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1.
为开展新奥尔松地区苔原植物生长和植被演替对冰川退缩响应的研究,在Austre Lovénbreen冰川(简称A冰川)前沿不同年代冰缘线附近布设了植被样方,调查了样方内植物组成与群落结构。结果表明:(1)A冰川1990年冰缘线代表植被演替的初始阶段,样方内仅出现先锋植物挪威虎耳草(Saxifraga oppositifolia);(2)1936年冰缘线代表冰川退缩长达75年后植被发育的情况,样方内植物种类和个体数明显增多,植被群落以木本植物极柳(Salix polaris)和草本植物黄葶苈(Draba bellii)为主,地衣以寒生肉疣衣(Ochrolechia frigida)和鸡皮衣(Pertusaria sp.)等壳状地衣为主;(3)随着冰川迹地形成时间更长,植被趋向成熟阶段发展,样方内极柳占绝对优势,地衣的物种多样性和盖度显著增加,出现雪黄岛衣(Flavocetraria nivalis)和刺岛衣(Cetraria aculeata)等叶状地衣。初步结果表明冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,群落结构发生着显著变化。  相似文献   

2.
海螺沟冰川末端前，近２０００ｍ冰川退却迹地植被原生演替经历了：裸地－草本地被、柳－沙棘－水冬瓜、水冬瓜、云冷杉－桦－杜鹃及云冷杉五个发展阶段。据树木年轮推测，１７０年来冰川末端位置变化显著。植被发展过程、冰川退却速度与气候变化密切相关。与冰川退却对气候变化的响应相比，植被对气候变化的响应更为敏感。  相似文献   

3.
Root distribution plays an important role in both vegetation establishment and restoration of degraded land through influencing soil property and vegetation growth. Root distribution at 0~60 cm depth of A. halodendron was investigated in Horqin Sandy Land. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SN) concentration as well as carbon and nitrogen in root biomass and necromass were measured. Root length density (RLD) was estimated. Total root biomass, necromass and the RLD at 0~60 cm depth was 172 g/m2, 245 g/m2, and 368 m/m2, respectively. Both biomass and necromass of A. halodendron roots decreased with soil depth, live roots were mainly at 0~20 cm (76% of biomass and 63% of root length), while 73% of the necromass was within 0~30 cm depth. N concentration of roots (biomass and necromass) was about 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively. There were significant differences in SOC concentration between soil layers, but insignificant for SN. Soil C/N ratio decreased with depth (P<0.05). C and N storage for belowground system at 0~60 cm decreased markedly with depth; 41.4% of C and 31.7% of N were allocated to the 0~10 cm layer. Root bio- and necromass together contained similar amount of C to that of the soil itself in the top layer. N stock was dominated by soil nitrogen at all depths, but more so in deeper layers. It is clear that differentiating between soil layers will aid in interpreting A. halodendron efficiency in soil restoration in sandy land.  相似文献   

4.
I. Sobota 《Polar Science》2011,5(3):327-336
This study examines the mass balance, accumulation, melt, and near-surface ice thermal structure of Irenebreen, a 4.1 km2 glacier located in northwest Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Traditional glaciological mass balance measurements by stake readings and snow surveying have been conducted annually at the glacier since 2002, yielding a mean annual net mass balance of −65 cm w.e. for the period 2002–2009. In 2009, the annual mass balance of Irenebreen was −63 cm w.e. despite above-average snow accumulation in winter. The near-surface ice temperature in the accumulation area was investigated with automatic borehole thermistors. The mean annual surface ice temperatures (September–August) of the accumulation area were −3.7 °C at 1 m depth and −3.3 °C at 10 m depth. Irenebreen is potentially polythermal, with cold ice and a temperate surface layer during summer. This temperate surface layer is influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. In winter, the temperature of all the ice is below the melting point and temperate layers are probably present in basal sections of the glacier. This supposition is supported by the presence of icings in the forefield of Irenebreen.  相似文献   

5.
黄河源区高寒草地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
选择位于黄河源区的青海省果洛藏族自治州为研究区,利用第二次全国土壤普查所得的土壤剖面数据以及55个典型土壤剖面的地理位置、土层深度、有机质含量、面积、理化分析数据和1:50万数字化土壤类型图,在GIS的支持下利用土壤类型法对黄河源区草地土壤碳库进行了估算。结果表明,黄河源区土壤碳密度较高,平均土壤有机碳密度为29.97 kg/m2,高寒草地土壤有机碳库主要由高山草甸土和高山草原土的有机碳库构成,研究区土壤有机碳总储量达15×108tC。区域草地土壤有机碳密度及储量呈明显的水平和垂直分异规律。  相似文献   

