首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Summary The evolving modes of the sea-surface temperature (SST) in the Tropical Atlantic on the short interannual (IA) timescale were obtained by performing the extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analyses on this variable separately for the 106-year (1871–1976) and 20-year (1881–1900; 1901–1920; 1921–1940; 1941–1960) periods. The equatorial and inter-hemispheric patterns manifest in the first EEOF mode of each analysis as part of the short IA evolution of the SST anomalies in the Tropical Atlantic. Another outstanding feature of the first EEOF mode of each analysis concerns the propagations of the SST anomalies in the meridional direction within the 20°N–20°S band and in the zonal direction in the sector 40°W–20°W. For all analyses, the SST anomalies propagate northward from the equator to 15°N and southward from 20°N to 15°N, with the same sign anomalies merging approximately at 15°N. On the other hand, the SST anomalies propagate westward in the sector 40°W–20°W with a propagation rate close to that of the phase speed of the fastest baroclinic Rossby wave in the ocean. So, the observed propagations of the SST anomalies in the 20°N–20°S band might result from the combined effect of the surface oceanic currents in this band and the baroclinic Rossby waves in the ocean.  相似文献   

2.
Summary A nonlinear, forced, dissipative quasi-geostrophic, two-level -plane model of baroclinic instability is formulated. The model resolves a baroclinic zonal flow and a wave of arbitrary zonal scale. Multiple equilibrium solutions describing Hadley and eddy circulations coexist. Only the circulation with smaller thermal wind is stable. The most efficient eddy activity occurs at a zonal wavenumber close to the wavelength of maximum instability of linear baroclinic instability theory. For a wide range of forcing and dissipative parameters, the steady baroclinic zonal wind of the eddy regime is close to the critical shear of linear theory. Eddy statistics are obtained analytically in terms of the doparture of the zonally symmetric state from radiative equilibrium. A parameterization for the eddy heat transport is obtained.With 14 Figures  相似文献   

3.
Several 19-year integrations of the Hamburg version of the ECMWF/T21 general circulation model driven by the monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) observed in 1970–1988 were examined to study extratropical response of the atmospheric circulation to SST anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere in winter. In the first 19-years run SST anomalies were prescribed globally (GAGO run), and in two others SST monthly variability was limited to extratropical regions (MOGA run) and to tropics (TOGA run), respectively. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA), which select from two time-dependent fields optimally correlated pairs of patterns, was applied to monthly anomalies of SST in the North Alantic and Pacific Oceans and monthly anomalies of sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere. In the GAGO run the best correlated atmospheric pattern is global and is characterized by north-south dipole structures of the same polarity in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific sectors. In the MOGA and TOGA experiments the atmospehric response is more local than in the GAGO run with main centers in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, respectively. The extratropical response in the GAGO run is not equal to the sum of the responses in the MOGA and TOGA runs. The artificial meridional SST gradients at 25°–30°N probably influence the results of the MOGA and TOGA runs. The atmopsheric modes found by the CCA were compared with the normal modes of the barotropic vorticity equation linearized about the 500 hPa. winter climate. The normal modes with smallest eigenvalues are similar to the model leading variability modes and canonical patterns of 500 hPa geopotential height. The corresponding eigenvectors of the adjoint operator, which represent an external forcing optimal for exciting normal modes, have a longitudinal structure with maxima in regions characterized by enhanced high frequency baroclinic activity over both oceans.  相似文献   

4.
Summary The objective of this study is to describe spatial and temporal patterns of sea-surface temperature (SST) variability in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The analysis domain extends from 40°S to 25°N and 50°W to 80°E, hence the tropical and most of the South Atlantic and central and western Indian Oceans. The investigation, covering the years 1948 to 1979, utilizes the COADS marine data set. Empirical orthogonal functions and spectral analysis are used to analyze SST fields.A major finding of this investigation is that SSTs vary coherently throughout most of the analysis domain. The greatest coherence is evident from 10°N to 30°S in the Atlantic and from 20°N to 35°S in the western Indian Ocean. Spectral analysis of regional time series shows that throughout this region the time scale of 5–6 years is the dominant one in the fluctuations; this is also the case for the Southern Oscillation and for equatorial rainfall. SST variations are roughly in-phase within each ocean and the two oceans are roughly in-phase with each other, i.e., the lags which exist are much smaller than the dominant time scale of the fluctuations. The SST anomalies appear to propagate eastward from NE Brazil; the eastern Atlantic lags the western by two to six months and the Indian Ocean lags the western Atlantic by four to eight months.With 15 Figures  相似文献   

