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1.
龟足(Capitulum mitella Linnaeus)的食物组成可分为4 类, 动物性食物、植物性食物、有机碎屑和无机颗粒。动物性食物主要以桡足类为主, 植物性食物主要以硅藻类为主, 有机碎屑在龟足的食物组成中占据重要地位。龟足食物的食物多样性指数在夏季最高, 冬季最低。小规格龟足主要摄食植物性食物和有机碎屑, 未见摄食动物性食物; 大规格龟足和中等规格的龟足的食性差异不大, 以桡足类和有机碎屑为主。龟足的摄食强度在8 月最强, 1 月、2 月和12 月最弱。龟足摄取食物的大小范围很广, 能够摄取包括2～2 130 μm 大小的食物。 相似文献
2.
舟山海区几种藤壶的食性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
舟山海区五种藤壶的食性成分分析表明：其胃含物可分为浮游动物、浮游植物、有机碎屑及无机颗粒四类。浮游动物以挠足类为主，浮游植物以硅藻为主。不同大小个体的藤壶摄食偏向有所差别：大个体藤壶较多地摄食大型的烧足类等浮游动物，而小个体藤壶较多地摄食小型的硅藻等浮游植物和有机碎屑。藤壶食物成分种类与其生活海区中的浮游生物种类相一致，并随海区中浮游生物种类和数量变化而变化。通过测定发现，分布于外海的三角藤壶的食物颗粒度明显大于近海虾塘中的纹藤壶的食物颗粒度。 相似文献
3.
于2006年4~7月在湛江硇洲岛海域采集文昌鱼,进行春夏季节不同性别、不同体长组等的胃含物观察分析。结果表明,湛江硇洲岛文昌鱼消化道残留食物成分以泥沙碎屑为主,可辨生物成分有34种,大部分为底栖硅藻,占58.8%,也有少量甲藻、瓣鳃类幼虫、底栖桡足类幼虫和原生动物等。春夏季节的文昌鱼的摄食喜好不尽相同,饵料生物的出现率随着季节的变化有所变化。不同性别文昌鱼的摄食喜好比较相近。文昌鱼到了性腺成熟后才开始进食动物性食物。研究结果表明,文昌鱼摄食藻类、微生物等而自身转化为其他动物的较高营养层次食物,在海洋食物网中具有一定的重要作用。 相似文献
4.
水母类在自然海区的食物组成是摄食生态学研究的核心问题,本研究利用高通量测序技术分析了管花萨氏水母(Sarsia tubulosa)和八斑芮氏水母(Rathkea octopunctata)的现场食物组成。结果表明:管花萨氏水母和八斑芮氏水母现场摄食食物具有较高的多样性,管花萨氏水母摄食食物31种,八斑芮氏水母29种;两种水母从食物组成上看,属于杂食性生物,其食物包括浮游动物、真菌、浮游植物、陆地植物碎屑等;管花萨氏水母和八斑芮氏水母二者互为捕食对象;二者摄食的食物类群具有相似性,主要来源于节肢动物门和颚足纲,均以太平真宽水蚤为摄食优势种,分别贡献两者食物总量的45.14%和42.42%。高通量测序技术是深入探究水母现场食物组成新的技术手段,两种水母的现场食物组成结果为水母摄食生态学的研究提供了重要参考。 相似文献
5.
大弹涂鱼仔、稚、幼鱼消化系统的发育及其食性的研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文观察描述了人工培育的大弹涂鱼仔、稚鱼和早期幼鱼消化器官的发育过程,并对各发育阶段的食性进行较深入的分析。开口摄食期主要摄食微型颗粒有机碎屑;全长3.55mm以上,同时还援食桡足类无节幼体、桡足幼体及其成体;全长7.50mm以上,桡足类成体已取代有机碎屑而成为主要饵料。进入幼鱼期后,转变为摄食底栖硅藻为主,兼食桡足类和海泥中的有机碎屑。 相似文献
6.
