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1.
本文通过详细的沉积学研究,讨论了滇西南景谷-镇沅地区第三纪重力流的沉积特征,包括碎屑流、颗粒流和浊流三种沉积类型。它们的发育直接受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞及其后陆内变形的控制,是区域构造事件的响应。 相似文献
2.
等深流与重力流在深水环境中较为常见,两者在地质历史时期中可存在相互作用进而形成交互作用沉积。结合近20年研究成果,对深水等深流与重力流交互作用的沉积类型、鉴别标志、形成机理及地质意义进行了总结。1）等深流与重力流交互作用沉积可分为等深流与重力流沉积互层、等深流改造重力流及等深流与重力流同时作用沉积。2）等深流沉积和重力流沉积的有效鉴别是等深流与重力流沉积互层沉积研究的前提。3）等深流改造重力流沉积发育重力流和牵引流沉积构造,双向交错层理最为典型;常具顺斜坡向下及大致平行斜坡的两个水流方向;概率累积曲线呈1~3段式等特征。4）等深流与重力流同时作用沉积主要发育单向迁移水道、不对称的水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。5）交互作用形成过程主要受等深流与重力流相对能量大小的影响。当重力流活跃时,发育重力流沉积,在重力流末期及间歇期,等深流沉积发育,进而形成重力流与等深流沉积互层。等深流能量较强时,可改造重力流沉积,形成等深流改造重力流沉积。高能等深流在重力流能量较弱时,可对重力流沉积物进行横向搬运,形成迁移水道、不对称水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。6）主要问题及下一步的主攻方向主要包括四个方面:①重视综合研究,增加实例分析;②完善鉴别标志,推广研究成果;③多方法、多尺度、多条件、多维度综合探讨交互作用沉积过程及主控因素;④加强油气勘探潜力、古环境演化及地质灾害预防等方面的研究。 相似文献
3.
湘西黔东下、中寒武统沉积环境 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文论述了对湘西黔东地区早、中寒武世的碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑沉积的分析研究结果,着重探讨了控制该区陆表海沉积层序的各种动力因素。在研究区内,4种垂向层序均具有向上变浅的旋回性。早寒武世晚期的藻丘缓斜坡与中寒武世的鲕粒陡斜坡上的沉积动力学特征为:滨岸正常波浪潮汐流,滨岸及内陆棚的风暴营力,垂直于古岸线的大规模地滑和重力流,沿古岸线及斜坡的等深流。沉积小旋回的成因系构造断块的脉动,而盆地边缘的海退序列则由板块相对扩张、海平面变动及碳酸盐岩自身成长所控制。 相似文献
4.
等深流沉积研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
等深流沉积研究已有约50年的历史,其研究成果极为丰富。近10余年,随着科学技术的发展和海洋意识的提高,等深流沉积研究工作开展迅速,涌现出了大量的新成果。简要回顾了等深流沉积研究的历程,结合最新研究成果,对其进展及认识进行了总结。等深流沉积以细粒沉积为主,沉积构造及生物扰动发育,多呈细-粗-细沉积序列。其类型可分为长条形丘状漂积体、水道型漂积体、补丁型漂积体等7类。沉积模式根据地形、水动力、路径等可分为简单路径模式、复杂路径模式以及等深流与重力流交互作用模式。等深流与重力流交互作用是深水沉积研究热点之一。等深流沉积研究面临的问题及发展方向主要有三方面,即,1）完善识别标志,推广研究成果;2）综合运用多种手段和理论,探讨沉积过程与构造演化、古海洋及气候变化的耦合关系;3）加大油气勘探潜力研究力度。 相似文献
5.