6.
甘肃河西山地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
山地土壤具有强异质性和较高的碳密度,研究山地土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征和影响因素,对理解未来气候变化情景下该区土壤碳-大气反馈具有重要意义。河西山地地形复杂,水热梯度明显,是研究土壤有机碳空间格局的理想区域。利用河西山地126个土壤剖面数据,分析了0~100 cm土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明:河西山地0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值15.04±7.24 kg·m^-2,区域土壤有机碳储量1.37±0.66 Pg,其中50%储存在高寒草甸和亚高山灌丛草甸。研究区土壤有机碳密度从高到低依次为亚高山灌丛草甸(41.15±18.47 kg·m^-2)、山地草甸草原(40.26±9.59 kg·m^-2)、山地森林(34.57±14.52 kg·m^-2)、高寒草甸(29.19±14.58 kg·m^-2)、山地草原(19.28±11.33 kg·m^-2)、荒漠草原(9.83±4.14 kg·m^-2)、高寒草原(8.59±2.47 kg·m^-2)、高寒荒漠(5.89±3.18 kg·m^-2)、草原化荒漠(5.16±3.06 kg·m^-2)、温带荒漠(5.00±3.35 kg·m^-2)。土壤有机碳的空间分布与地形和气候因子显著相关。土壤有机碳密度随着海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,阴坡土壤有机碳密度显著高于阳坡和半阴坡。土壤有机碳密度随年平均降水量增多而增多,随年平均温度的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
王晶  吕昭智  钱翌  宋菁  钟晓英 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1367-1373
在群落演替的不同阶段,土壤与植被之间存在不同的互动关系。在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘,选择荒漠-绿洲交错区、沙漠边缘、沙漠腹地典型景观类型取样,监测不同景观条件下土壤水分、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和植被盖度。结果表明,不同景观植被盖度、土壤水分、土壤养分含量存在显著的差异性(P0.5)。土壤水分含量、植被盖度、土壤养分含量表现为荒漠-绿洲交错区沙漠边缘沙漠腹地的变化趋势;土壤含水量由荒漠-绿洲交错带10.4%递减到沙漠边缘5.8%、沙漠腹地3.5%;植被盖度、土壤养分含量随土壤类型由荒漠灰钙土向风沙土过渡,呈现显著的下降趋势。在相同土壤属性情况下,植被盖度与土壤有机质、土壤全氮之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,表明不同区域内植被在一定程度上影响土壤养分的积累。  相似文献   

8.
Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods (July 12th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 1011 kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m2. Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.  相似文献   

9.
The soil properties of a vegetation chronosequence in Hong Kong involving a grassland, a 22-year mixed woodland, a 52-year forest and two graduation 150-year old climax ( feng shui ) forests were examined. The objectives were to test the three hypotheses: (1) there are no significant differences in soil chemical properties between different climax forests, (2) exotic species are inferior to native species in soil amelioration; and (3) organic carbon, nitrogen and cation nutrients tend to accumulate in the soils during successional development of the vegetation. The results show that the soils along the vegetation chronosequence are strongly acidic in reaction, contained moderate to high levels of organic carbon, high exchangeable acidity, and low levels of mineral nitrogen (NH⊂4⊂> and NO⊂3⊂), available phosphorus and cation nutrients. All the three hypotheses are rejected. While the feng shui forests differed markedly in soil properties, exotic species were superior to native species in augmenting soil organic carbon, mineral nitrogen and exchangeable Ca. There was no accumulation of organic carbon, nitrogen and cation nutrients with ecological succession, due to the influence of patchy fire, species composition, parent materials and distance from the sea.  相似文献   

10.
张平究  潘根兴 《地理研究》2010,29(2):223-234
为了探讨植被恢复对喀斯特土壤生化特性的影响,对云南石林景区植被恢复演替下土壤养分、微生物群落结构及活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,相对于裸露地,植被恢复显著地提高了土壤养分、微生物量碳、微生物活性、微生物商、细菌种丰富度及基因多样性;相对于对照原始林,植被恢复演替下土壤总有机碳、总氮、微生物量碳、基础呼吸和诱导呼吸的恢复程度分别为32%～83%、36%～70%、54%～89%、58%～82%和35%～51%;对照林与植被恢复演替下土壤细菌群落结构之间的相似性遵循如下趋势:裸露地(稀)草地灌丛。总体上,自然恢复方式(草地和灌丛)提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式(柏树林);从裸露地到稀草地恢复过程中,土壤质量提高尤为迅速,为退化喀斯特土壤生态系统进一步恢复改善了条件。  相似文献   

