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1.
Water and suspended sediment samples were collected along a longitudinal transect of the Bhagirathi – a headwater stream of the river Ganga, during the premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons, in order to assess the solute acquisition processes and sediment transfer in a high elevation river basin. Study results show that surface waters were dominated by HCO3 and SO4 in anionic abundance and Ca in cationic concentrations. A high concentration of sulphate in the source region indicates oxidative weathering of sulphide bearing minerals in the drainage basin. The combination of high concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate and sulphate in river water suggests that coupled reaction involving sulphide oxidation and carbonate dissolution are mainly controlling the solute acquisition processes in the drainage basin. The sediment transfer reveals that glacial weathering and erosion is the major influence on sediment production and transfer. The seasonal and spatial variation in ionic concentration, in general, is related to discharge and lithology. The sediment mineralogy and water mineral equilibrium indicate that water composition is in equilibrium with kaolinite. The river Bhagirathi annually delivers 0.74 M.tons of dissolved and 7.88 M.tons of suspended load to the river Ganga at Devprayag. The chemical and physical denudation rate of the Bhagirathi is 95 and 1010 tons/km2/yr, higher than the Indian and global average.  相似文献   

2.
王琼  王欣  雷东钰  殷永胜  魏俊锋  张勇 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):1041-1052
冰川-冰湖耦合过程是冰冻圈物质与能量循环的重要组成部分,系统刻画冰川演化与冰湖发育过程的相互作用机制,对于完善冰冻圈科学理论体系和认知冰川作用区变化规律、水循环模式和灾害效应具有重要意义。本文立足山地冰川演化和冰湖发育过程,系统归纳了冰川-冰湖相互作用研究进展,剖析了冰川作用与冰湖发育耦合机制及相关模型的应用,并对现有冰川演化与冰湖发育过程耦合机制研究存在的不足与挑战进行解析和总结。冰川-冰湖耦合过程的深入研究有助于提高数值模拟的可信度与精度,为评估冰川-冰湖耦合过程影响、建立灾害监测预警体系和采取适应性措施提供数据与理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
The climate change of the twentieth century had an evident effect on glacier environments of the Himalaya. Temporal images of Indian Remote Sensing satellites provide an opportunity to monitor the recession of glacier and development of glacial lakes in the Himalayan cryosphere with a cost to time benefit ratio. The recession of Milam glacier and subsequent growth of a proglacial lake near the snout was analysed using Resourcesat-1 and Resourcesat-2 data. The recession of 480 m during 2004 to 2011 and growth of 47 epiglacial ponds over Milam glacier shows the glacier is in a state of imbalance and losing the ice by downwasting.  相似文献   

4.
新疆冰川近期变化及其对水资源的影响研究   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18       下载免费PDF全文
新疆的冰川水资源居全国第一,在新疆水资源构成和河川径流调节方面占有重要地位。最近30多年来,随着气温升高,冰川出现了剧烈的消融退缩,冰川融水径流量普遍增加,并对气温的依赖性增强。文章基于最新冰川观测研究资料,阐述新疆冰川的近期变化,分析对水资源的影响。研究表明,所研究的1800条冰川,在过去26～44年间,总面积缩小了11.7％,平均每条冰川缩小0.243km2,末端退缩速率5.8m/a。冰川在不同区域的缩小比率为8.8％～34.2％,单条冰川的平均缩小量为0.092～0.415km2,末端平均后退量为 3.5～10.5m/a。由于新疆各流域中冰川的分布、变化特征,以及融水所占河川径流的比例不同,因此,未来气候变化对新疆各个区域水资源的影响程度和表现形式是不同的。分析表明,在塔里木河流域,冰川水资源具有举足轻重的作用,但是,一旦冰川消融殆尽,对该地区将产生灾难性影响,现今该区冰川消融正盛,估计在今后30～50年,只要保持升温,冰川融水量仍会维持。未来20～40年,天山北麓水系中,1km2左右的小冰川趋于消失,大于5km2冰川消融强烈,因此,以小冰川居多的河流受冰川变化的影响较大。东疆盆地水系中的冰川数量少,并处在加速消融状态,河川径流对冰川的依赖性强,冰川的变化已经对水资源量及年内分配产生影响,水资源已经处在不断恶化之中。对于伊犁河与额尔齐斯河流域,未来冰川变化对水资源的影响在数量上可能有限,但会大大削弱冰川融水径流的调节功能。而气候变化对积雪水资源的影响和可能造成的后果应该予以特别关注。  相似文献   

