而增大, 呈幂函数的关系;随负温的增大而变小, 围压对残余应变影响也不大. 根据这些影响因素, 分别给出了高含冰量冻土的动强度和残余应变的计算公式, 这些结果可为该类土的动力特性研究提供参考. 相似文献
14.
Cylindrical samples of water-saturated, initially loose, St. Peter quartz sand were consolidated using triaxial deformation apparatus at room temperature, constant fluid pressure (12.5 MPa), and elevated confining pressures (up to 262.5 MPa). The samples were deformed along four loading paths: (1) hydrostatic stressing tests in which confining pressure was monotonically increased; (2) hydrostatic stress cycling similar to (1) except that effective pressure was periodically decreased to initial conditions; (3) triaxial deformation at constant effective pressure in which differential stress was applied after raising effective pressure to an elevated level; and (4) triaxial stress cycling similar to (3) except that the axial differential stress was periodically decreased to zero. Hydrostatic stressing at a constant rate results in a complex nonlinear consolidation response. At low pressures, large strains occur without significant acoustic emission (AE) activity. With increased pressure, the stress versus strain curve becomes quasi-linear with a corresponding nonlinear increase in AE rates. At elevated pressures, macroscopic yielding is marked by the onset of large strains, high AE rates, and significant grain failure. Stress cycling experiments show that measurable inelastic strain occurs at all stages of hydrostatic loading. The reload portions of stress cycles are characterized by a poro-elastic response and lower AE rates than during constant rate hydrostatic stressing. As the stress nears and exceeds the level that was applied during previous loading cycles, strain and AE rates increase in a manner consistent with yielding. Triaxial stressing cycles achieve greater consolidation and AE rates than hydrostatic loading at similar mean stress levels. By comparing our results with previously published studies, we construct a three-component model to describe elastic and inelastic compaction of granular sand. This model involves acoustically silent grain rearrangement that contributes significant inelastic strain at low pressures, poro-elastic (Hertzian) deformation at all pressures, and inelastic strain related to granular cracking and particle failure which increases in significance at greater pressures. 相似文献
15.
城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣具有活性,饱和炉渣的剪切强度随时间增加而增加。本文采用常规三轴试验测试饱和炉渣的剪切强度,围压σ 3分别为50kPa、100kPa、200kPa和400kPa,试样的干密度ρ d分别为1.4g·cm-3、1.5g·cm-3和1.6g·cm-3,龄期t分别为3d、7d、14d和28d。三轴试验结果表明:饱和炉渣的破坏模式受龄期和围压的影响明显。围压小于200kPa,龄期小于14d的试样表现为脆性破坏。在τ-σ坐标上,应力莫尔圆的包络线不是直线;炉渣在σ 1-σ 3坐标上表现为两段直线,分界点为σ 3=200kPa,由σ 1-σ 3相关关系确定炉渣的内摩擦角和黏聚力更合理可信。 相似文献
16.
利用高压三轴渗透试验系统,对某矿区深部的粗砂和细砂进行了高围压条件下的渗透试验。研究了同一水力梯度下渗透系数与围压的关系;同一围压下渗透系数与渗透水力梯度的关系;同一水力梯度下,围压逐级加载的渗透系数与一次加载的渗透系数之间的差别。结果表明,粗砂和细砂在同一水力梯度下渗透系数均随围压的增大而逐渐减小,在同一围压下,渗透系数会随渗透水力梯度的增大而逐渐增大;同一水力梯度下,围压逐级加载下的渗透系数明显小于一次加载条件下的渗透系数。根据围压与渗透系数的关系拟合出了两种砂样渗透系数与围压关系的数学表达式。为探究高围压下渗透系数变化的原因,研究了砂样试验过程中的体积变化和试验前后的粒度成分变化。结果表明,围压的施加过程伴随着试样的体积减小,相应的孔隙度减小,渗透系数降低;高围压条件下,砂土颗粒被挤碎成细颗粒,使得砂土的细粒含量增多,孔隙度减小,导致了砂土渗透系数的降低。 相似文献
17.
