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1.
地幔柱构造与地幔动力学--兼论其在中国大陆地质历史中的表现 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
肖龙 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2004,23(3):239-245
地幔柱构造是基于全地慢对流模式、主要依据热点火山活动提出的新的全球构造理论。它的主要表现形式和产物是地幔柱头上部地壳抬升、岩浆活动形成大火成岩省、大型放射状岩墙群，并导致大陆裂解、板块运动和大规模成矿，是生物灭绝、磁极倒转的诱因。中国大陆的地质演化历史中保存了多期地幔柱活动印记，它们主要是华南新元古代Rodinia地幔柱、古生代古特提斯和峨眉山地幔柱和中一新生代中国东部地慢柱构造事件。上述地幔柱活动产生了地壳抬升、强烈岩浆活动、大陆伸展与裂解、岩石圈剧烈减薄和大规模成矿等重要地质事件。 相似文献
2.
板块俯冲对济阳坳陷形成的制约 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究地幔柱、西太平洋板块俯冲对济阳坳陷的影响, 在前人提出的地幔柱观点的基础上, 总结济阳坳陷的地质特征及关于地震震源分布与板块俯冲的研究成果, 发现济阳坳陷的沉积地层、岩浆活动、构造拉张、地热梯度、密度流成因的储集砂体由南而北有规律地分布; 俯冲板块进入地幔的过程实际上构成了地幔对流的下降流, 地幔660km (或670km) 深处是俯冲板块进入地幔后地幔物质调整所引发的上升流的深度; 西太平洋板块向下俯冲时下插角度由南而北减小, 俯冲板块到达地震不连续面的时间自南向北增大, 使地幔柱由南向北迁移, 导致济阳坳陷的地质、地球物理特征具有规律分布的特点. 相似文献
3.
海南地幔柱与南海形成演化 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
东南亚上地幔地震层析成像表明,海南岛周围之下存在地幔柱,近垂直的低波速柱体位于海南岛及南海之下,从浅部向下穿越660 km的不连续面处（上下地幔的分界面）并一直延伸到1 900 km。南海及周边地区包括雷琼半岛、海南岛、北部湾盆地、广西北海涠洲岛、以及中南半岛等地,分布有一定量的新生代碱性玄武岩,它们的地球化学数据显示出OIB的特点并具有DUPAL异常,表明其源区较深。此外,由南海新生代碱性玄武岩中的橄榄石-流体平衡所推导的南海底地幔潜在温度（ 1 661℃）位于夏威夷（1 688℃）与冰岛热点（1 637℃）相应值之间,为海南岛地幔柱的存在提供了岩石学及矿物化学方面的约束。基于以上地球物理学、地球化学及矿物化学方面的证据,结合数字模拟实验资料,表明在海南岛及邻近区域之下存在地幔柱。建立了一个南海形成演化的初步模型：（1）50~32 Ma,印度洋板块-欧亚板块碰撞及其所导致的太平洋板块后退的综合效应为南海地区提供了一个伸展环境,进而为地幔柱物质的上升提供了通道;（2）32~21 Ma,当地幔柱柱头到达软流圈时, 由于侧向物质流与扩张中心发生相互作用,促进了南海的扩张,并在26~24 Ma期间发生了洋脊重新就位,使扩张中心从原来的18°N附近（即现今西北海盆的中心）调整到15.5°N附近（即现今的东部亚盆）;（3）21~15.5 Ma, 随着地幔柱效应的逐渐增强,热点-洋脊相互作用越来越强烈,在大约21 Ma发生了洋脊的再次重新就位事件,诱发了西南海盆的扩张;（4）15.5 Ma~现在,由于印澳板块前缘与巽他大陆碰撞,使得南海大约在15.5 Ma停止扩张,并沿着南沙海槽及吕宋海沟向菲律宾岛弧及巴拉望地块之下俯冲,而南海热点继续活动,直到第四纪还有碱性玄武岩喷出
地表。 相似文献
4.