东海带鱼食性的季节变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
探讨带鱼摄食生态及东海食物网现状。根据2002年12月~2003年11月收集到的带鱼胃含物样品,对其摄食习性的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,带鱼全年摄食的饵料种类数共有60余种,鱼类和甲壳类为其主要饵料类群。带鱼的食物组成存在季节差异,春季以细条天竺鲷、磷虾和带鱼为主要食物;夏季以带鱼、磷虾、糠虾和刺鲳为主要食物;秋季以口足类幼体、七星底灯鱼和竹荚鱼为主要食物;冬季以带鱼、七星底灯鱼、小带鱼和糠虾为主要食物。摄食强度的季节变化并不明显(P>0.05),秋季最高,夏季最低;各个季节的主要饵料类群组成存在差异,鱼类饵料的重量百分比均最高;饵料多样性指数季节差异并不显著(P>0.05),秋季最高,冬季和夏季较低。通过与历史资料进行比较发现,东海带鱼的食物组成发生了较大的变化,已由过去以磷虾为主转变为以鱼类为主,同时表现出明显的同类相食的现象。 相似文献
7.
黄河口黄盖鲽的食性及摄食的季节性变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
923尾黄河口黄盖鲽Pseudo pleuronectes yokohamae(Gunther)成鱼的胃含物分析结果表明,黄盖鲽系广食性、底栖生物食性,主要摄食多毛类、软体动物类、棘皮动物类、甲壳类及腔肠动物类50余种食物,它终年摄食,仅在产卵期间稍有减弱,其食物类群及种类组成均有明显的季节性变化,表明鱼类的摄食与食物保障密切相关. 相似文献
8.
九龙江口潮间带大弹涂鱼食性及其消化管组织结构 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文对九龙江口北岸潮间带大弹涂鱼幼鱼和成鱼的食性作了周年分析,并观察了消化管的组织结构。大弹涂鱼所摄食的食物共有10个类群,其中生物类群至少有94种。主要摄食底栖硅藻和有机碎屑,系属植食性的底栖鱼类。个数百分比和出现频率百分组成较高的硅藻有布纹藻、菱形藻和舟形藻。摄食强度季节变化明显。体长42.4mm 以上,保持植食性不变,比肠长相对稳定。胃腺仅分布于贲门胃的粘膜层中,消化管的组织学特征与其食性相适应。 相似文献
9.
栉孔扇贝的食料以硅藻为主,作者在调查海区中共检查出硅藻79种,隶属于37属,扇贝胃含物中共检出59种,隶属于28属 栉孔扇贝易摄食的主要种类有舟形藻、圆筛藻、骨条藻、曲舟藻和金藻,选择指数较高;兼食一些绿藻、桡足类、无脊椎动物卵和幼虫及有机碎屑 栉孔扇贝对角毛藻、根管藻、楔形藻、甲藻类及纤毛虫类选择指数较小,其主要原因是这些生物有长的角毛、尖而硬的棘和刺,不易被鳃过滤和摄食。栉孔扇贝的食料随季节、海区的不同,食料的组成以及对食料的选择指数都有不同的变化。同一季节不同日期其食料组成也随着海区浮游生物的变动而变化 不同大小的扇贝在同一海区中其食料组成是类似的,无明显差异 相似文献
10.
