where k (M− 2 s− 1) can be determined from the
in the pH range 2 to 5, from 5 to 40 °C and 0.01 to 1 M.The effect of pH and ionic strength on the reaction suggest that the rates are due to
where H2A = H2CrO4, HA = HCrO4, H2B = H2SO3 and HB = HSO3. The overall rate expression over the investigated pH range can be determined from
k=kH2A–H2B(αH2A)(αH2B)2+kHA–H2B(αHA)(αH2B)2+kH2A–HB(αH2A)(αHB)2
with kH2A−H2B = 5.0 × 107, kHA–H2B = 1.5 × 106 and kH2A–HB = 6.7 × 107.Fe(III) in the range 1.5 to 20 μM exerts a small catalytic effect on the reaction and significantly lowers the initial concentration of Cr(VI) compared to the nominal value. Contrary to Fe(III), formaldehyde (20 to 200 μM) reacts with S(IV) to form the hydroxymethanesulfonate adduct (CH2OHSO3), which does not react with Cr(VI). Major cations Mg2+ and some minor elements such as Ba2+ and Cu2+ did not affect the rates. The application of this rate law to environmental conditions suggest that this reaction may have a role in acidic solutions (aerosols and fog droplets). This reaction becomes more important in the presence of high Fe(III) and low HMS concentrations, contributing to affect the atmospheric transport of chromium species and the distribution of redox species of chromium, which reach surface water from atmospheric depositions.  相似文献   

14.
Pleistocene Ross seal (ommatophoca Rossi) from New Zealand (note)     
Judith E. King 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):391-397
A fossil seal jaw from the Early Pleistocene (Wanganui Series; Hautawan Stage) of Napier, New Zealand, is identified as that of an Ommatophoca rossi juvenile of less than 1.8 m body length.  相似文献   

15.
16.
17.
Arnoglossus boops (hector): A synonym of a. scapha (schneider) (pisces: Heterosomata: Bothidae)     
J. A. Colman 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):693-697
The unique holotype of Arnoglossus boops Hector is compared with specimens of Arnoglossus scapha (Schneider). It is concluded that the two species are identical, and that A. boops is therefore a junior synonym of A. scapha.  相似文献   

18.
The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)     
Peter C.  Dworschak 《Marine Ecology》1988,9(1):51-77
Abstract. Populations of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla were studied on tidal flats in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Biometric analysis showed a sexual dimorphism, especially in propodus size. Size frequency distributions revealed the presence of large animals during all seasons; recruitment by juveniles occurred in autumn. Moult intervals and moult increments were determined in the laboratory and used to generate growth curves which were compared with those calculated from size frequency distributions. The life span of U, pusilla is over 5 years. Ovigerous females occurred between March and September. Egg numbers were high in spring, lower in summer and increased with body size. The incubation time of embryos was 35 days; a female produces an estimated number of three egg batches during the breeding season. A total annual production of 994 kJ was estimated for a theoretical population of 100 animals; 13.5 % is spent for somatic growth, 31 % for egg production of females, and 55.2% is lost as exuviae. The population structures, growth and breeding patterns, as well as embryonic and larval development within the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)     
Peter C.  Dworschak 《Marine Ecology》1987,8(4):337-358
Abstract. The distribution of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla was studied at four sites in the North Adriatic Sea: 1) a tidal flat in the lagoon of Grado, 2) a tidal flat at Lido di Staranzano near the mouth of the Isonzo, 3) a mud flat seawards of a salt marsh in a protected bay north of Rovinj, and 4) a sublittoral station in 6m depth near Aurisina. Information on grain size distribution, organic content, amount of debris, redox profiles and pH of sediment as well as temperature and salinity is given. Density, as determined by hole counts and a hole: burrow relationship derived from resin casting, generally increased with increasing water depth in the intertidal. The upper limits ranged between +10cm (Rovinj) and -20cm (Grado); densities between mean water and low water level varied strongly due to microtopography and macrophyte cover. Maximum densities in the intertidal ranged from 189 (Grado) to 2420 (Rovinj, juveniles) animals m2. Shrimp density at the sublittoral station ranged between 80 and 230 m"2. The zonation of the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae with respect to environmental parameters is discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Juvenile form of the New Zealand turbot Colistium nudipinnis (Waite) (Pisces: Heterosomata: Rhombosoleinae) (note)     
J. A. Colman 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):575-579
A juvenile (26 mm) specimen of the New Zealand turbot Colistium nudipinnis (Waite) is figured and described. Differences between the juvenile and adult forms, and characters distinguishing juvenile C. nudipinnis from the young of other New Zealand species of flatfish, are noted.  相似文献   

