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1.
Damage and Changes in Mechanical Properties of a Gabbro Thermally Loaded up to 1,000°C 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thermal loading of rocks at high temperatures induces changes in their mechanical properties. In this study, a hard gabbro was tested in the laboratory. Specimens were slowly heated to a maximum temperature of 1,000°C. Subsequent to the thermal loading, specimens were subjected to uniaxial compression. A drastic decrease of both unconfined compressive strength and elastic moduli was observed. The thermal damage of the rock was also highlighted by measuring elastic wave velocities and by monitoring acoustic emissions during testing. The micromechanisms of rock degradation were investigated by analysis of thin sections after each stage of thermal loading. It was found that there is a critical temperature above which drastic changes in mechanical properties occur. Indeed, below a temperature of 600°C, microcracks start developing due to a difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the crystals. At higher temperatures (above 600°C), oxidation of Fe2+ and Mg2+, as well as bursting of fluid inclusions, are the principal causes of damage. Such mechanical degradation may have dramatic consequences for many geoengineering structures. 相似文献
2.
Dr. W. Rau 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1954,29(1):201-211
Zusammenfassung An künstlich erzeugten unterkühlten Nebeln wurde die Eiskeimbildung his –85°C untersucht. Bei tiefen Temperaturen treten so hohe Eisteilchendichten auf, daß sie erst an fotografischen Aufnahmen der Eiswolken bei geeigneter Vergrösserung bestimmt werden konnten. Die von anderer Seite bei –40°C behauptete und mit homogener Keimbildung gedeutete Vervielfachung der Eisteilchenzahl konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Meistens steigt die Teilchendichte spätestens bei –30°C stark an, bleibt dann aber zwischen –40°C und –65°C praktisch konstant bei im Mittel 174 Eisteilchen pro cm3. Dieser Uebergang, der an der vollständigen Vereisung der Tröpfchenwolke direkt zu erkennen ist, findet je nach Wetterlage zwischen –40 und –50°C statt und muß somit noch durch Gefrierkerne hervorgerufen sein.Erst bei Annäherung an –70°C bilden sich in Uebereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen des Verf. ausserordentlich dichte und beständige Nebel aus feinsten Eisteilchen mit. Anzeichen von homogener Bildung.
Summary The formation of ice germs down to –85°C was investigated with artificial supercooled nebula. At low temperatures the densities of ice particles are so high that they could only be determined by photographs of the ice clouds with suitable enlargements. The multiplication of the number of ice particles which, according to assertions from another side, should take place at –40°C and which was interpreted by homogeneous formation of germs, could not be ascertained. In most cases the density of particles increases considerably at –30° at the latest, and then remains practically constant between –40 and –65°C with an average of 174 ice particles per cm3. This transition which can directly be observed at the complete icing of the cloud of droplets, takes place — according to the weather conditions —between –40 and –50°C and must, therefore, also be caused by freezing nuclei.Extremely dense and constant nebula consisting of the finest ice particles with signs of homogeneous formation are only formed with an approximation to –70°C, which is in good agreement with earlier results of the author.相似文献
3.
Résumé Nous avons étendu aux températures négatives les mesures de l'humidité relative critiqueh
c
juste suffisante pour permettre la condensation de vapeur d'eau sur des noyaux géants constitués par divers sels.Pour chaque sel étudié, un point de la courbe donnanth
c
en fonction de la températuret° C est facilement obtenu en recherchant pour quelle valeurt
c
de la températureh
c
coïncide avec l'humidité relative en équilibre avec la glace à la même températuret
c
.Les valeurs obtenues pour NaCl, NH4Cl, KCl, KNO3 tendent à valider l'extrapolation des valeurs déjà connues pour les températures positives.
Summary We have enlarged to negative temperatures the measures of critical relative humidityh c just sufficient to allow the condensation of water vapour on giant nuclei constituted by different salts.For every salt studied, a point of the curve givingh c as a function of the temperaturet° C is easily obtained by measuring for what valuet c of the temperature,h c coincides with the relative humidity in equilibrium with ice at the same temperaturet c .The values obtained for NaCl, NH4Cl, KCl, KNO3 tend to validate the extrapolation of the values known for positive temperatures.相似文献
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5.