Variable involvements of mantle plumes in the genesis of mid-Neoproterozoic basaltic rocks in South China: A review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Ca. 825–720 Ma global continental intraplate magmatism is generally linked to mantle plumes or a mantle superplume that caused rifting and fragmentation of the supercontinent Rodinia. Widespread Neoproterozoic igneous rocks in South China are dated at ca. 825–760 Ma. There is a hot debate on their petrogenesis and tectonic affiliations, i.e., mantle plume/rift settings or collision/arc settings. Such competing interpretations have contrasting implications to the position of South China in the supercontinent Rodinia and in Rodinia reconstruction models.Variations in the bulk-rock compositions of primary basaltic melts can provide first order constraints on the mantle thermal–chemical structure, and thus distinguish between the plume/rift and arc/collision models. Whole-rock geochemical data of 14 mid-Neoproterozoic (825–760 Ma) basaltic successions are reviewed here in order to (1) estimate the primary melts compositions; (2) calculate the melting conditions and mantle potential temperature; and (3) identify the contributions of subcontinental lithosphere mantle (SCLM) and asenthospheric mantles to the generation of these basaltic rocks.In order to quantify the mantle potential temperatures and percentages of decompression melting, the primary MgO, FeO, and SiO2 contents of basalts are calculated through carefully selecting less-evolved samples using a melting model based on the partitioning of FeO and MgO in olivine. The mid-Neoproterozoic (825–760 Ma) potential temperatures predicted from the primary melts range from 1390 °C to 1630 °C (mostly > 1480 °C), suggesting that most 825–760 Ma basaltic rocks in South China were generated by melting of anomalously hot mantle sources with potential temperatures 80–200 °C higher than the ambient Middle Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB)-source mantle.The mantle source regions of these Neoproterozoic basaltic rocks have complex histories and heterogeneous compositions. Enriched mantle sources (e.g., pyroxenite and eclogite) are recognized as an important source for the Bikou and Suxiong basalts, suggesting that their generations may have involved recycled components. Trace elements variations show that interactions between asthenospheric mantle (OIB-type mantle) and SCLM played a very important role in generation of the 825–760 Ma basalts. Our results indicate that the SCLM metasomatized by subduction-induced melts/fluids during the 1.0–0.9 Ga orogenesis as a distinct geochemical reservoir that contributed significantly to the trace-elements and isotope inventory of these basalts.The continental intraplate geochemical signatures (e.g., OIB-type), high mantle potential temperatures and recycled components suggest the presence of a mantle plume beneath the Neoproterozoic South China block. We use the available data to develop an integrated plume-lithosphere interaction model for the ca. 825–760 Ma basalts. The early phases of basaltic rocks (825–810 Ma) were most likely formed by melting within the metasomatized SCLM heated by the rising mantle plume. The subsequent continental rift allowed adiabatic decompression partial melting of an upwelling mantle plumes at relatively shallow depth to form the widespread syn-rifting basaltic rocks at ca. 810–800 Ma and 790–760 Ma. 相似文献
5.
We present a thermophysical model for interaction between the conduit of a thermochemical plume and horizontal free convection flows in the mantle: The mantle flow incident on the plume conduit melts at the conduit boundary (front part) and crystallizes at its back. Geological data on the intensity of plume magmatism over the last 150 Myr are used to estimate the total thermal power of mantle plumes. A possible scenario for plume-related mantle recrystallization is proposed. Over the lifespan of a thermochemical plume, mantle melts and recrystallizes owing to the motion of the plume source and interaction between the plume conduit and horizontal free convection flows. The plume conduits can melt and recrystallize the entire mantle over a certain period of time. The model for the interaction of drifting plume conduits with mantle flows and the estimated total thermal power of mantle plumes are used to estimate the duration of plume-related melting and recrystallization of the entire mantle. The influence of mantle plumes on the convective structure of the mantle through melting is judged from the model for plume interaction with horizontal mantle flows. 相似文献
6.