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1.
硫作为海洋生物地球化学循环中的重要元素,在本学术领域内备受重视。研究表明,硫的化合物是许多海域海水、沉积物、间隙水中重金属、氧化还原环境等的控制性因素(宋金明,1990,1991,1992a,1992b,1993; Andreae,1990; Fossing et al,1992; Kiene,1992; Lerman,1979)。黄河口附近海域是我国著名的渔场,特别是近年来近海发现了油气田,使此区域成为近海河口区研究的典型场所,因而该海域的建港和油气田开发前期的评价等急需与之相关项目的调查研究。近年来,我所的研究人员对渤海的辽东湾、南黄海、忡绳海槽以及东海等海区硫的体系做了较为系统的调查研究(宋金明,1990,1991,1992a,1992b,1993;李延等,1991),其中重点研究了间隙水中的硫酸盐和-2价硫化物,结果发现,硫酸盐是海洋沉积物中重要的氧化剂,硫化物是控制间隙水中重金属的重要体系。 本文通过对黄河口北部海域的海水、沉积物中间隙水的调查取样分析,讨论了海水和间隙水中SO42- 、 ΣS(-Ⅱ)和S2-在该海域的分布特征,估算了沉积物一海水界面附近硫的扩散转移通量,对该海域元素的地球化学过程和腐蚀环境研究均具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

2.
海洋沉积物中稀土元素的分布、转移行为已有许多报道。地球环境中稀土元素的行为是当今地学研究的热门课题,稀土元素的分布特性和转移行为研究与环境有极大的相关性,通过研究环境中稀土元素的转移行为就可了解环境演变的信息,所以海洋环境中稀土元素的研究具有重要的意义(Fleet,1984; Piper,1974; Schijf et al.1995;赵一阳等,1994;王中刚等,1989;张丽洁等,1995)。海洋中颗粒物质垂直转移过程研究对研究海洋在全球变化(特别是全球气候变化)中有重要意义,但目前的研究仅集中于以碳为核心的生源要素和某些微量元素(宋金明等,1996;宋金明,1997),至今稀土元素在海水中垂直转移过程研究尚未见报道。珊瑚礁生态系是最重要的海洋生态系之一,研究珊瑚礁生态系中稀土元素的垂直通量,即热带海域稀土元素在海水中垂直转移过程,继而椎测对全球气候变化的影响,为研究海洋在全球气候变化中的作用提供了新课题。 本文首次报道用沉积物捕捉器(ST)收集南沙珊瑚礁潟湖中颗粒物质,研究稀土元素的垂直通量和不同形态稀土的垂直通量,以及稀土元素垂直转移的控制因素。  相似文献   

3.
渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁及氧化还原环境   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
研究了渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁、沉积物粒度、氧化还原环境及其关系。结果表明,沉积物中的活性铁与沉积物颗粒度大小关系不大,河流输入物对沉积物活性铁浓度有重要影响,沉积物中活性铁与其氧化还原环境有密切关系。  相似文献   