Although the Arctic methane reservoir is large,the emission of methane from the Arctic Ocean into the atmosphere remains poorly constrained.Continuous ship-borne measurements of atmospheric methane near the surface ocean were carried out during two cruises to investigate methane emission from the Arctic Ocean up to the latitude of 87°N.Three-day air mass back trajectories along the cruise tracks indicated that the surface Arctic Ocean could be a potentially important source of methane to the atmosphere.Rapid bursts in methane concentration occurred mainly along the ocean frontal area,suggesting that frontal upwelling in the upper layer of the Arctic Ocean might contribute to methane emissions into the atmosphere. 相似文献
6.
The nightglow OH(9,4) and O2 atmospheric (0,1) band emission intensities and their rotational temperatures T(OH) and T(O2), respectively, observed at Cachoeira Paulista (23° S, 45°W), Brazil, during the period from October 1989 to December 1990, have been analyzed to study the nighttime mesospheric energy loss rates through the radiations from the vibrationally excited OH* and electronically excited O*2 bands. The total emission rates of the OH Meinel bands, O2 atmospheric (0,0) and O2 infrared atmospheric (1g) bands were calculated using reported data for the relative band intensities
and
. It was found that there is a minimum in equivalent energy loss rate by the OH* Meinel bands during December/January (equivalent energy loss rate of 0.39 K/day*, where day* means averaged over the night) and maximum in equivalent energy loss rate during September (equivalent energy loss rate of 0.98 K/day*). Energy loss rate by the O*2 radiation, on the other hand, is weaker than that by the OH* Meinel bands, showing equivalent energy loss rates of 0.12 K/day* and 0.22 K/day* during January and September, respectively. 相似文献
7.
A critical factor controlling changes in the acidity of coastal waters is the alkalinity of the water. Concentrations of alkalinity
are determined by supply from rivers and by in situ processes such as biological production and denitrification. A 2-year
study based on 15 cruises in Liverpool Bay followed the seasonal cycles of changing concentrations of total alkalinity (TA)
and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in relation to changes caused by the annual cycle of biological production during
the mixing of river water into the Bay. Consistent annual cycles in concentrations of nutrients, TA and DIC were observed
in both years. At a salinity of 31.5, the locus of primary production during the spring bloom, concentrations of NO
x
decreased by 25 ± 4 μmol kg−1 and DIC by 106 ± 16 μmol kg−1. Observed changes in TA were consistent with the uptake of protons during primary biological production. Concentrations of
TA increased by 33 ± 8 μmol kg−1 (2009) and 33 ± 15 μmol kg−1 (2010). The impact of changes in organic matter on the measured TA appears likely to be small in this area. Thomas et al.
(2009) suggested that denitrification may enhance the CO2 uptake of the North Sea by 25%, in contrast we find that although denitrification is a significant process in itself, it
does not increase concentrations of TA relative to those of DIC and so does not increase buffer capacity and potential uptake
of CO2 into shelf seawaters. For Liverpool Bay historical data suggest that higher concentrations of TA during periods of low flow
are likely to contribute in part to the observed change in TA between winter and summer but the appropriate pattern cannot
be identified in recent low-frequency river data. On a wider scale, data for the rivers Mersey, Rhine, Elbe and Weser show
that patterns of seasonal change in concentrations of TA in river inputs differ between river systems. 相似文献
8.