地幔柱构造对松辽盆地及渤海湾盆地形成的制约 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
中国东部松辽盆地和渤海湾盆地形成与演化的深部动力学机制尚未得到很好的解释．通过对区域地震资料盆地沉积记录、火山岩岩石探针和大地构造演化历史的综合分析,认为地幔柱(柱头直径约500km)在晚侏罗世一晚白垩世时形成于松辽地区,经历了软流圈地幔上涌、地壳抬升与伸展、火山活动,导致松辽盆地的形成;由于华北板块向北移动,始新世时地幔柱(柱头直径600-800km)移动到京津一渤海湾地区,类似的地质过程形成了渤海湾盆地．渤海湾地幔柱的活动还可能是京津唐地区地震多发的根本原因。 相似文献
7.
Intraplate volcanism during the Late Cenozoic in the Leiqiong area of southernmost China, with basaltic lava flows covering a total of more than 7000 km2, has been attributed to an underlying Hainan plume. To clarify detailed features of the Hainan plume, such as the morphology of its magmatic conduits, the depth of its magmatic pool in the upper mantle and the pattern of mantle upwelling, we determined tomographic images of the mantle down to a depth of 1100 km beneath southern China using 18,503 high-quality arrival-time data of 392 distant earthquakes recorded by a dense seismic array. Our results show a mushroom-like continuous low-velocity anomaly characterized by a columnar tail with a diameter of 200–300 km extending down to the lower mantle beneath north of the Hainan hotspot and a head spreading laterally in and around the mantle transition zone, indicating a magmatic pool in the upper mantle. Further upward, the plume head is decomposed into smaller patches, and when reaching the base of the lithosphere, a pancake-like anomaly has formed to feed the Hainan hotspot. This result challenges the classical model of a fixed thermal plume that rises vertically to the surface. Hence we propose a new layering-style model for the magmatic upwelling of the Hainan plume. Our results indicate spatial complexities and variations of mantle plumes probably due to heterogeneous compositions and thermochemical structures of the deep mantle. 相似文献
8.
中国北方大陆下的地幔热柱与岩石圈运动 总被引：36，自引：1，他引：35
本文首次提出中国北方大陆下存在一个地幔热柱的论证,并提出亚热柱(sub—plume)的新概念。热柱的中心与边缘部分的隙间熔浆分别为苦橄质玄武岩与碱性玄武岩。在渐新世到中新世约18.4 Ma内,北方大陆以3.26cm/a的速率向东南飘移了约600km,使日本海、渤海—华北平原等脱离热柱。导致晚第三纪日本海扩张的停止,渤海—华北平原等早第三纪火山喷发的突然中止。火山喷发期间,在热柱头部若干个亚热柱的形成,好似若干个“铆钉”穿入岩石圈,有效地阻止了岩石圈的飘移(这时的飘移速率只有0.05cm/a),我们把火山喷发称为固定岩石圈的“铆钉效应”。 相似文献
9.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1669-1680
Anomalous topographic swells and Cenozoic volcanism in east Africa have been associated with mantle plumes.Several models involving one or more fixed plumes beneath the northeastward migrating African plate have been suggested to explain the space-time distribution of magmatism in east Africa.We devise paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection and,based on the evolution of flow in the deepest lower mantle,show that the Afar plume migrated southward throughout its lifetime.The models suggest that the mobile Afar plume provides a dynamically consistent explanation for the spatial extent of the southward propagation of the east African rift system(EARS),which is difficult to explain by the northeastward migration of Africa over one or more fixed plumes alone,over the last≈45 Myr.We further show that the age-progression of volcanism associated with the southward propagation of EARS is consistent with the apparent surface hotspot motion that results from southward motion of the modelled Afar plume beneath the northeastward migrating African plate.The models suggest that the Afar plume became weaker as it migrated southwards,consistent with trends observed in the geochemical record. 相似文献
10.