复合流由单向流和振荡流叠加而成,属于不同流体相互作用范畴,其研究起源于水槽实验中对复合流波痕的观察,一开始便和沉积学结合在一起.复合流沉积对于复杂水动力条件下的沉积学研究具有非常重要的意义,是目前确定沉积岩沉积时流体相互作用的主要依据.以现有复合流文献为基础,从复合流底床形态与垂向序列谱系、沉积效应与层理构造谱系和泥质底床上的层面构造谱系等3个方面进行了总结.复合流沉积特征受单向流速度和振荡流速度的双重控制,各底床形态及相关的纹层构造均表现出从对称到不对称的连续变化,其不对称程度随单向流速度的增大而增加.垂向序列介于单向衰弱流悬浮沉积和双向振荡流悬浮沉积之间,鲍玛序列和风暴序列是其两个端元类型.复合流沉积虽然以粉砂和细砂颗粒为主,但是在较粗的颗粒中(如扁平砾屑)也可以形成特殊的颗粒组构.在层面构造中,由于单向流和振荡流速度的变化(包括大小和叠加方向)在泥质底床上也会形成不同的底痕谱系.因此,对复合流沉积的研究,将是注重振荡流与单向流相互作用的沉积过程研究,从而有别于传统沉积学在不同沉积环境下的模式研究. 相似文献
6.
华北板块南缘寒武纪早期沉积盆地和岩相古地理演化一直是地学界研究重点之一。以豫西鲁山石门沟地区寒武系辛集组为研究对象,运用传统沉积学野外剖面观测及室内镜下薄片观察和粒度分析方法,对辛集组沉积环境及其控制因素进行研究,得到以下主要认识:豫西鲁山石门沟地区寒武系辛集组为一套典型的海相陆源碎屑岩沉积,其岩性自下而上由砾岩-砂岩-泥岩过渡,沉积环境向上构成由浅海重力流-滨岸潮坪-潟湖和冲溢扇的垂向演化过程,普遍受风暴事件的影响;辛集组砂岩概率累积曲线主要表现为"高斜一段、二段式"和"高斜多跳一悬式",C-M图投点显示出兼具牵引流与重力流的水动力机制,均符合风暴沉积特征;辛集组沉积环境与早寒武世华北板块南缘活动大陆边缘、坳-隆相间的古地理古构造格局,处于风暴活动频繁的低纬度地区,以及全球海平面上升变化、气温由温和到相对较高的古纬度和古气候等因素密不可分。辛集组沉积环境及其控制因素研究,对了解华北板块南缘寒武纪早期沉积盆地及岩相古地理演化具有重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献
7.
秦岭商丹带内黑河地区砾岩沉积及其构造意义 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
发育于秦岭板块结合部位的黑河砾岩是由水下碎屑流，颗粒流和砾质高密度浊流形成的。它们与周围相关岩相一起构成了二个明显的相组合，代有了二个独立的裙状沉积体。组合Ⅰ中的砾岩是由火山泥流泻入浅水碳酸盐台地之上沉积而成，而组合Ⅱ中的砾岩则与中一细粒浊积岩一起表现为深水远端沉积。砾岩的形成和发展与古生代秦岭板块的俯冲及相邻火山岛弧的演化密切相关，是当时弧前盆地沉积体的一个组成部分。 相似文献
8.
深水异地沉积研究在我国已有30年历程,它经历了70年代浊流沉积研究探索阶段、80年代重力流沉积研究蓬勃发展阶段和90年代深水牵引流沉积研究阶段。70年代浊流沉积研究刚刚起步,以资料积累和深化认识为主,成果欠丰;深水牵引流沉积研究则仅有少量探索。80年代深水重力流沉积研究已从单一类型延伸到多种类型,从陆源碎屑重力流沉积扩展到碳酸盐和火山碎屑重力流沉积,从海洋发展到湖泊,从一般性描述转入沉积模式、控制因素及含矿性的探讨,出现了突飞猛进、硕果累累的可喜局面;而深水牵引流沉积研究也有了实质性进展。90年代重力流沉积研究继续保持稳步发展态势,而深水牵引流沉积研究有了更大的进展,取得了令世人注目的重要成果。展望未来,深水异地沉积研究任重而道远,相信我国沉积学学者在这一领域研究必将迎来前所未有的盛世。 相似文献
9.