At the appropriate times, silica diffusion in clay is possibly the rate determining process for the dissolution of vitrified waste disposed of in a clay layer. For testing this hypothesis, combined glass dissolution/silica diffusion experiment are performed. SON68 glass coupons doped with the radioactive tracer 32Si are sandwiched between two cores of humid Boom Clay, heated to 30 °C. Due to glass dissolution, 32Si is released and diffuses into the clay. At the end of an experiment, the mass loss of the glass coupon is measured and the clay core is sliced to determine the diffusion profile of the 32Si released from the glass in the clay.Both mass loss and the 32Si diffusion profile in the clay are described well by a model combining glass dissolution according to a linear rate law with silica diffusion in the clay. Fitting the experiments to this model leads to an apparent silica diffusion coefficient in the clay between 7 × 10−13 m2/s and 1.2 × 10−12 m2/s. Previously determined values from diffusion experiments at 25 °C are around 6 × 10−13 m2/s (In-Diffusion experiments) and 2 × 10−13 m2/s (percolation experiments). The maximal glass dissolution rate for glass next to clay is around 1.6 × 10−7 g glass/m2 s (i.e. 0.014 g glass/m2 day). In undisturbed clay, the measured silica concentration is around 5 mg/L. Combining these values with the previously measured (In-Diffusion experiments) product of accessible porosity and retardation factor, leads in two ways to a silica glass saturation concentration in clay between 8 and 10 mg Si/L.Another candidate for the rate determining process of the dissolution of vitrified waste disposed in a clay layer is silica precipitation. Although silica precipitation due to glass dissolution has been shown experimentally at 90 °C, extending the model with silica precipitation does not lead to much better fits, nor could meaningful values of a possible precipitation rate be obtained. 相似文献
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10.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(13):1177-1187
Continuous MF radar measurements of mesospheric mean winds are in progress at the observatories in Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E) and Wakkanai (45.4°N, 141.7°E). The observations at Yamagawa and Wakkanai were started in August 1994 and September 1996, respectively. The real-time wind data are used for the study of major large scale dynamic features of the middle atmosphere such as mean winds, tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves, etc. In the present study of mean winds, we have utilized the data collected until June 1999, which include the simultaneous observation period of little more than two and a half years, for the two sites. The database permits us to draw conclusions on the characteristics of mean winds and to compare the mean wind structure over these sites. The mean prevailing zonal winds at both sites are dominated by westward/eastward motions in summer/winter seasons below 90 km. Meridional circulation at meteor heights is generally southward during most times of the year and it extends to lower mesospheric heights during summer also. The summer westward jet at Wakkanai is consistently stronger than those at Yamagawa. However, the winter eastward winds have identical strength at both locations. Meridional winds also show larger values at Wakkanai. The mean wind climatology has been examined and compared with the MU radar observations over Shigaraki (34.9°N, 136.1°E). The paper also presents the results of the comparison between the MF radar winds and the latest empirical model values (HWM93 model) proposed by Hedin et al. (1996. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 58, 1421–1447). Hodograph analyses of mean winds conducted for the summer and winter seasons show interesting similarities and discrepancies. 相似文献
11.
《Acta Geochimica》2016,(4)
Experiments on the partitioning of Cu between different granitic silicate melts and the respective coexisting aqueous fluids have been performed under conditions of 850 °C, 100 MPa and oxygen fugacity(f O_2) buffered at approaching Ni–Ni O(NNO). Partition coefficients of Cu(DCu= cfluid/cmelt) were varied with different alumina/alkali mole ratios [Al_2O_3/(Na_2O·K_2O), abbreviated as Al/Alk], Na/K mole ratios, and Si O_2 mole contents. The DCu increased from 1.28 ± 0.01 to 22.18 ± 0.22 with the increase of Al/Alk mole ratios(ranging from 0.64 to 1.20)and Na/K mole ratios(ranging from 0.58 to 2.56). The experimental results also showed that DCuwas positively correlated with the HCl concentration of the starting fluid.The DCuwas independent of the Si O_2 mole content in the range of Si O_2 content considered. No DCuvalue was less than 1 in our experiments at 850 °C and 100 MPa, indicating that Cu preferred to enter the fluid phase rather than the coexisting melt phase under most conditions in the melt-fluid system, and thus a significant amount of Cu could be transported in the fluid phase in the magmatichydrothermal environment. The results indicated that Cu favored partitioning into the aqueous fluid rather than themelt phase if there was a high Na/K ratio, Na-rich, peraluminous granitic melt coexisting with the high Cl-fluid. 相似文献
12.
One of the main morphological changes along the Southern Central Andes occurs from 36° to 39°S. The northern portion is characterized by prominent basement structures and a thick-skinned orogenic front with relief of over 2000 m with a deep level of exhumation where more than 4 km of section has been eroded. Contrastingly, the southern part is formed by mildly inverted basement structures restricted mainly to the hinterland zone, which reaches only 1500–1700 m relief. We quantify the variable contributions of two main contractional stages through the construction of three regionally balanced sections across the Andes, constrained by field and geophysical data. Extensional re-activation described for this segment in late Oligocene-early Miocene and Pliocene to Quaternary times, after the two main contractional episodes, suggests only 3 km of stretching that represents 30–10% of the original longitude. We, therefore, conclude that while initial Late Cretaceous to Eocene compression was similar along strike (∼10–7 km), it is the contrasting degrees of Neogene shortening (∼16–6 km) that have played the largest role in the along strike differences in structure and morphology along this portion of the southern Andes. Variable Neogene arc expansion could be responsible for the contrasting contractional deformation: In the north, late Miocene arc-related rocks cover most of the retroarc zone (>200 km with respect to the late Miocene arc front in the south), presumably driven by a shallow subduction episode in the area, whereas to the south they remain restricted to the continental drainage divide. Other factors involving architecture of previous rift structures, are proposed as additional mechanisms that accommodated variable shortening magnitudes through inversion. 相似文献
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15.