As a result of the collapse of a mine tailing dam, a large extension of the Guadiamar valley was covered with a layer of pyritic sludge. Despite the removal of most of the sludge, a small amount remained in the soil, constituting a potential risk of water contamination. The kinetics of the sludge oxidation was studied by means of laboratory flow-through experiments at different pH and oxygen pressures. The sludge is composed mainly of pyrite (76%), together with quartz, gypsum, clays, and sulphides of zinc, copper, and lead. Trace elements, such as arsenic and cadmium, also constitute a potential source of pollution. The sludge is fine grained (median of 12 μm) and exhibits a large surface (BET area of 1.4±0.2 m 2 g −1). The dissolution rate law of sludge obtained is r=10−6.1(±0.3) [O2(aq)]0.41(±0.04) aH+0.09(±0.06) gsludge m−2 s−1 (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). The dissolution rate law of pyrite obtained is r=10−7.8(±0.3) [O2(aq)]0.50(±0.04) aH+0.10(±0.08) mol m−2 s−1 (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). Under the same experimental conditions, sphalerite dissolved faster than pyrite but chalcopyrite dissolves at a rate similar to that of pyrite. No clear dependence on pH or oxygen pressure was observed. Only galena dissolution seemed to be promoted by proton activity. Arsenic and antimony were released consistently with sulphate, except at low pH conditions under which they were released faster, suggesting that additional sources other than pyrite such as arsenopyrite could be present in the sludge. Cobalt dissolved congruently with pyrite, but Tl and Cd seemed to be related to galena and sphalerite, respectively. A mechanism for pyrite dissolution where the rate-limiting step is the surface oxidation of sulphide to sulphate after the adsorption of O2 onto pyrite surface is proposed. 相似文献
18.
利用GDS三轴系统4D应力路径模块,进行了不同围压下含浅层生物气非饱和砂土的持水特征试验。分析不同围压对持水特征曲线形态的影响。结果表明,随着围压的施加与增大,非饱和砂土持水能力逐渐减弱。应用所得持水特征曲线进行含浅层气砂土中气藏压力状态的分析预测,结果表明,使用无围压下持水特征曲线进行预测是偏于安全的 相似文献
19.
A model of the earth's crust has been adopted for interpretation of seismic reflection profiles in Kazakhstan. Within it, the smooth variation of seismic velocities with depth becomes complicated by small random fluctuations of various scales. These velocity fluctuations are manifested in oscillations of amplitudes and arrival times of the recorded signals. The inhomogeneity of the medium is characterized by its coefficient of intrinsic attenuation. Investigation of this coefficient shows that for the crust, its mean value (at a frequency of 7 Hz) is equal to 10−3 km −1 and that over the depth interval of 10–25 km its value is very small, almost zero. It is therefore most surprising that this same depth interval (10–25 km) contains nothing unusual within the cross-section of its determined component wave velocity. 相似文献
20.
通过对温州典型饱和软黏土进行一系列不同应力路径下的部分排水循环动三轴试验,研究了部分排水条件下循环围压对饱和软黏土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明：部分排水条件下,与常规的围压保持恒定,偏应力单独循环作用下的三轴试验结果相比,循环围压的存在对饱和软黏土的永久体应变和永久轴向应变均产生了的显著的影响。在相同循环应力比和循环次数下,试样的永久体应变和永久轴向应变均随着循环围压幅值的增大而增大,说明常规的恒定围压循环三轴试验会低估高速交通荷载作用下路基土体的沉降。基于试样第10 000圈的永久体应变和永久轴向应变,分别建立了可以量化部分排水条件下循环围压对饱和软黏土永久体应变和永久轴向应变影响的经验公式,并用于预测饱和软黏土在交通荷载这种包含循环偏应力和循环围压耦合作用的复杂应力条件下产生的永久变形。 相似文献
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