深水沉积根据沉积物来源可以分为深水异地沉积和深水原地沉积.深水异地沉积是指海洋深水区经横向搬运而形成的沉积,它是相对于垂直降落沉积作用形成的原地沉积而言的.通常前者形成的沉积物比后者的粒度粗.深水异地沉积主要包括重力流沉积和深水牵引流沉积两大类;深水原地沉积主要包括深水泥页岩沉积.重力流沉积还可以按其发育的沉积环境而划分为扇状沉积体系(海底扇或湖底扇)、沟道或槽谷沉积体系、层状或带状沉积体系等.深水牵引流沉积是20世纪60年代以来沉积学迅速发展的一个新的研究领域.目前深水牵引流沉积的研究主要集中于等深流沉积和内潮汐、内波沉积.深水牵引流沉积的储集性能优于浊流沉积,故具有非常重要的含油气潜能. 相似文献
10.
深水牵引流沉积研究进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深水牵引流沉积是继深水重力流沉积之后发现的又一种新的深水沉积类型，目前已发现的深水牵引流沉积包括等深流沉积和内潮汐、内波沉积两种类型。综述了深水牵引流沉积的研究历史、现状与进展，指出了其存在的问题及发展趋势。 相似文献
11.
Fire-related hyperconcentrated and debris flows on Storm King Mountain, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The South Canyon Fire of July 1994 burned 800 ha of vegetation on Storm King Mountain near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA.
On the night of 1 September 1994, in response to torrential rains, debris flows inundated seven areas along a 5-km length
of Interstate Highway 70. Mapping from aerial photographs, along with field observations and measurements, shows that the
September rainstorm eroded unconsolidated, burned surficial soil from the hillsides, flushed dry-ravel deposits from the tributary
channels, and transported loose, large material from the main channels. The hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows inundated
14 ha of Interstate Highway 70 with 70 000 m3 of material. Although the burned area was seeded in November 1994, the potential for continuing debris-flow activity remains.
Incision and entrainment of channel alluvium, as well as erosion of loose material from the hillslopes could result in future
debris- and hyperconcentrated-flow activity.
Received: 15 October 1996 / Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
12.
In porous sediments of the Ishikari Lowland, there is a gradual increase in the background geothermal gradient from the Ishikari
River (3–4 °C 100 m–1) to the southwest highland area (10 °C 100 m–1). However, the geothermal gradient at shallow depths differs in detail from the background distribution. In spite of convective
heat-flow loss generally associated with groundwater flow, heat flow remains high (100 mW m–2) in the recharge area in the southwestern part of the Ishikari basin, which is part of an active geothermal field. In the
northeastern part of the lowland, heat flow locally reaches 140 mW m–2, probably due to upward water flow from the deep geothermal field. Between the two areas the heat flow is much lower. To
examine the role of hydraulic flow in the distortion of the isotherms in this area, thermal gradient vs. temperature analyses
were made, and they helped to define the major components of the groundwater-flow system of the region. Two-dimensional simulation
modeling aided in understanding not only the cause of horizontal heat-flow variations in this field but also the contrast
between thermal properties of shallow and deep groundwater reservoirs.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
13.
Gregory D. Lazear 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(8):1582-1598
The Tongue Creek watershed lies on the south flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado, USA and is a site with 1.5 km of topographic relief, heat flow of 100 mW/m2, thermal conductivity of 3.3 W m–1 °C–1, hydraulic conductivity of 10-8 m/s, a water table that closely follows surface topography, and groundwater temperatures 3–15°C above mean surface temperatures. These data suggest that convective heat transport by groundwater flow has modified the thermal regime of the site. Steady state three-dimensional numerical simulations of heat flow, groundwater flow, and convective transport were used to model these thermal and hydrological data. The simulations provided estimates for the scale of hydraulic conductivity and bedrock base flow discharge within the watershed. The numerical models show that (1) complex three-dimensional flow systems develop with a range of scales from tens of meters to tens of kilometers; (2) mapped springs are frequently found at locations where contours of hydraulic head indicate strong vertical flow at the water table, and; (3) the distribution of groundwater temperatures in water wells as a function of surface elevation is predicted by the model. 相似文献
14.