Irina V. Medvedeva Anatoly I. Semenov Vladimir I. Perminov Alexander B. Beletsky Andrey V. Tatarnikov 《Acta Geophysica》2014,62(2):340-349
Data about the variations of mesopause temperature (～87 km) obtained from ground-based spectrographic measurements of the OH emission (834.0 nm, band (6-2)) at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod observatories were compared with satellite data on vertical temperature distribution in the atmosphere from Aura MLS v3.3. We analyzed MLS data for two geopotential height levels: 0.005 hPa (～84 km) and 0.002 hPa (～88 km) as the closest to OH height (～87 km). We revealed that Aura MLS temperature data have lower values than ground-based (cold bias). In summer periods, that difference increases. Aura cold biases compared with OH(6-2) at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod were calculated. For the 0.002 hPa height level, the biases are 10.1 and 9.4 K, and for 0.005 hPa they are 10.5 and 10.2 K at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod, respectively. When the bias is accounted for, an agreement between Aura MLS and OH(6-2) data obtained at both Irkutsk and Zvenigorod is remarkable. 相似文献
16.
In this study, a new estimate of the contribution of glaciers and ice caps to the sea-level rise over the period 1800?C2005 is presented. We exploit the available information on changes in glacier length. Length records form the only direct evidence of glacier change that has potential global coverage before 1950. We calculate a globally representative signal from 349 glacier length records. By means of scaling, we deduce a global glacier volume signal, that is calibrated on the mass-balance and geodetic observations of the period 1950?C2005. We find that the glacier contribution to sea-level rise was 8.4 ± 2.1 cm for the period 1800?C2005 and 9.1 ± 2.3 cm for the period 1850?C2005. 相似文献
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18.
The identification of the center acting as electron source for the well-known 110 °C thermoluminescence (TL) peak of quartz is of fundamental importance for practical applications in dating and dosimetry. This TL peak was studied in parallel with the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal of the [GeO4]− center on natural colourless quartz irradiated at room temperature. Immediately after irradiation, the signals of the 110 °C TL peak and of [GeO4]− center decay exponentially in the same way, yielding a lifetime of 50.4 ± 0.9 min at room temperature. Besides, we acquired the isothermal decay curves for the 110 °C TL peak and [GeO4]− center at different temperatures (the samples were held at the selected temperature in the range of 260–308 K). The lifetimes extracted by the isothermal decays were plotted as a function of reciprocal temperature, revealing again the same behavior of the 110 °C TL peak and [GeO4]− center, both characterized by activation energies very close of 0.76 ± 0.07 eV and 0.77 ± 0.07 eV, respectively. All results of the present work clearly show the role of electron source of [GeO4]− center in the emission mechanism of the 110 °C TL peak in quartz. 相似文献
19.
When the University of Bonn lidar on the Esrange (68°N, 21°E), Sweden, was switched on in the evening of July 18, 1998, a geometrically and optically thin cloud layer was present near 14 km altitude or 400 K potential temperature, where it persisted for two hours. The tropopause altitude was 4 km below the cloud altitude. The cloud particles depolarized the lidar returns, thus must they have been aspherical and hence solid. Atmospheric temperatures near 230 K were approximately 40 K too high to support ice particles at stratospheric water vapour pressures of a few ppmv. The isentropic back trajectory on 400 K showed the air parcels to have stayed clear of active major rocket launch sites. The air parcels at 400 K had travelled from the Aleutians across Canada and the Atlantic Ocean arriving above central Europe and then turned northward to pass over above the lidar station. Parcels at levels at ±25 K from 400 K had come from the pole and joined the 400 K trajectory path above eastern Canada. Apparently the cloud existed in a filament of air with an origin different from those filaments both above and below. Possibly the 400 K level air parcels had carried soot particles from forest wild fires in northern Canada or volcanic ash from the eruption of the Korovin Volcano in the Aleutian Islands. 相似文献
20.