浮游桡足类是连接海洋初级生产者和较高营养级生物的关键类群,了解其食物组成是理解海洋生态系统中物质与能量流通途径的基础。本文通过分子生物学手段研究大亚湾三门岛海域桡足类优势种锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)现场食物组成,共检测出6种食物类群(住囊虫、甲藻、绿藻、有孔虫类、棘皮类、苔藓类),住囊虫是主要被摄食的生物类群(45.94%),其次是青绿藻纲(Prasinophyceae)的微微型真核自养生物(29.73%),另外还检测出2种锥形宽水蚤可能摄食的赤潮甲藻种类(Takayama acrotrocha和Karlodinium veneficum)。研究结果揭示了在食物限制环境下锥形宽水蚤灵活的摄食策略,突出了浮游动物在摄食传递过程及生态系统中的关键地位,将有助于解释浮游动物摄食行为在维持近岸生态系统平衡与稳定性中的作用。 相似文献
11.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):301-316
The diet of sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela was investigated by microscopic examination of stomach contents. The relative dietary importance of prey size and prey type was assessed by calculating the carbon content of prey items. Sardine is an omnivorous clupeoid, ingesting both phytoplankton and zooplankton, with the relative importance of these two food types varying both spatially and temporally. Stomach contents were numerically dominated by small prey items, principally dinoflagellates, followed by crustacean eggs, cyclopoid copepods, calanoid copepods and diatoms. Virtually all prey items ingested by sardine were <1.2 mm maximum dimension, the particle size below which sardine only filter-feed. Despite the numerical dominance by phytoplankton, zooplankton contributed the major portion to sardine dietary carbon, small calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, anchovy eggs and crustacean eggs being the primary prey types. These results indicate that, like anchovy Engraulis capensis, sardine in the southern Benguela are primarily zoophagous, and contrast with earlier dietary studies on sardine in the region. However, the two species appear to partition their prey on the basis of size; sardine consume small zooplankton, whereas anchovy consume large zooplankton. This difference has been observed in other upwelling ecosystems where the two genera co-exist and is likely to contribute to the regime shifts observed between sardine and anchovy. 相似文献
12.
John Davenport Daria Ezgeta-Balić Melita Peharda Sanda Skejić Živana Ninčević-Gladan Slavica Matijević 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
The endangered fan shell Pinna nobilis is a large bivalve mollusc (<120 cm shell length) endemic to the Mediterranean that lives one-third buried in soft substrata, generally in shallow coastal waters. We hypothesised that P. nobilis of different sizes would ingest different food sources, because small fan shells will inhale material from closer to the substratum than do large fan shells. We studied stomach contents and faeces of 18 fan shells, 6 small (mean 23.0 cm length), 6 medium-sized (mean 41.5 cm length) and 6 large (mean 62.7 cm length) living in a small area of a low-energy coastal detritic bottom characterised by mud, sand and macroalgae at Mali Ston Bay, Croatia. We found that all P. nobilis ingested copious quantities of undetermined detritus (probably at least 95% of ingested material), phytoplankton, micro and mesozooplankton and pollen grains. Large P. nobilis stomach contents showed a preponderance of water column calanoid copepods, while small fan shells had higher numbers of bivalve larvae. All fan shells took in high numbers of harpacticoid copepods that are benthonic, feeding on microbial communities of detritus and benthic vegetation. There was also a significant selection of phytoplankton species, some apparently occurring between inhalation and ingestion. The stomach contents of small P. nobilis had a higher organic matter content than either medium-sized or large fan shells; this indicated that small fan shells ingested detritus of higher organic content than did larger P. nobilis. As the faeces of all P. nobilis had similar organic matter content, this also indicates higher assimilation efficiencies in small fan shells. The demonstration of differential dietary selectivity by different sized animals has implications for future trophic studies of this endangered species. This study also provides the first demonstration of predation on zooplankton by P. nobilis. 相似文献
13.
Manuel J. Zetina-Rejn Francisco Arreguín-Snchez Ernesto A. Chvez 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,57(5-6):803-815
The Huizache–Caimanero coastal lagoon complex on the Pacific coast of Mexico supports an important shrimp fishery and is one of the most productive systems in catch per unit area of this resource. Four other less important fish groups are also exploited. In this study, we integrated the available information of the system into a mass-balance trophic model to describe the ecosystem structure and flows of energy using the E
approach. The model includes 26 functional groups consisting of 15 fish groups, seven invertebrate groups, macrophytes, phytoplankton, and a detritus group. The resulting model was consistent as indicated by the output parameters. According to the overall pedigree index (0.75), which measures the quality of the input data on a scale from 0 to 1, it is a high quality model. Results indicate that zooplankton, microcrustaceans, and polychaetes are the principal link between trophic level (TL) one (primary producers and detritus) and consumers of higher TLs. Most production from macrophytes flows to detritus, and phytoplankton production is incorporated into the food web by zooplankton. Half of the flow from TL one to the next level come from detritus, which is an important energy source not only for several groups in the ecosystem but also for fisheries, as shown by mixed trophic impacts. The Huizache–Caimanero complex has the typical structure of tropical coastal lagoons and estuaries. The TL of consumers ranges from 2.0 to 3.6 because most groups are composed of juveniles, which use the lagoons as a nursery or protection area. Most energy flows were found in the lower part of the trophic web. 相似文献
14.