5.
The effect of barotropic shear in the basic flow on baroclinic instability is investigated using a linear multilevel quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model and a nonlinear spherical primitive equation model. Barotropic shear has a profound effect on baroclinic instability. It reduces the growth rates of normal modes by severely restricting their structure, confirming earlier results with a two-layer model. Dissipation, in the form of Ekman pumping and Newtonian cooling, does not change the main characteristics of the effect of the shear on normal mode instability.Barotropic shear in the basic state, characterized by large shear vorticity with small horizontal curvature, also effects the nonlinear development of baroclinic waves. The shear limits the energy conversion from the zonal available potential energy to eddy energy, reducing the maximum eddy kinetic energy level reached by baroclinic waves. Barotropic shear, which controls the level of eddy activity, is a major factor which should be considered when parameterizing the eddy temperature and momentum fluxes induced by baroclinic waves in a climate model.  相似文献   

6.
维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
讨论了维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定问题。中采用绝热无粘的非线性对称扰动方程组，利用多尺度摄动方法分析其不稳定波动的有限振幅特性。研究结果表明：不稳定波的有限振幅在强度上呈现出振荡趋势。无论是超临界切变情况，还是次临界切变情况，对称扰动振幅都随时间呈现出周期性的变化，振荡周期的大小不仅与基本场稳定度参数及波的特性有关，而且还与初始扰动的振幅及其增长率有关。  相似文献   

7.
Summary The MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Tropospher) Radar Facility at Gadanki (13.47° N, 79.18° E), near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India has been operated over seven diurnal cycles—three in November 1994, one in September 1995 and three in January–February 1996 with an objective to study the wind and stability characteristics in the troposphere and lower-stratosphere. The radar-measured height profiles of both zonal (EW) and meridional (NS) wind components and near-simultaneous radiosonde measurements from Madras (13.04° N, 80.7° E) and Bangalore (12.85° N, 77.58° E), the two stations close to either side of the radar site, have been compared and they are found to be in gross agreement within the limitations of the sensing techniques.The results of the study also indicated multiple stable and turbulent structures/stratification throughout the height region from about 4 to 30 km. It is noticed that the stable layers are well marked around the altitudes 4 km, 12 km and the tropopause while the turbulent layers exist a few kilometers below the tropopause. These stable and turbulent layer structures showed good correspondence with the radar-measured wind gradients and also with the radiosonde-derived temperature and wind distributions over Madras. The maximum positive gradient in the signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) which corresponds to radar tropopause is found to coincide with the greater potential temperature gradient and smaller wind gradient. The time evolution of atmospheric stability structure, derived from the SNR, spectral width and vertical wind revealed a diffused tropopause or tropopause weakening which is found to be associated with broader spectral width and larger gradients of winds. This feature is considered to be due either to the instability associated with large vertical gradients in horizontal winds (dynamical instability) or to the instability generated by the convection (convective instability).With 6 Figures  相似文献   

8.
斜压大气中尺度扰动的有限振幅对称不稳定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文通过一个非地转、非静力的Eady模式讨论了斜压粘性流中的非线性对称不稳定。采用具有常值水平和垂直切变的基本场,考虑扰动沿基本气流方向不变,应用摄动方法,得到了非线性情况下扰动振幅的特性方程。结果表明,当δ>0时(δ是进行稳定性分析时所选取的无量纲小参数),振幅|A(T)|存在两个有意义的平衡点|A|_(b1)=0和|A|_(b2)=(-μ_2/μ_1)~(1/2)(μ_1,μ_2是和流体性质、区域大小以及波参数有关的量),|A|_(b1)为不稳定平衡点,|A|_(b2)为稳定平衡点。因此,不论初态如何,终态都趋于稳定平衡点,出现有限振幅现象。当δ<0时,振幅|A(T)|仅有一个有意义的平衡点|A|_(b1)=0,且为稳定平衡点。线性分析所得结果为非线性结果的特例。  相似文献   