运用高分辨率天然地震面波层析成像和体波层析成像技术,研究东亚西太平洋地区及全球地幔三维速度结构时发现南海地区地幔存在深达2000km以上的巨型复蘑菇状地幔低速柱,结合地质、地球化学和地球物理相关标志,将复蘑菇状地幔低速柱称为南海复蘑菇状地幔柱。本文在论述南海复蘑菇状地幔柱的地质地球物理特征基础上,将地幔柱划分为柱头、柱体、柱尾、幔枝和热点等部分,建立起地幔柱三维几何结构模型,探讨了复蘑菇状地幔柱在南海海盆扩张过程中的主导作用以及欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和印度洋板块相互作用对南海演化过程的影响。 相似文献
11.
青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
通过横穿青藏高原近 80 0 0km长的 4条天然地震层析剖面 ,获得 4 0 0km深度以上的地壳和地幔速度图像及地震波各向异性 ,揭示了青藏高原 4 0 0km深度范围内的地壳和地幔结构特征。地幔速度图像显示 ,青藏高原腹地的深地幔中存在以大型低速异常体为特征的地幔羽 ,其可能通过热通道与大面积分布的可可西里新生代高钾碱性火山作用有成因联系 ;阿尔金、康西瓦、金沙江、嘉黎及雅鲁藏布江等走滑断裂可下延至 30 0～ 4 0 0km深度 ,显示了低速高热物质组成的垂向低速异常带特征及大型超岩石圈或地幔剪切带的产出 ;发现康西瓦、东昆仑—金沙江、班公湖—怒江和雅鲁藏布缝合带下部存在不连续的高速异常带 ,可以解释为青藏高原地体拼合及碰撞过程中可能保留的加里东、古特提斯和中特提斯大洋岩石圈“化石”残片 ,是“拆沉”的地球物理证据。印度大陆岩石圈的巨厚俯冲板片以 15～ 2 0°倾角向北插入唐古拉山下 30 0km深处 ,并被高热物质组成的地幔剪切带分开。结合新的横穿喜马拉雅及青藏高原的地幔层析资料 ,提出青藏高原碰撞动力学新模式 :青藏高原南部印度岩石圈板片的翻卷式陆内超深俯冲 ,北缘克拉通向南的陆内俯冲 ,腹地深部的地幔羽上涌 ,以及地幔范围内的高原“右旋隆升”及物质向东及北东方向运动及挤出。 相似文献
12.
Q. C. Cheng J. D. Macdougall P. Zhu 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,135(2-3):225-233
New isotopic data (Sr, Nd and Pb) for lavas from Easter and Salas y Gomez Islands, and nine seamounts along the length of
the Easter Seamount Chain (ESC) to the east of these islands, exhibit a regular behavior that is consistent with two-component
mixing between a MORB-like source and more enriched mantle (the Easter Plume source) characterized by relatively radiogenic
Pb and unradiogenic Sr. Based on the linearity of mixing trends on the isotope diagrams, the plume source appears to have
maintained approximately the same isotopic composition over the 20 to 30 Ma history of the Easter Plume sampled by the seamounts.