P. G. Verity 《Journal of Sea Research》2000,43(3-4)
A combined empirical and modelling study was conducted to further examine the potential importance of grazing by zooplankton in pelagic food webs in which Phaeocystis is a significant or dominant component. Laboratory experiments were designed to measure ingestion of Phaeocystis and other potential prey items which co-occur with Phaeocystis. Grazers included copepods and ciliates, and prey included Phaeocystis colonies and solitary cells, diatoms, ciliates, bacteria, and detritus. These data were expressed in the model currency of nitrogen units, and fit to hyperbolic tangent equations which included minimum prey thresholds. These equations and literature data were used to constrain a food web model whose purpose was to investigate trophic interactions rather than to mimic actual events. Nevertheless, the model output was similar to the general pattern and magnitude of development of Phaeocystis–diatom communities in some environments where they occur, e.g. north Norwegian waters. The model included three forms of nitrogen, three phytoplankton groups, bacteria, two zooplankton groups, and detritus, with detailed flows between compartments. An important component of the model was inclusion of variable prey preferences for zooplankton. The experiments and model simulations suggest several salient conclusions. Phaeocystis globosa colonies were eaten by a medium-sized copepod species, but ingestion appeared to be strongly dependent upon a proper size match between grazer and prey. If not, colonies were eaten little if at all. Phaeocystis solitary cells were ingested rapidly by ciliate microzooplankton, in agreement with prior literature observations. In contrast, detritus was eaten comparatively slowly by both ciliates and copepods. Both types of zooplankton exhibited apparent minimum prey thresholds below which grazing did not occur or was inconsequential. Model simulations implied that transitions between life cycle stages of Phaeocystis may potentially be important to phytoplankton–zooplankton interactions, and that relative rates of ingestion of Phaeocystis by various zooplankton may have significant impacts upon material fluxes through and out of Phaeocystis–diatom ecosystems. Indirect effects of trophic interactions appear to be equally significant as direct effects. 相似文献
15.
LI Keqiang WANG Xiulin LIANG Shengkang SHI Xiaoyong ZHU Chenjian CHEN Hu 《海洋学报(英文版)》2008,27(5):98-110
A nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic model of mesocosm pelagic ecosystem was established according to the summary and synthesis of the models available, in which seven state variables （DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus） were included. Logically it had five modules--phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic nutrients and detritus. The results showed that this model could simulate the variations of DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, POC and phytoplankton biomass in pelagic ecosystem in mesocosm properly, based on the site experiment data in the Jiaozhou Bay in the autumn of 1999 and the summer of 2000. Not only the logical structure but also the model parameters were feasible, and about 20 parameters were made to fit for the Jiaozhou Bay during the simulation. All of these are necessary to study the control mechanism of nutrients biogeochemical cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay and other China＇ s coastal waters. 相似文献
16.
通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合,以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线,建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型.该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块,涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量.分别利用1999年秋季和2000年夏季胶州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型和验证工作,成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程,并确定了20余个参数的量值. 相似文献
17.