9.
By using the β-plane, two-layer quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model, this paper discusses the baroclinic in-stability problem concerning the effects of friction and heating of convective condensation. By Linear analysis it is shown that the combination of β effect, friction and convective heating brings about the asymmetric phenom-enon of margin curves. The convective heating plays a role in the increased baroclinic instability. As the heating increases (m*→1), the short wave cutoff can increase infinitely. Besides, the numerical integration of the finite-amplitude equations shows that the trajectory on the phase plane oscillates periodically in the case of non-dissipation. When the friction dissipation is considered, the trajectory of phase decays and oscillates to the equilibrium. The stronger convective heating not only makes the unstable wave length shorter and the amplitude of the equilibrium decrease, but also makes multiple equilibrium into single equilibrium.  相似文献   

10.
The linear and weakly nonlinear dynamics of long, low frequency, spatially growing baroclinic waves embedded in slowly varying zonal flow on a β-plane channel are examined in a continuous model of the atmosphere. For a basic state jet flow possessing a locally unstable region, the nonlinear solution yields a maximum amplitude that is located near the region of maximum baroclinicity and substantially upstream of the maximum amplitude obtained from linear theory. The difference between the linear and nonlinear solutions is due to the time-averaged wave fluxes becoming large enough in the nonlinear problem to stabilize the flow prior to reaching the location (jet center) where the basic state baroclinicity and locally computed linear growth rate are maximized.  相似文献   

11.
Summary The response of Lake Victoria basin climate to changes in the lake surface temperatures (LST) has been examined using NCAR-Regional climate model (RegCM2). In the control run uniform lake surface temperature of 24°C was prescribed and the model integrated for four months, starting at the beginning of September, 1988. In the anomaly experiments the LST was perturbed by ±1.5°C, and kept constant during the entire period of the integrations.Simulation results show significant relationship between basin-wide spatial distribution of rainfall and changes in LST. In general during the short rains at warmer/cooler LSTs, significant increase/decrease in the simulated rainfall occurs over the lake surface and surrounding areas. Rainfall exceeding the amount in the control run by more than 50%, particularly over the western, south/southwestern and central parts of the lake is simulated in the run in which the LST is 1.5°C warmer than the control. It is also evident from our results that different parts of the lake basin respond differently to LST changes which is in contrast to the common characterization of the lake basin as a single homogeneous climate regime in many previous studies.In general the results show that regions with largest response to LST anomalies during the short rains are collocated with the ITCZ. In October when the ITCZ is directly located over the lake, the largest response (maximum rainfall) is also located over the same region. As the season progresses and the ITCZ shifts out of the lake into northern Tanzania, the regions of rainfall maxima also shift with it. This appears to explain the unexpected reduction in over-lake rainfall in December in spite of the LST being warmer than control by 1.5°C. We believe this is a direct consequence of the enhanced convection to the south of the lake (over ITCZ) and the tendency of the system to conserve local moisture budget over the lake.  相似文献   

12.
Summary During the last phase of the Indian Middle Atmosphere Programme everyday launchings of high altitude balloons were carried out at three locations i.e. Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77.5°E), Hyderabad (17.2°N, 78.3°E) and Bhubaneshwar (21.3°N, 85.5°E) for measuring winds and temperature between 1 and 30 km altitude in a campaign mode from 23 January 1989 to 31 March 1989. The data thus obtained have been examined to determine the characteristics of tropical/equatorial waves. Spectral analysis of the time series (68 points) of both zonal and meridional wind components using Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) reveal the presence of waves with periods between 4–30 days.Strong oscillations centered around 5 days and 18 days seem to dominate in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at all the three stations. While 5 day wave has an amplitude of about 2 m/s, the 18 day wave has an amplitude between 8–10 m/s in the zonal and 5–6 m/s in meridional component around tropopause. Its amplitude is maximum over Hyderabad and decreases somewhat on either side i.e. over Trivandrum and Bhubaneshwar. Weekly rocket wind data from Balasore near Bhubaneshwar show that 18–20 day wave continues to propagate vertically in the altitude range of 30–60 km. Temperature data also exhibits similar oscillations with amplitude of about 1 K for 4–5 day wave and 2–3 K for 18 day wave maximising just above tropopause ( 18 km).It is found that some of the observed wave modes, particularly the 18 day wave have characteristics matching those of forced Rossby wave rather than Kelvin wave while the 5 day and 9 day waves have characteristics matching those of mixed Rossby-gravity waves. The latter may be generated due to convective forcing in the troposphere while the former may be penetrating from the midlatitudes.With 15 Figures  相似文献   

13.
Observations made with a monostatic sodar and from a 120 m instrumented tower have been used to study the variations in the atmospheric boundary layer at Tarapur (19° 50 N, 72° 41 E) during the solar eclipse of February 16, 1980. Atmospheric instability was reduced below normal values during the eclipse but the atmosphere at no time became stable.  相似文献   