5.
The Himalayas are one of the largest cryospheric systems outside the Polar Regions, and include more than 12,000 glaciers spread over an area of about 33,000 km2. The Himalayan glaciers and snow packs retreating at an accelerating rate, thereby creating an alarming situation for the huge population that resides in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan, as they depend on surface water resources in the region and rivers emanating from the Himalayas. This work attempts to quantify the contribution of different sources such as glacial/ice/snow melt and groundwater discharge to the Satluj River using the stable isotopes based hydrograph separation method at Ropar (foot hill) and Yusufpur in plain of Punjab, India. A mass balance model of three-component mixing has been engaged using the values of δ18O and electrical conductivity of the river water, and its discharge fraction, to estimate the time-varying relative proportion of each component from July 2013 to January 2014. The proportion of glacier melt was found to peak up to ~?64% at Ropar and ~?15% at Yusufpur during the wet summer months. The fraction of groundwater discharge was found to vary between 10–20% at Ropar and 25–35% at Yusufpur (Punjab plain) over time. The observed trend of d-excess (deuterium excess) values of river water also suggests that the glaciers and snow packs at higher altitudes contain a significant fraction of snow derived from vapor originating in the Mediterranean region, driven by the mid-latitude westerlies known as western disturbances.  相似文献   

6.
Knowledge of Himalayan cryosphere seems to be an outstanding requirement for assessment of glacier storage, water balance analysis, planning of water resources and flood hazard monitoring. A stepwise approach through mapping glaciers and glacial lakes using satellite remote sensing data and investigating potential glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazards was adopted for the three Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalayan (HKH) ranges of Pakistan. The findings of the study revealed 5,218 glaciers in the cryosphere of HKH ranges. The cumulative glacial cover of over 15,000 km2 contains ice reserves of about 2,738 km3. About 46 % of the Karakoram glaciers are contributing 77 % to the total glacial cover and 87 % to the cumulative ice reserves of the country. The 33 % Himalayan glaciers and 21 % Hindukush glaciers contribute only 3 and 10 % ice reserves, respectively. Among 2,420 glacial lakes identified in the three HKH ranges, 52 were classified as critical lakes that can pose GLOF hazard for the downstream communities. Most of the potential hazardous lakes lie in the Karakoram and Himalayan ranges, the monitoring of which is crucial to reduce high risk of future floods hazard in this fragile mountain ecosystem of the Himalayan region.  相似文献   

7.
The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers flow through the Higher and Lesser Himalayas and confluence at Devprayag, which represents the origin of the Ganga (or Ganges) river. In the present study, a vast number of temporal and spatial samples of the river waters were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. In addition, more recent and time series water flow data have been obtained and based on these inputs, a more refined dissolved flux rates have been estimated. The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers show significant variations in chemical compositions during different seasons. Carbonate rock weathering is responsible for more than 70% of the chemical compositions in the river waters. The chemical weathering rates show seasonal variations and are much higher during non-monsoon season. The dissolved flux of Alaknanda river is much higher (1.80 × 106 tons yr?1) as compared to the Bhagirathi river (0.34 × 106 tons yr?1). The chemical weathering rates in the basin vary between 85 and 155 tons km?2 yr?1, which is significantly higher compared to the global average of ～24 tons km?2 yr?1.  相似文献   

8.
在冰冻圈地区,受到积雪和冰川融水的影响,径流表现出独特的热状况,形成特有的冷水生态系统.由于大气和河流内部过程之间强烈的耦合和高敏感度,河水温度作为生态系统的重要驱动因素在冰川流域表现得尤为显著.通过对冰川径流温度特征、影响因素和热量机制响应等方面的国内外研究现状进行综述,发现冰川径流温度具有温度低、时空变化显著的特征;冰川径流温度影响因素主要有4个方面:水-气界面的热量传输、水-河道及河岸界面热量传输、径流组成、气候变化及人类活动;冰川径流热量机制的响应在河水物理化学性质方面表现为河流水质参数以及热量水分循环的影响,在河流水生生态系统方面表现为水生生态系统的分布和结构随冰川径流温度的变化而变化,且一旦超过某个阈值后,这种变化不可逆.  相似文献   