4.
环境腐蚀因子的测试是环境的腐蚀性评价与防腐工程设计,以及腐蚀机理分析研究的必要过程和手段。海洋工程地质调査和海底沉积物腐蚀因子调査中的pH,Eh(氧化—还原电位)等的测试,通常是从海洋工程地质取样器中抓取部分海底沉积物,再在室内进行测试。此种测试方法是“破坏性测试”,它使原海底沉积物的结构状态受到破坏,故测试结果不能完全代表实际状态,而且还可引入人为误差。为提高海洋调查中一些参数的准确性和可靠性,作者结合“移植埋片”法(马士德等,1994)研制了海底沉积物有关腐蚀因子的原位测试技术。  相似文献   

5.
海洋中悬浮颗粒物质(SPM)的化学特征和沉积通量的研究对于了解全球物质循环和确定海洋吸收、贮存和转移碳能力的生物地球化学过程具有重要的意义。陆架海洋沉积物的再悬浮作为海洋悬浮颗粒物质的一个重要来源已引起本领域专家的重视(詹滨秋等,1993)。Hosika等(1994)在研究东海陆架和沿岸区时,证实在东海存在一个底层涡动层,其悬浮颗粒物质的含量可达总量的30%-40%。Kusakabe等(1994)运用光透射仪(Bean Transmisso Meter)研究涡动层的颗粒物质,以上研究都未能定量地计算再悬浮的比率。本文根据悬浮颗粒物质特征化学成分的垂直通量以及它们在海洋中自身生成的和沉积物再悬浮的悬浮颗粒物质中含量的关系,建立了定量化学模式,并运用现场资料定量计算东海陆架海洋中悬浮物质的再悬浮比率(αγ)。  相似文献   

6.
依据国内外最新研究成果,初步讨论了氧化还原敏感性微量元素(RSE)Re、Cd、Mo、U、V等的地球化学行为,其中包括海洋沉积物中RSE的来源、RSE在缺氧和无氧海区的沉淀富集机理及其环境指示意义。在此基础上讨论了利用RSE研究氧化还原环境时应注意的一些问题。RSE的沉淀富集机制不尽相同,但具有以下共同特点:①对底层海水的溶解氧浓度敏感。在正常溶解氧条件下,氧化还原敏感性微量元素在海水中呈溶解态稳定存在,而当底层海水处于缺氧或无氧条件时容易发生还原。②当底层海水处于缺氧或无氧条件时,经过沉积物—海水界面过程,受缺氧程度不同的制约,海水中呈溶解态的RSE依次在沉积物中沉淀,出现不同程度的富集。③持续还原条件下,RSE在沉积物中稳定存在;受氧化作用后,容易在沉积物中发生二次迁移和重新富集。不同的RSE其氧化还原电位不同,在氧化还原序列中的位置不同,Re在U之后Mo之前发生还原。因此,RSE在海洋沉积物中的不同富集特征和富集程度可作为还原程度指标研究底层海水的缺氧程度和底质的氧化还原环境。研究RSE的氧化还原环境指示意义,必须对RSE陆源碎屑来源组分进行剔除,同时,还应充分注意到还原沉积区发生氧化后,RSE在沉积物中会发生重新迁移和二次富集。  相似文献   

7.
【本刊讯】国家海洋局第三海洋研究所撰写、海洋出版社出版的《大亚湾海洋生态文集》(Ⅱ)最近在厦门公开发行。《大亚湾海洋生态文集》(Ⅱ)是国家海洋局第三海洋研究所根据该所承担大亚湾核电站海洋生态零点调查两周年的资料写成的。全集共69篇论文,80万字。其主要内容如下: 1.海洋环境包括大亚湾海底地形地貌特征、岸滩地貌类型和滩地沉积物分布特征、悬浮物的分布与沉积、表层沉积物粒度参数的时间变化、沉积物中6种氧化物的地球化学特征、沉  相似文献   