In current nomenclature, the plume source resembles a mix of predominantly HIMU mantle with a small amount of EMI. The proportions
of MORB and plume source mantle sampled by the lavas erupted along the ESC vary in a systematic way, with Easter Island and
seamounts to the west containing larger fractions of the MORB component than Salas y Gomez Island and the older seamounts
to the east. This variability is probably a reflection of the nearness to the spreading center, and therefore lithospheric
thickness, at the time of volcanism
Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted: 11 December 1998 相似文献
13.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(4):1133-1144
The Shatsky and Hess Rises,the Mid-Pacific Mountains and the Line Islands large igneous provinces(LIPs) present different challenges to conventional plume models.Resolving the genesis of these LIPs is important not only for a more complete understanding of mantle plumes and plume-generated magmatism,but also for establishing the role of subducted LIP conjugates in the evolution of the Laramide orogeny and other circum-Pacific orogenic events,which are related to the development of large porphyry systems.Given past difficulties in developing consistent geodynamic models for these LIPs,it is useful to consider whether viable alternative geodynamic scenarios may be provided by recent concepts such as melt channel networks and channel-associated lineaments,along with the "two mode"model of melt generation,where a deeply-sourced channel network is superimposed on the plume,evolving and adapting over millions of years.A plume may also interact with transform faults in close proximity to a mid ocean ridge,with the resultant bathymetric character strongly affected by the relative age difference of lithosphere across the fault.Our results suggest that the new two-mode melt models resolve key persistent issues associated with the Shatsky Rise and other LIPs and provide evidence for the existence of a conduit system within plumes that feed deeply-sourced material to the plume head,with flow maintained over considerable distances.The conduit system eventually breaks down during plume-ridge separation and may do so prior to the plume head being freed from the triple junction or spreading ridge.There is evidence for not only plume head capture by a triple junction but also for substantial deformation of the plume stem as the distance between the stem and anchored plume head increases.The evidence suggests that young transforms can serve as pathways for plume material migration,at least in certain plume head-transform configurations.A fortuitous similarity between the path of the Shatsky and Sio plumes,with respect to young spreading ridges and transforms,helps to clarify previously problematic bathymetric features that were not readily ascribed to fixed plumes alone.The Line Island Chain,which has been the subject of a vast number of models,is related mainly to several plumes that passed beneath the same region of oceanic crust,a relatively rare event that has resulted in LIP formation rather than a regular seamount track.Our findings have important implications for the timing and mechanism for the Laramide Orogeny in North America,demonstrating that the Hess Rise conjugate may be much smaller than traditionally thought.The Mid Pacific Mountains conjugate may not exist at all,given large parts of these LIPs were formed at an ‘off-ridge' site.This needs to be taken into account while considering the effects of conjugate collision on mineralization and orogenic events. 相似文献
14.
Magmatic systems of large continental igneous provinces 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) formed by mantle superplume events have irreversibly changed their composition in the geological evolution of the Earth from high-Mg melts (during Archean and early Paleoproterozoic) to Phanerozoic-type geochemically enriched Fe-Ti basalts and picrites at 2.3 Ga. We propose that this upheaval could be related to the change in the source and nature of the mantle superplumes of different generations. The first generation plumes were derived from the depleted mantle, whereas the second generation (thermochemical) originated from the core-mantle boundary (CMB). This study mainly focuses on the second (Phanerozoic) type of LIPs, as exemplified by the mid-Paleoproterozoic Jatulian–Ludicovian LIP in the Fennoscandian Shield, the Permian–Triassic Siberian LIP, and the late Cenozoic flood basalts of Syria. The latter LIP contains mantle xenoliths represented by green and black series. These xenoliths are fragments of cooled upper margins of the mantle plume heads, above zones of adiabatic melting, and provide information about composition of the plume material and processes in the plume head. Based on the previous studies on the composition of the mantle xenoliths in within-plate basalts around the world, it is inferred that the heads of the mantle (thermochemical) plumes are made up of moderately depleted spinel peridotites (mainly lherzolites) and geochemically-enriched intergranular fluid/melt. Further, it is presumed that the plume heads intrude the mafic lower crust and reach up to the bottom of the upper crust at depths ～20 km. The generation of two major types of mantle-derived magmas (alkali and tholeiitic basalts) was previously attributed to the processes related to different PT-parameters in the adiabatic melting zone whereas this study relates to the fluid regime in the plume heads. It is also suggested that a newly-formed melt can occur on different sides of a critical plane of silica undersaturation and can acquire either alkalic or tholeiitic composition depending on the concentration and composition of the fluids. The presence of melt-pockets in the peridotite matrix indicates fluid migration to the rocks of cooled upper margin of the plume head from the lower portion. This process causes secondary melting in this zone and the generation of melts of the black series and differentiated trachytic magmas. 相似文献
15.