14.
Summary The total ozone decline during the past twenty years, especially strong during the winter-spring season poleward from 50° N, is well established with known average trends of 5–7% per decade. This study presents a number of additional characteristics such as ozone-mass deficiency (O3MD) from the pre- 1976 base average, and areal extent with negative deviations greater than2 and3. Gridded satellite data combined with ground-based total ozone maps, permit calculations of daily and regional ozone deficiencies from the anthropogenically undisturbed average ozone levels of the 1960s and early 1970s. Then the quantity of the O3MD and the changes in surface area, with deficiencies larger than-10 and-15% are integrated for the 1 January to 15 April period for each of the last 20 years, and compared. In addition, the polar vortex extent during the last 10 years is determined using the PV at 475°K. The quantity of the O3MD within the sunlit part of the vortex is shown to contribute from15 to 35% of the overall ozone deficiency within the-10% contours over the area 35–90°N. The ozone deficiency, integrated for the first 105 days of each year, has increased dramatically from 2,800Mt in the early 1980s to7,800Mt in the 1990s, exceeded 12,000Mt in the winter-springs of 1993 and 1995. The latter quantity is comparable with the average O3MD over the same Southern latitudes in the last ten austral springs. During the 1990s over the 35–90° latitudes the average ozone deficiency in the Southern hemisphere belt is less than over the Northern hemisphere belt by40%. It is known that the main ozone decline is observed in the lower stratosphere and the ozone loss over the Arctic is very sensitive to decreasing stratospheric temperatures; negative 50hPa monthly anomalies greater than 4°C have occurred during 7 of the springs in the last decade, thus possibly facilitating doubling the area with negative ozone deviations greater than-10% in the 1990s to5,000.106km2 and nearly tripling the O3MD as stated above. The changes in total eddy heat fluxes as a proxy indicator of the long wave perturbations are positively correlated with the ozone deficiency in the 45–75°N. The strong anticorrelation between the ozone deficiency in the region>55° N. versus the 35–50° N belt is discussed in relation to possible transport of air masses with low ozone from the sub-tropics, which in some years are the dominant reason for the observed ozone deficiency.With 11 Figures  相似文献   

15.
圆形涡旋大气中的横波不稳定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
讨论涡旋大气中,存在沿切向基流传播的横波型扰动,并采用数值方法讨论了柱坐标系下圆形涡旋系统斜压气流中这类扰动的不稳定,这是一类中尺度的重力惯性波的不稳定.研究了涡旋环境大气的层结稳定度参数N2、切向风垂直切变Vz、凝结潜热、涡旋特性及科里奥利参数f0对不稳定增长率的影响.圆形涡旋中同样存在横波不稳定的Eady模态和中尺度模态,得到了中尺度模态的扰动场分布特征:流场的不规则"猫眼"结构及慢速传播的扰动均集中在低层,而快速传播的扰动均集中在高层的扰动特征.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of barotropic shear on baroclinic instability has been investigated using both a linear quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model and a multilevel primitive equation model on the sphere when a nonmodal disturbance is used as the initial perturbation condition. The analysis of the initial value problem has demonstrated the existence of a rapid transient growth phase of the most unstable mode. The inclusion of a linear barotropic shear reduces initial rapid transient growth, although at intermediate times the transient growth rates of the sheared cases can be larger than in the unsheared case owing to downgradient eddy momentum fluxes. Certain disturbances can amplify by factors of 4.5–60 times (for the L2 norm), or 3–30 times (for the perturbation amplitude maximum), as large as disturbances based on the linear normal modes. However, linear horizontal shear always reduces the amplification factors. The mechanism is that the shear confines the disturbance meriodionally and therefore limits the energy conversion from the zonal available potential energy to eddy energy. The effect of barotropic shear on the transient growth is not changed much in the presence of either thermal damping or Ekman pumping. Nonmodal integrations of baroclinic wave lifecycles show that the energy level reached by eddies is not very sensitive to the structure of the initial disturbance if the amplitude of the initial disturbance is small. Although in some cases the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave integrated from nonmodal disturbance can be 25–150% larger than the normal mode integrations, barotropic shear, characterized by large shear vorticity with small horizontal curvature, always reduces the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave, confirming the results of normal mode studies.  相似文献   