8.
中国东部陆架海是我国河流沉积物主要的汇,其沉积物记录了丰富的地质信息,环境磁学作为一种快速准确的研究手段,其在我国海洋沉积物的应用已显示出独有的优势。通过对我国东部陆架海沉积物的环境磁学研究,目前已经掌握其磁学分布特征,同时,环境磁学作为有效的示踪手段对沉积物物质来源有明显的指示意义,在指示沉积物还原氧化环境方面也取得了不错的研究成果。另一方面,在研究区环境磁学手段对重金属污染、磁性地层学应用以及古气候变化也有良好的反映,取得了一定成果。因此,环境磁学作为一种逐步普遍的地学研究手段,它的存在是对以往研究的有力补充,也会对今后研究加以新的思路。  相似文献   

9.
长江口外缺氧区沉积物中元素分布的氧化还原环境效应   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
对取自长江口外缺氧区及其邻近海域表层沉积物样品进行了粒度组成和元素(主要包括氧化还原敏感性元素和亲碎屑元素)丰度的分析与测试,对长江口外缺氧区缺氧环境对元素分布的影响进行了探讨,提出了长江口外缺氧区沉积物中氧化还原敏感性元素(Redox sensitive elements,简称RSE)分布的氧化还原环境效应。亲碎屑元素丰度的分布显示出明显的粒控效应,而氧化还原敏感元素的分布受粒度效应的制约很弱,主要受离岸缺氧区还原环境的制约,具有在缺氧区富集的特点。缺氧环境对RSE分布的影响超过了元素的粒控效应,从而使研究区RSE的分布呈现出典型的氧化还原环境效应。  相似文献   

10.
渤海沉积物氮的生物地球化学功能   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
20世纪90年代,科学家们对海洋沉积物中氮的行为等进行了较深入的研究(宋金明,1997; Hammond et al.,1996;Jordan et al.,1998)。如氮的早期成岩过程、氮的去营养化作用、氮在沉积物-海水界面的转移过程及交换通量。近年来实施的全球性重大合作计划,如 JGOFS、GLOBEC、SOLAS等进一步加强了对海洋中的氮循环的研究(Collier,1991;Smith et al.,1996)。随着研究的深入,沉积物中氮循环的控制机制、氮循环与其他生源要素循环的关系及其生物地球化学功能等方面的研究已经成为目前研究的焦点。以往的研究工作大多集中于从沉积物间隙水这一角度研究沉积物中的氮循环,而对沉积物本身研究较少,主要是由于研究手段、方法的缺乏(甄别沉积物中氮的各种赋存形态极为困难)。而通过对沉积物初步的研究已证明(马红波等,2001),沉积物固体颗粒本身的特征,如颗粒大小及氮在其中的赋存形态对较长时间尺度上的氮循环过程具有重要影响。本文作者在研究沉积物氮形态基础上,对渤海沉积物氮的生物地球化学功能进行了探讨,以期对深入研究生源要素的循环过程提供基础依据。  相似文献   

11.
Alterations to nomenclature for two common intertidal New Zealand ‘top shells’ necessitated by re‐examination of type material have been confused by ambiguities in the way the alterations were first presented. We draw attention to recent misinterpretations and clarify the nomenclature. Condensed synonymies that indicate names used for each species during the interregnum are given, allowing papers dealing with these trochids to be read without uncertainty as to which species were really meant by the authors.  相似文献   

12.
Further records of the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus), augment earlier records and perhaps indicate that this species may be a regular visitor.  相似文献   

13.
The rates of the reduction of Cr(VI) with S(IV) were measured in deaerated NaCl solution as a function of pH, temperature and ionic strength. The rates of the reaction were found to be first order with respect to Cr(VI) and second order with respect to S(IV), in agreement with previous results obtained at concentrations two order higher than the present study. The reaction also showed a first-order dependence of the rates on the concentration of the proton and a small influence of temperature with an apparent energy of activation ΔHapp of 22.8 ± 3.4 kJ/mol. The rates were independent of ionic strength from 0.01 to 1 M. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction is described by the general expression
−d[Cr(VI)]/dt=k[Cr(VI)][S(IV)]2
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