地幔柱的概念、分类、演化与大规模成矿——对中国西南部的探讨 总被引：33，自引：2，他引：33
自核幔边界上升的物质 ,当其汇聚成圆柱状的结合体 ,并因其相对于周围地幔环境来说具有温度更高、活动性更强、粘度更低等特点而能够上升到壳幔边界时 ,一般可以演化成为具有宽厚的冠状构造和细长的尾部构造的地幔柱。地幔柱进一步与地壳发生作用 ,可以在地表记录下一系列的热点或形成巨大的火成岩省。根据地幔柱最后出露的位置 ,可以将其分为洋壳和陆壳环境下产出的两种基本类型 ,也可以根据其演化历史分出不同的阶段 ,如初始阶段、上升阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段。中国西南部地区可能经历了两次以上的地幔柱冲击 ,二叠纪的峨眉山玄武岩是一个古生代晚期演化比较彻底的地幔柱留下的记录 ,而新生代以来的地幔柱活动可能正在发育 ,深部物质的大规模上隆可能是青藏高原隆升的一个原因 ,大量的散布的幔源岩浆活动和流体作用可能是中国西南部大规模成矿作用的重要原因。 相似文献
16.
R. T. Cox 《Tectonophysics》1999,310(1-4):69-79
Bathymetry and the geoid anomaly of the northern flank of the Hawaiian swell is broader and higher than the southern flank, and it is characterized by higher heat flow than the axis or southern flank. It is here proposed that the northern flank of the Hawaiian swell has been augmented by heat conducted from the hotspot conduit into the upper mantle then transported northward of the volcanic axis by flow in the upper mantle (325°) that is more northerly than Pacific plate motion (292°). By assuming that the deep upper mantle is decoupled from the Pacific plate and is flowing at 325° to the northwest, changes in direction and rate of volcanic propagation and in geochemistry along individual volcanic segments of the Hawaiian volcanic chain can be interpreted in terms of tank experiment results showing that a volcanic hotspot conduit breaks into diapirs when tilted by mantle flow. Hawaiian volcanoes are aligned in en-echelon segments, and the Hawaiian Islands are the two most recent segments. For an individual segment, older northwestern volcanoes are aligned nearly parallel to the 292° plate motion direction, and they propagated to the southeast at approximately the same rate as the 92 km/m.y. speed of northwestward plate motion. In contrast, the alignment of the younger southeastern volcanoes is close to 325°, and they show a conspicuous acceleration in propagation of volcanism marked by out-of-sequence eruptions. Within the model proposed here, diapirs rise from instability nodes that develop along the tilted conduit of a mantle hotspot plume as it is sheared in the direction of deep upper-mantle flow and each diapir gives rise to a single volcanic center. As tilting progresses, diapirs form at lower levels along the conduit in more upstream positions of the mantle flow zone, rise sequentially into the decoupled lithosphere, erupt sequentially, and are translated in the direction of plate motion (older, northwestern Hawaiian Islands). Eventually, flow in the highly tilted conduit is impeded to the degree that the remaining upstream conduit breaks into a number of diapirs that rise together into the lithosphere. These late diapirs, translated as a group aligned in the direction of horizontal mantle flow, erupt over a relatively short time span and show out-of-sequence volcanism (younger, southeastern Hawaiian Islands). At this stage, a new cycle of rising and tilting will initiate the next en-echelon segment. 相似文献
17.
Nickolay L. Dobretsov Alexey A. Kirdyashkin Anatoliy G. Kirdyashkin Valery A. Vernikovsky Igor N. Gladkov 《Lithos》2008,100(1-4):66-92
Thermochemical plumes form at the base of the lower mantle as a consequence of heat flow from the outer core and the presence of local chemical doping that decreases the melting temperature. Theoretical and experimental modelling of thermochemical plumes show that the diameter of a plume conduit remains practically constant during plume ascent. However, when the top of a plume reaches a refractory layer, whose melting temperature is higher than the melt temperature in the plume conduit, a mushroom-shaped plume head develops. Main parameters (melt viscosity, ascent time, ascent velocity, temperature differences in the plume conduit, and thermal power) are presented for a thermochemical plume ascending from the core–mantle boundary. In addition, the following relationships are developed: the pressure distribution in the plume conduit during the ascent of a plume, conditions for eruption-conduit formation, the effect of the P–T conditions and controls on the shape and size of a plume top, heat transfer between a thermochemical plume and the lithosphere (when the plume reaches the bottom of a refractory layer in the lithosphere), and eruption volume versus the time interval t1 between plume formation and eruption. These relationships are used to determine thermal power and time t1 for the Tunguska syneclise and the Siberian traps as a whole.