17.
Summary A classification scheme for cold surges occurring along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains has been developed using NMC surface and upper air data. A separation is seen in the data between cases with parent anticyclones that moved from Canada south into the United States (Northern type) and those which moved from the Eastern Pacific Ocean east into the central US (Western type). The Northern surges are further broken down into three types, A, B and B, when the degree of southward motion of the anticyclone and the leading edge of the cold air is considered. An anticyclone movement south of 40°N distinguishes type A, while anticyclone tracks remaining north of 40°N characterize types B and B. The leading edge of the surge (the surge line) associated with the type A anticyclone travels south of 25N, while the type B anticyclones produce two distinct surge line movements, one remaining north of 25°N and the other moving south of 25°N. It is not possible to break down the Western surges into distinct types. As a rule, the anticyclones associated with Western surges remain between 50°N and 30°N, with the surge line moving south to 18°N on average.Though the classification scheme is developed in a relatively subjective manner, the statistical robustness of the scheme is verified through application of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Results of the test clearly provide support for the division of the surges that was obtained.With 16 Figures  相似文献   

18.
介绍了广义Eady模态的斜压不稳定问题并着重讨论了环境参量对该不稳定的影响。该模态不仅存在有类似于经典Eady模态的不稳定短波截断, 还存在有经典Eady模态中没有的长波截断, 前者对环境参量的变化不太敏感而后者对环境参量的变化敏感。层结参数的减小, 模式底基流垂直切变的增大, 纬度的增高和模式层顶高度的减小, 均有利于该模态不稳定的发生。广义Eady模态下的最不稳定波仍发生在天气尺度波段, 其振幅和位相随高度的变化大体与标准Eady模态类似, 等位相线也随高度西倾, 但振幅关于大气中层不再呈对称性。  相似文献   

19.
Summary Differences in the convective potential of troughs passing over the plateau of southern Africa in the early summer are assessed using operational synoptic weather data and radiosonde time-height sections. Wet and dry trough cases are chosen on the basis of the intensity and distribution of rainfall, sharp thermodynamic changes across the plateau and the passage of a geopotential wave. Composite differences are computed and indicate a high-low geopotential anomaly in the east-west direction, and a threefold increase in precipi-table water from 15 mm in dry cases to 28 mm in wet cases. The 500 hPa structure obtained by differencing wet and dry composites is dominated by low geopotentials and cyclonic vorticity over the plateau near 25°S, 25°E, and high geopotentials and anticyclonic vorticity to the south over the oceans near 40°S, 30°E. The dipole anomaly suggests a diffluent tilted baroclinic wave in the subtropical jet stream in convective cases. A double jet streak structure in the wet events enhances upper divergence which contributes to widespread uplift in the mid-troposphere. A case study comparison highlights the importance of pre-frontal moist influx, the kinematic trigger and thermodynamic instability.With 13 Figures  相似文献   

20.
We investigated the dynamics of upwelling fronts near a coast. This work was first motivated by laboratory experiments [Bouruet-Aubertot, Linden, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2002] in which the front is produced by the adjustment of a buoyant fluid initially confined within a bottomless cylinder. It was shown that cyclonic eddies consisting of coastal waters are enhanced when the front is unstable near the coast (the outer vertical boundary). The purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into this process. We reproduced the experimental configuration using a three-dimensional model of the primitive equations. We first show that for coastal fronts more potential energy, in terms of the maximum available potential energy, is released than for open-ocean fronts. Therefore, waves of larger amplitude are generated during the adjustment and the mean flow that establishes has a higher kinetic energy in the former case. Then as baroclinic instability starts and wave crests reach the boundary, cyclonic eddies are enhanced as in the laboratory experiments and in a similar way. However, in contrast to the laboratory experiments, offshore advection of cyclonic eddies can occur in two stages, depending on the spatial organization of the baroclinic wave. When the baroclinic wave consists of the sum of different modes and is thus highly asymmetric, the offshore advection of cyclonic eddies occurs just after their enhancement at the boundary, as in the laboratory experiments. By contrast, when a single-mode baroclinic wave develops, neighboring cyclonic eddies first merge before being advected offshore. Very different behavior is observed for open-ocean fronts. First a mixed baroclinic–barotropic instability grows. Then the eddies transfer their energy to the mean flow and the barotropic and baroclinic instabilities start again. An excellent agreement is obtained with the main result obtained in the laboratory experiments: the ratio between growth rates of surface cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity increases as the instability develops nearer to the coast.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号