9.
水文模型在估算冰川径流研究中的应用现状   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
冰川径流估算是气候变化风险评估和水资源可持续管理的重要内容.冰川径流估算方法主要包括:直接观测法、冰川物质平衡法、水量平衡方程法、水化学示踪法和水文模型法.本文首先对五种方法的应用情况进行简要总结,进而重点阐述水文模型法在估算冰川径流研究中的应用现状.水文模型法是冰川径流估算研究中使用最频繁的方法,使用方式主要包括耦合冰川模块和开发新的冰川水文模型.冰川水文模型中的消融算法主要包括温度指数模型(度日因子法)、修正的温度指数模型、能量平衡模型.受当前观测条件限制,修正的温度指数模型兼顾能量平衡模型和温度指数模型的优势而成为冰川水文模型中最流行的方法.随着学科的发展进步,能量平衡模型与水文模型的耦合将会成为未来的研究重点,发展大尺度分布式冰川水文模型是冰川水文学的未来发展方向之一.  相似文献   

10.
The Alaknanda river, a major Himalayan proglacial stream, and its tributaries have been studied to evaluate sediment sources, production mechanisms, and transport pathways in the Alaknanda river basin. The study is based on a single-time sampling of the river and its tributaries and gives an insight into the suspended load pattern of the river from its source to its confluence with the other major Himalayan proglacial stream, the Bhagirathi. It is tentatively concluded that the suspended load of the Alaknanda is primarily due to natural processes and events and does not reflect the effects of human intervention.  相似文献   

11.
Alaknanda and Bhagirathi (AB) river basins in the Himalayan region in India expose lithologies comprising mainly of granites, low–high-grade metamorphics, shales and carbonates which, in conjunction with the monsoon rains and glacial melt, control water chemistry and dissolved elemental flux rates. In the present study, we monitored two locations: (a) Srinagar on the Alaknanda river and (b) Maneri on the Bhagirathi river for daily variations in total suspended sediments, major ions and dissolved silica over one complete year (July 2004–June 2005). Based on long-term discharge data, discharge-weighted composition and dissolved elemental flux rates (with respect to Ca, Mg, HCO3, Si) of the river were estimated. The information thus obtained has substantially added up to the existing chemical data of these rivers and has refined the flux rates. Our high-frequency samples provide informations such as (a) water chemical compositions that show a large temporal and spatial variation and (b) carbonate lithology that controls water chemistry predominantly. The dissolution kinetics of various lithologies namely leucogranite, gneiss, quartzite, phyllite and shale of the AB river basins were studied through batch experiments at controlled temperature (25 and 5°C) and pH (8.4) condition. In laboratory, these lithologies undergo slow rates of dissolution (10−13 to 10−15 mol/m2 s), while field weathering rates based on dissolved elemental flux rates in the AB rivers are much higher (10−8 to 10−9 mol/m2 s). Extremely high physical weathering rates in AB rivers, which enhance chemical weathering significantly, mainly attribute this wide discrepancy in laboratory-derived rates of representative basin rocks and dissolved elemental fluxes in the field. However, laboratory-simulated experiments facilitate to quantify elemental release rates, understand the kinetics of the dissolution reactions, and compare their roles at individual level.  相似文献   

12.
Pramod Singh 《Chemical Geology》2010,269(3-4):220-236
Major, trace and REE compositions of sediments from the upper Ganga River and its tributaries in the Himalaya have been examined to study the weathering in the Himalayan catchment region and to determine the dominant source rocks to the sediments in the Plains. The Ganga River rises in the Higher Himalaya from the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS) bedrocks and traverses over the Lesser Himalayan Series (LHS) and the Himalayan foreland basin (Siwaliks) rocks before entering into the Gangetic Plains. The major element compositions of sediments, reflected in their low CIA values (45.0–54.7), indicate that silicate weathering has not been an important process in the Himalayan catchment region of the Ganga River. Along the entire traverse, from the HHCS through LHS and the Siwaliks, the sediments from the tributaries and the mainstream Ganga River show higher Na2O, K2O, CaO and silica. This, and the higher ratios of La/Sc, Th/Sc and lower ratios of Co/Th, suggest that the source rocks are felsic. The fractionated REE patterns and the significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu? = 0.27–0.53) indicate highly differentiated source. Moreover, the comparison of the sediments with different source rock lithologies from the HHCS and the LHS for their major elements clearly suggests that the HHCS rocks were the dominant source. Further, comparison of their UCC (upper continental crust) normalized REE patterns suggests that, among the various HHCS rocks, the metasediments (para-gneiss and schist) and Cambro-Ordovician granites have formed the major source rocks. The Bhagirathi and Alaknanda River sediments are dominantly derived from metasediments and those in the Mandakini River from Cambro-Ordovician granites. The resulting composition of the sediments of the Ganga River is due to the mixing of sediments supplied by these tributaries after their confluence at Devprayag. No further change in major, trace and rare earth element compositions of the sediments of the Ganga River after Devprayag up to its exit point to the Plains at Haridwar, suggests little contribution of the Lesser Himalayan and Siwalik rocks to the Ganga River sediments.  相似文献   