The Siberian and other trap provinces are characterized by giant volumes of lavas and sills formed a very short time period. Data permit a model for superplumes with three stages of formation: early (variable picrites and alkali basalts), main (tholeiite plateau basalts), and final (ultrabasic and alkaline lavas and intrusions). These stages reflect the evolution of a superplume from the ascent of one or several independent plumes, through the formation of thick lenses of mantle melts underplating the lithosphere and, finally, intrusion and extrusion of differentiated mantle melts. Synchronous syenite–granite intrusions and bimodal volcanism abundant in the margins of the Siberian traps are the result of melting of the lower crust at depths of 65–70 km under the effect of plume melts. 相似文献
18.
全球地幔三维结构模型及动力学研究新进展 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
介绍了地幔三维地震模型及地球动力学最新进展，特别是１９９５年７月ＩＵＧＧ第２１届大会展示的新成果。地幔三维速度分布主要由全球数字地震台网资料求得。１００ｋｍ深度速度分布主要与板块构造有关，３５０ｋｍ深度显示了大陆与海洋的差异，１９００ｋｍ深度表现环太平洋的高速异常带。 相似文献
19.
峨眉地幔柱的动力学特征 总被引：40，自引：1，他引：39
峨眉地幔柱起源于赤道附近,头部直径约８００ｋｍ。它的动力学特征主要反映在四大地质事件上：１．基性岩浆活动,地幔柱头部减压熔融引起大规模玄武岩浆喷发和大量基性－超基性岩体侵入。峨眉山玄武岩分布面积约５０万ｋｍ２,主喷发期在早、晚二叠世之间,活动时限海西晚期－印支期;２．酸性岩浆活动,地幔柱对深部地壳的热改造引起大规模酸性岩浆喷发并形成３００ｋｍ长的花岗岩带,酸性火山喷发产物除流纹岩外,酸性火山灰沉积遍及整个华南地区;３．古地热场与改造成矿作用,在地幔柱作用下,上扬子及其外围地区曾经存在一个古地热场,地热异常从海西晚期持续到燕山期,长时期的地热异常驱动热水循环,引起大规模改造成矿作用,形成分布广泛的层控金属矿床;４．地壳升降与裂陷,华南海西－印支期的地壳运动与地幔柱有密切关系,当它到达岩石圈底部之后,上覆岩石圈受热软化,伸展变薄,地壳沉降引起栖霞期海平面大幅度上升以及茅口期的强烈拉张与裂陷,地幔柱活动对大气圈、水圈、生物圈都有重要影响,它可能造成大规模生物绝灭。 相似文献
20.
河淮地幔亚热柱的演化及其对华北地区成矿的控制作用 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
本文依据华北地台东部的地球物理测深资料、火山－岩浆活动、沉积建造特征及构造演化历史，提出河滩地区是中生代以来强烈隆升的地幔亚热柱。亚热柱的强烈上升使岩石圈下部发生热减薄，上地壳发生裂陷，新生界堆积厚达５－９ｋｍ。岩石圈热减薄仅至６０－８０ｋｍ。金、银等成矿元素除部分来自赋矿围岩之外，其主要部分来自地核，并以气态随地幔热柱向上运移，当其进入亚热柱阶段时，部分转变为液态．呈气－液混合相随亚热柱运移，当伞状外展亚热柱被造山带陡倾韧性剪切带切割时，气－液相全、银随深熔岩浆或沿韧性剪切带向上迁移，并在幔枝（变质核杂岩）构造的有利扩容带富集成矿。 相似文献