水下冲积扇是山间谷地被堵截堰塞,山麓堆积进入水盆地的一种特殊“相”,以重力流堆积为主体,间夹湖沼和上迭河流沉积。熔岩流多次堵塞增高,堰塞坝的侵蚀和盆地的沉积充填,这三种因素综合作用的结果,形成了具有一定厚度的不同沉积类型组合。各类沉积因其搬运分选机制不同而形成不同的聚锡能力,决定了对砂锡的控矿作用。 相似文献
15.
The Irruputuncu is an active volcano located in northern Chile within the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (CAVZ) and that has produced andesitic to trachy-andesitic magmas over the last ∼258 ± 49 ka. We report petrographical and geochemical data, new geochronological ages and for the first time a detailed geological map representing the eruptive products generated by the Irruputuncu volcano. The detailed study on the volcanic products allows us to establish a temporal evolution of the edifice. We propose that the Irruputuncu volcanic history can be divided in two stages, both dominated by effusive activity: Irruputuncu I and II. The oldest identified products that mark the beginning of Irruputuncu I are small-volume pyroclastic flow deposits generated during an explosive phase that may have been triggered by magma injection as suggested by mingling features in the clasts. This event was followed by generation of large lava flows and the edifice grew until destabilization of its SW flank through the generation of a debris avalanche, which ended Irruputuncu I. New effusive activity generated lavas flows to the NW at the beginning of Irruputuncu II. In the meantime, lava domes that grew in the summit were destabilized, as shown by two well-preserved block-and-ash flow deposits. The first phase of dome collapse, in particular, generated highly mobile pyroclastic flows that propagated up to ∼8 km from their source on gentle slopes as low as 11° in distal areas. The actual activity is characterized by deposition of sulfur and permanent gas emissions, producing a gas plume that reaches 200 m above the crater. The maximum volume of this volcanic system is of ∼4 km3, being one of the smallest active volcano of Central Andes. 相似文献
16.
Laboratory investigations into the threshold of movement of natural sand-sized sediments under unidirectional, oscillatory and combined flows 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The threshold of movement of sediment obtained from sandbanks within the Bristol Channel (UK) is investigated under unidirectional, oscillatory and combined flows. The experiments were undertaken in a recirculating, unidirectional laboratory flume containing an oscillating plate to simulate wave action, with movement along the same axis as the unidirectional flows. The sand samples consisted of cohesionless quartz grains with median grain sizes between 0·315 and 0·513 mm. The experiments were performed under flow velocities (measured at 2 cm above the bed) ranging between 0 and 24 cm s–1 and oscillatory currents (wave periods of 5, 12 and 15 s) ranging from 0 to 28 cm s–1 . The critical conditions for the initiation of sediment movement were assessed, by visual observation, using the Yalin criterion. The results show that, under unidirectional flow, there is a slight overestimation of the threshold of naturally graded sediments derived on the basis of empirically derived threshold curves for artificially prepared sediments under similar flow conditions. In the case of oscillatory flows, the threshold for the natural sands is found to be higher than that predicted by previously derived empirical curves. Under combined flows, wave period is shown to control threshold conditions, with the unidirectional and oscillatory flow components combining in a linear fashion for long-period (12 s and 15 s) waves. In contrast, in the presence of short-period (5 s) waves, the unidirectional and oscillatory components of the flow appear to 'decouple'. For high orbital velocities, in both cases, the effect of the wave period on threshold diminishes. 相似文献
17.
鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段深水重力流沉积类型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段取芯段为主要研究对象,以详细的岩芯观察为基础,以Z43井为例,研究鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段深水重力流沉积类型及其特征。研究结果表明,研究区主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积、低密度浊流沉积及混合事件层三种沉积类型。砂质碎屑流沉积整体呈块状,岩性为中—细砂岩,内部可见多个接触面,为多套砂质碎屑流沉积垂向叠置形成。低密度浊流沉积中大部分为中—薄层的正粒序砂岩垂向叠置而成,部分泥质含量较高,表现出砂泥互层的特征。混合事件层主要由下部干净的块状细砂岩与上部富含变形泥岩撕裂屑的砂质泥岩或泥质砂岩成对组合形成,其成因为浊流流动过程中侵蚀泥质基底,黏土物质或泥质碎屑的混入导致浊流向泥质碎屑流转化,最终形成下部浊流沉积上部泥质碎屑流沉积的混合事件层。相近位置不同深度不同类型的深水重力流沉积垂向叠置,指示了复杂多变的重力流流体演化过程。对重力流沉积类型的准确认识,能进一步促进对深水重力流流体转化过程的理解,明确深水重力流沉积分布,为鄂尔多斯盆地深水重力流沉积及常规与非常规油气勘探与开发提供理论指导。 相似文献
18.