13.
The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.25 mm yr−1) and 907 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.42 mm yr−1) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km−2 yr−1 (0.58 mm yr−1).  相似文献   

14.
Coastal valleys in the west part of Mid-Wales, such as the Mawddach, Dysynni, Tal-y-llyn and Dyfi, acted as corridors for ice which drained the Welsh Ice Cap during the Devensian. Analyses of detailed digital elevation models, and interpretation of satellite images and aerial photographs, show the existence of large variations in the amount of glacial modification between these valleys. Although all the valleys are glacially over-deepened along late Caledonian fault lines, only the Dyfi basin exhibits a dendritic pattern, with V-shaped cross-profiles and valley spurs typical of valleys formed by fluvial processes. Connectivity analysis of the Dyfi basin shows that it exhibits an almost completely dendritic pattern with connectivity α and β values of 0.74 and 1.01, respectively, with little glacial modification of the preglacial fluvial valley pattern in the form of glacial valley breaching. Several examples of glacial meltwater incision into a well-developed pre-existing river valley system, causing river capture across watersheds, have been identified in the Dyfi basin. The degree of preservation of the preglacial fluvial valley system within the Dyfi basin indicates limited modification by glacial processes, despite the area being subjected to glacier activity during the Late Devensian at least. It is possible that major parts of the basin were covered by cold-based or slow-moving ice, close to, or under, a migrating ice-divide, with the major ice drainage occurring along the weaker zone of the Pennal Fault along which teh Dyfi valley is located, causing minor adjustments to the surrounding interfluves and uplands. It is proposed here that the general river valley morphology of the Dyfi basin is of a pre-Late Devensian age.  相似文献   

15.
2005年为喜马拉雅山中段的暖干年,夏季气温为历年最高。本文利用2005年珠穆朗玛峰绒布冰川下游水文观测资料及附近定日气象站资料、羊卓雍湖卡鲁雄曲冰川流域水文资料及附近浪卡子站气象资料,分析了两个流域的融水过程,建立冰雪消融数值模型,并进行了对比研究。结果表明:统计相关得到两流域气温和降水高度相关性(r>0.8),说明在区域尺度上两个地区的气候过程相似。绒布冰川消融强度比卡鲁雄曲冰川约大2倍,冰川退缩速率二者也差2.5倍,说明用冰川消融气温估计的水量损失基本反映两地冰川变化的事实。本文提出的冰雪融水模型,可以用于两个冰川区之间广大无资料冰川流域融水及冰川变化的估计,以及恢复珠穆朗玛和喜马拉雅山脉其他地区的长期水文过程及水资源变化的计算。  相似文献   

16.
Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on the Himalayan region, which may ultimately affect the water security and agriculture productivity in the region. Investigations of hydrologic regimes and their linkage to climatic trends are therefore gaining importance to reduce vulnerability of growing implications in the region. In the present study, the eWater source software implementation of GR4JSG snow melt model was used for snow melt runoff modeling of the Astore river basin, western Himalayas. The model calibration and validation indicated a close agreement between the simulated and observed discharge data. The scenario of 0.9 °C increase in temperature indicated 33% rise in the river discharge, while an increase of 10% in precipitation may exaggerate the river flows by 15%. The scenario of 100% increase in glaciated area showed 41% increase in the Astore river discharge. On the other hand, reduction of 50% glacier cover may result in 34% decline in the river discharge, while 0% glacier coverage may reduce the river discharges by 49% from that of the base year 2014. It is essential to develop a long-term water resource monitoring process and adapt water management systems taking into account the socio-economic and ecological complexities of the region.  相似文献   