11.
To accurately estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in upper alpine to nival zones on the Tibetan Plateau, we inventoried SOC pools in 0–0.3 m profiles along an altitudinal gradient (4400–5300 m asl). We also studied vegetation properties and decomposition activity along the gradient to provide insight into the mechanisms of SOC storage. The vegetation cover and belowground root biomass showed a gradual increased with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone at 4800–4950 m before decreasing in the nival zone at 5200–5300 m.Decomposition activity was invariant along the altitudinal gradient except in the nival zone. SOC pools at lower sites were relatively small (2.6 kg C m−2 at 4400 m), but increased sharply with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone (4950 m; 13.7 kg C m−2) before decreasing (1.0 kg C m−2 at 5300 m) with altitude in the nival zone. SOC pool varied greatly within individual alpine meadows by a factor of five or more, as did bulk density, partly due to the effect of grazing. Inventory data for both carbon density and bulk density along altitudinal gradients in alpine ecosystems are of crucial importance in estimating global tundra SOC storage.  相似文献   

12.
Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm−2 and 14.8 t hm−2 respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric CO2 and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics. Foundation: Supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China, No.JA04166 Author: Yang Yusheng (1964–), Professor, specialized in carbon and nitrogen cycles of forest.  相似文献   

13.
基于土壤粒度分析的草原风蚀特征探讨   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  
对放牧、开垦和围封下内蒙古典型草原地表覆盖状况、土壤粒度与有机碳含量进行测定,分析人类活动对草原风蚀的影响。结果表明,与围封草地相比,过度放牧草地的群落盖度及高度分别降低了44.23%和80.71%,根系生物量下降了37.83%。由于植被覆盖及根系密度的降低,过度放牧草地土壤表现出明显的风蚀特征,表层土壤粗粒化明显,表层土壤平均粒径比围封草地增加了约1倍。而开垦造成的风蚀程度则更为严重,开垦使表层土壤颗粒平均粒径增加2.5倍。因此,过牧与开垦下的典型草原已形成为一个重要的沙尘源。土壤颗粒粗化直接引起土壤有机碳含量的下降,土壤中小于0.1 mm颗粒组分每被吹蚀1%,其有机碳含量将减少0.2546 g·kg-1。  相似文献   

14.
The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.  相似文献   

15.
粤北石漠化过程土壤与植被变化及其相关性研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
粤北英德市岩背镇典型石漠化区在石漠化从轻度向极重度发展的过程中,土层厚度、土壤覆盖度和土壤有机碳含量均呈显著下降的趋势,土壤有机碳含量在石漠化初期下降幅度更大,而土层厚度、土壤覆盖度在石漠化发展的后期阶段下降程度更为明显;石灰岩植被随石漠化程度加重,向旱生和岩生方向演替,群落结构渐趋简单,植被盖度和现存生物量显著降低;除岩石裸露率与土层厚度、土被覆盖度、土壤有机碳、植被盖度和生物量都呈极显著的负相关关系外,其它各因子之间都呈显著性的正相关关系。  相似文献   

16.
Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
1 IntroductionResearch on global change has aroused many scientists' attention to the balance, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in the terrestrial ecosystem. The carbon stored in soil is 2.5-3 times as much as that stored in plants[1,2], so the distribution and conversion of carbon in humus has become one of the global research foci on organic carbon at present[3]. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soils are not only important components of soils but also the most important eco…  相似文献   

17.
We detail the impact of abandoned traditional settlements (or bomas) on plant and nutrient succession in the Amboseli ecosystem, southern Kenya, over the course of a century. Plant and soil data were sampled on and around abandoned settlements. The term, ‘onsite’, refers to the area within the perimeter fence, ‘offsite’ to the area up to 200 m beyond the fence. Herbaceous standing biomass onsite increased in the course of succession to peak at twice offsite levels within two decades. Biomass remained elevated for six decades then dropped to the background levels at the limit of sampling distance. Plant species richness onsite increased rapidly in the course of succession, then stabilized on older bomas. Species composition changed throughout succession, with pioneer herbs and grasses giving way to boma-edge species and woody vegetation later in succession.Soil nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus, were highly elevated on abandoned settlements. The various nutrients declined at different rates during the course of plant succession. Potassium, phosphorus and magnesium levels remained at twice offsite levels for over a century, creating islands of high fertility and high plant biomass in the savanna landscape. We conclude that the perturbation caused by shifting nomadic settlements creates localized nutrient and plant diversity hotspots in savanna ecosystems that remain distinct from the surrounding savanna for decades, possibly centuries.  相似文献   