Landscape and sedimentary response to catastrophic debris avalanches, western Taranaki, New Zealand 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Catastrophic volcanic debris avalanches reshape volcanic edifices with up to half of pre-collapse cone volumes being removed. Deposition from this debris avalanche deposit often fills and inundates the surrounding landscape and may permanently change the distribution of drainage networks. On the weakly-incised Mt. Taranaki ring-plain, volcanic debris avalanche deposits typically form a large, wedge shape (in plan view), over all flat-lying fans. Following volcanic debris avalanches a period of intense re-sedimentation commonly begins on ring-plain areas, particularly in wet or temperate climates. This is exacerbated by large areas of denuded landscape, ongoing instability in the scarp/source region, damming of river/stream systems, and in some cases inherent instability of the volcanic debris avalanche deposits. In addition, on Mt. Taranaki, the collapse of a segment of the cone by volcanic debris avalanche often generates long periods of renewed volcanism, generating large volumes of juvenile tephra onto unstable and unvegetated slopes, or construction of new domes with associated rock falls and block-and-ash flows. The distal ring-plain impact from these post-debris avalanche conditions and processes is primarily accumulation of long run-out debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow deposits with a variety of lithologies and sedimentary character. Common to these post-debris avalanche units is evidence for high-water-content flows that are typically non-cohesive. Hence sedimentary variations in these units are high in lateral and longitudinal exposure in relation to local topography. The post-collapse deposits flank large-scale fans and hence similar lithological and chronological sequences can form on widely disparate sectors of the ring plain. These deposits on Mt. Taranaki provide a record of landscape response and ring-plain evolution in three stages that divide the currently identified Warea Formation: 1) the deposition of broad fans of material adjacent to the debris avalanche unit; 2) channel formation and erosion of Stage 1 deposits, primarily at the contact between debris avalanche deposits and the Stage 1 deposits and the refilling of these channels; and 3) the development of broad tabular sheet flows on top of the debris avalanche, leaving sediments between debris avalanche mounds. After a volcanic debris avalanche, these processes represent an ever changing and evolving hazard-scape with hazard maps needing to be regularly updated to take account of which stage the sedimentary system is in. 相似文献
19.
The 12 to 13 July 2003 andesite lava dome collapse at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, provides the first opportunity to document comprehensively both the sub‐aerial and submarine sequence of events for an eruption. Numerous pyroclastic flows entered the ocean during the collapse, depositing approximately 90% of the total material into the submarine environment. During peak collapse conditions, as the main flow penetrated the air–ocean interface, phreatic explosions were observed and a surge cloud decoupled from the main flow body to travel 2 to 3 km over the ocean surface before settling. The bulk of the flow was submerged and rapidly mixed with sea water forming a water‐saturated mass flow. Efficient sorting and physical differentiation occurred within the flow before initial deposition at 500 m water depth. The coarsest components (～60% of the total volume) were deposited proximally from a dense granular flow, while the finer components (～40%) were efficiently elutriated into the overlying part of the flow, which evolved into a far‐reaching turbidity current. 相似文献
20.
甘沟位于都江堰市龙池乡,5.12地震使沟内增加了大量松散物源。2008年9月甘沟发生泥石流,沟口的个别居民点被摧毁;因沟内物源未被全部带走,沟口的公路及居民点仍受泥石流的威胁。本文采用单沟泥石流危险性评价方法,结合现场勘察,对甘沟泥石流形成条件、类型、发育特点、危险性进行分析,结果显示该沟属于中型、低频、中等易发、沟谷型泥石流,对沟口公路影响大,对紫坪铺库区仅为淤积。 相似文献