17.
Glacial hazards relate to hazards associated with glaciers and glacial lakes in high mountain areas and their impacts downstream. The climatic change/variability in recent decades has made considerable impacts on the glacier life cycle in the Himalayan region. As a result, many big glaciers melted, forming a large number of glacial lakes. Due to an increase in the rate at which ice and snow melted, the accumulation of water in these lakes started increasing. Sudden discharge of large volumes of water with debris from these lakes potentially causes glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in valleys downstream. Outbursts from glacier lakes have repeatedly caused the loss of human lives as well as severe damage to local infrastructure. Monitoring of the glacial lakes and extent of GLOF impact along the downstream can be made quickly and precisely using remote sensing technique. A number of hydroelectric projects in India are being planned in the Himalayan regions. It has become necessary for the project planners and designers to account for the GLOF also along with the design flood for deciding the spillway capacity of projects. The present study deals with the estimation of GLOF for a river basin located in the Garwhal Himalaya, India. IRS LISSIII data of the years 2004, 2006 and 2008 have been used for glacial lake mapping, and a total of 91 lakes have been found in the year 2008, and out of these, 45 lakes are having area more than 0.01?km2. All the lakes have been investigated for vulnerability for potential bursting, and it was found that no lake is vulnerable from GLOF point of view. The area of biggest lake is 0.193, 0.199 and 0.203?km2 in the years 2004, 2006 and 2008, respectively. Although no lake is potentially hazardous, GLOF study has been carried out for the biggest lake using MIKE 11 software. A flood of 100-year return period has been considered in addition to GLOF. The flood peak at catchment outlet comes out to be 993.74, 1,184.0 and 1,295.58 cumec due to GLOF; 3,274.74, 3,465.0 and 3,576.58 cumec due to GLOF; and 100-year return flood together considering breach width of 40, 60 and 80?m, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
冰川动力学模式模型进展及研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
王澄海  程蓉  赵文  孙超 《冰川冻土》2020,42(1):43-52
冰冻圈是气候系统中的一个重要圈层, 其中冰川又是冰冻圈的重要组成部分, 冰川、 尤其是山地冰川的本构方程和建模一直是冰川动力学的核心任务。首先, 简要回顾冰川模型的研究和发展, 简要介绍了基于Navier-Stokes方程耦合温度场的三维冰川模型。然后, 介绍了冰川建模过程中的常用的静水压力近似、 一阶近似、 浅冰近似等的基本概念, 总结了冰川的动力数值模式建立的主要方法, 对于常用的GLIMMER冰盖模式的物理框架及其应用进行了介绍。最后, 针对目前的简化模型难以准确地描述山地冰川的物理过程及其变化的问题, 提出了一个基于全Navier-Stokes方程的山地冰川模型及其动力框架、 边界条件处理的设想。本文可为建立、 发展冰川及冰架模型, 尤其建立和发展山地冰川模型提供基础知识和参考。  相似文献   

19.
There are serious concerns of rise in temperatures over snowy and glacierized Himalayan region that may eventually affect future river flows of Indus river system. It is therefore necessary to predict snow and glacier melt runoff to manage future water resource of Upper Indus Basin(UIB). The snowmelt runoff model(SRM) coupled with MODIS remote sensing data was employed in this study to predict daily discharges of Gilgit River in the Karakoram Range. The SRM was calibrated successfully and then simulation was made over four years i.e. 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 achieving coefficient of model efficiency of 0.96, 0.86, 0.9 and 0.94 respectively. The scenarios of precipitation and mean temperature developed from regional climate model PRECIS were used in SRM model to predict future flows of Gilgit River. The increase of 3 C in mean annual temperature by the end of 21 th century may result in increase of 35-40% in Gilgit River flows. The expected increase in the surface runoff from the snow and glacier melt demands better water conservation and management for irrigation and hydel-power generation in the Indus basin in future.  相似文献   

20.
The paper records evidences of neotectonic activities in the Gangotri glacier valley that are found to be responsible for the present-day geomorphic set-up of the area since the last phase of major glaciation. Geomorphological features indicate the presence of a large glacier in the valley in the geological past. Prominent planar structures present in the rocks were later on modified into sets of normal faults in the present-day Himalayan tectonic set-up giving rise to graben structures. The block nearest the snout is traversed by the NW-SE trending Gaumukh fault. A number of terraces mark the entrenchment of Bhagirathi River in this part. The contrasting drainage morphometric parameters of two sides of the valley and asymmetric recessional patterns of the tributary glaciers further document movement along the fault. The distribution and orientation of debris fans also seem to be controlled by neotectonic activity. The neotectonic activity that followed the process of deglaciation has brought the glacially carved, wide U- shaped valley in contact with the present-day fluvially incised narrow and relatively deep valley. The wider segments have become sites of active deposition of glacially eroded debris. The low gradient and excessive filling has resulted in the river attaining a braided nature in these segments.  相似文献   

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