A 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Bantry Bay, Southwest Ireland 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that bivalve molluscs routinely ingest zooplankton. To elucidate further these observations, a 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels was conducted using mussel long-lines in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Stomach content analysis of the mussels showed that there was evidence of zooplankton ingestion throughout the sampling period, but that highest mean numbers of zooplankters were ingested by mussels in the spring and summer months. Various zooplankton species were present in mussel stomachs. Harpacticoid copepods were found more often in stomach contents than calanoid copepods, probably due to their proximity to the bivalves' inhalent siphons. Barnacle cyprids featured in large numbers in stomach contents, but only for a period of 3 months which broadly corresponded with their pelagic phase. Sizes of ingested zooplankton ranged from 126 μm to 6 mm, but more of the smaller zooplankters (e.g. crustacean nauplii) were ingested. When lengths of ingested copepods were compared with those found in plankton net samples, it was found that the net-sampled copepods were significantly larger than those found in mussel stomachs, suggesting that mussels select for smaller categories within the zooplankton available to them. Soft bodied zooplankton was rarely found in mussel stomachs but their absence may be due to rapid digestion or they may have been destroyed in the preservation process. Ingestion of zooplankton by bivalves is discussed in the context of the impacts mussel farms have on resident zooplankton populations. 相似文献
18.
Analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes reveal food sources of estuarine detritivorous fish in tropical/subtropical Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Detritivorous fish generally refers to fish that primarily ingest unidentified organic detritus. We analyzed stomach contents in combination with stable isotopes to trace and compare the food sources of the large-scale mullet Liza macrolepis and other detritivorous fish species in subtropical mangrove creeks and a tropical lagoon in Taiwan. The volume of organic detritus always contributed >50% of the stomach content of L. macrolepis in the two habitats. However, consumed items were distinct between the two habitats and corresponded to the types in which they reside. The consumed items in the lagoon were more diverse than those observed in the mangroves. In the mangroves, the diet composition of L. macrolepis was primarily determined by season, not by body size. In the lagoon, there were no clear seasonal or size-dependent grouping patterns for the diet composition. There were significant seasonal and spatial variations in δ13C and δ15N values of potential food sources and L. macrolepis. However, neither δ13C nor δ15N values of L. macrolepis were correlated with fish body size. Joint analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes indicated that benthic microalgae on sediments were the most important assimilated food in both seasons for the dominant detritivorous fish in the mangroves, whereas a greater reliance on microalgal and macroalgal periphyton on oyster-culture pens was observed in the lagoon. Mangrove and marsh plants and phytoplankton, which are mostly locally produced within each habitat, were of minor importance in the assimilated food. 相似文献
19.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2010,57(16):1581-1592
Carbon budgets of the mesopelagic zone are poorly constrained, highlighting our lack of understanding of the biota that inhabit this environment and their role in the cycling and sequestering of carbon in the deep ocean. A simple food web model of the mesopelagic zone is presented that traces the turnover of particulate organic carbon (POC), supplied as sinking detritus, through to its respiration by the biota via three pathways: colonization and solubilization of detritus by attached bacteria, production of free-living bacteria following losses of solubilization products during particle degradation, and consumption by detritivorous zooplankton. The relative consumption of detritus by attached bacteria was initially specified as 76%, with the remaining 24% by detritivores. Highlighting an asymmetry between consumption and respiration, the resulting predicted share of total respiration due to bacteria was 84.7%, with detritivores accounting for just 6.6% (with 6.5% and 2.2% by bacterivores and higher zooplankton, respectively). Bacteria thus dominated respiration and thereby acted as the principal sink for POC supplied to the mesopelagic zone, whereas zooplankton mainly recycled carbon back to the base of the food web as detritus or dissolved organic carbon rather than respiring it to CO2. Estimates of respiration are therefore not necessarily a reliable indicator of the relative roles of bacteria and zooplankton in consuming and processing POC in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean. The work highlighted a number of major unknowns, including how little we know in general about the dynamics and metabolic budgets of bacteria and zooplankton that inhabit the mesopelagic zone and, specifically, the degree to which the solubilized products of enzymatic hydrolysis of POC by attached bacteria are lost to the surrounding water, the magnitude and factors responsible for bacterial growth efficiency, the role of microbes in the nutrition of detritivores, and the recycling processes by which zooplankton return what they consume to the food web as detritus and dissolved organic matter. 相似文献