18.
无灌溉人工固沙区土壤有机碳及氮含量变异的初步结论   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2  
对降水量小于200mm的沙坡头无灌溉条件下人工植被固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量变异进行研究。结果表明, 流沙在固定过程中, 人工植被固沙体系的营建改善了成土环境, 促进了生物地球化学循环, 使土壤碳、氮的含量和分布规律发生了变化: ①固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N均高于流沙区, 随土层深度增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势, 而C/N呈逐渐升高趋势; ②不同年限固沙区间土壤有机碳、全氮含量及C/N变异小于土层垂直方向的变异; ③不同年限固沙区土层垂直方向土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N变异较大, 变异主要存在于结皮层及其下土层(0~5cm); ④流沙区土壤碳、氮含量及C/N低于固沙区, 而且在土层垂直方向上基本无变异。  相似文献   

19.
The main objective of our study was to provide consistent information on land cover changes between the years 1990 and 2010 for the Cerrado and Caatinga Brazilian seasonal biomes. These areas have been overlooked in terms of land cover change assessment if compared with efforts in monitoring the Amazon rain forest. For each of the target years (1990, 2000 and 2010) land cover information was obtained through an object-based classification approach for 243 sample units (10  km × 10  km size), using (E)TM Landsat images systematically located at each full degree confluence of latitude and longitude. The images were automatically pre-processed, segmented and labelled according to the following legend: Tree Cover (TC), Tree Cover Mosaic (TCM), Other Wooded Land (OWL), Other Land Cover (OLC) and Water (W). Our results indicate the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes lost (gross loss) respectively 265,595 km2 and 89,656 km2 of natural vegetation (TC + OWL) between 1990 and 2010. In the same period, these areas also experienced gain of TC and OWL. By 2010, the percentage of natural vegetation cover remaining in the Cerrado was 47% and in the Caatinga 63%. The annual (net) rate of natural vegetation cover loss in the Cerrado slowed down from −0.79% yr−1 to −0.44% yr−1 from the 1990s to the 2000s, while in the Caatinga for the same periods the rate increased from −0.19% yr−1 to −0.44% yr−1. In summary, these Brazilian biomes experienced both loss and gains of Tree Cover and Other Wooded Land; however a continued net loss of natural vegetation was observed for both biomes between 1990 and 2010. The average annual rate of change in this period was higher in the Cerrado (−0.6% yr−1) than in the Caatinga (−0.3% yr−1).  相似文献   

20.
为阐明祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林分布带对其土壤碳、氮含量的影响,以分布在祁连山东段和西段的典型青海云杉林为研究对象,通过野外取样和室内分析,论述了青海云杉林浅层土壤碳、氮含量特征及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)祁连山东、西段土壤剖面有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而减小,但不同土层差异显著性不同,0~40cm含量分别为73.57±17.17g·kg-1和45.85±11.93g·kg-1;东、西段土壤剖面有机碳储量没有明显的变化规律,0~40cm有机碳储量分别为205.51±39.44t·hm-2和134.93±25.80t·hm-2。(2)祁连山东、西段土壤全氮含量随土层深度变化和不同土层差异显著性变化规律同土壤有机碳含量,0~40cm全氮含量分别为4.56±0.88g·kg-1和2.81±0.66g·kg-1;东、西段土壤全氮储量亦同土壤有机碳储量变化规律,0~40cm储量分别为12.77±2.08t·hm-2和8.38±1.56t·hm-2。(3)祁连山东、西段土壤剖面不同土层C/N比差异显著性变化规律相同,其C/N值分别为15.92±1.24和16.10±2.07;C/N比值大小主要取决于有机碳含量;线性分析表明,土壤有机碳与全氮含之间呈极显著的正相关关系,可用乘幂曲线模型Y=aXb较好地描述(p0.01)。上述研究结果可为祁连山水源涵养林建群种青海云杉林的经营和管理提供理论依据和数据支撑。  相似文献   

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