共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 625 毫秒
1.
Coastal processes and environmental hazards: the Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Venetian (Italy) littorals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jorge Pousa Luigi Tosi Eduardo Kruse Dardo Guaraglia Maurizio Bonardi Andrea Mazzoldi Federica Rizzetto Enrique Schnack 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(8):1307-1316
The Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Venice (Italy) coastlands have experienced significant saltwater contamination of the phreatic
aquifer, coastal erosion, hydrodynamic changes and relative sea level rise processes due to natural and man-induced factors.
These factors expose coastal areas to morpho-hydro-geological hazards, such as soil desertification, frequency and degree
of flooding, littoral erosion, and the silting of river mouths and channels. Man-made interventions and actions, such as beach
mining, construction of coastal structures and exploitation of aquifers without an adequate knowledge of the hydrology setting
and an adequate management program, worsen these natural hazards. Uncontrolled human activity induces environmental damage
to the overall coastal plains. The coastal plains play an important role in the social/economic development of the two regions
based on land use, such as agriculture, horticulture, breeding, and tourism, as well as industry. Results of investigations
on saltwater contamination, sea level rise and morphological changes recently performed in these two coastal areas are presented
here. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Progresses and Prospects of the Research on Soil Erosion in Karst Area of Southwest China* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The karst area of Southwest China is suffering from serious ecological and environmental problems due to soil erosion while the research on soil erosion is not sufficient. Primary achievement was systematically reviewed in this paper in three aspects: erosion characteristics, current researches about erosion on different spatial scales, and key scientific problems. Based on the review, the authors figured out the shortcomings of the existing studies and pointed out the directions on erosion study in southwest China karst region. The results showed that: ① Due to the existence of a dual structure in karst environment including ground and underground erosion, the process of runoff and sediment production on slope scale and confluence and sediment transportation processes on catchment scale were more complex under the unique geological and hydrological backgrounds; ② At present, most researches about erosion mechanism in karst area focus on slope scale and some achievements on quantitative evaluation of erosion factors have been made. Continuous data with high quality about relationship between water and sediment on catchment scale is limited. When data is scarce, river sediment data can be used as an effective way to study soil erosion intensity and spatial-temporal variation in karst area; ③ It is more reasonable to use 50 t/(km2·a) as the grading standard of soil loss tolerance than the previous grading standard of soil erosion intensity. Given the complex relationship between rocky desertification and soil erosion, more quantitative studies about the effects of rocky desertification on soil erosion are still necessary. There are different viewpoints on soil leakage definitions, leakage mechanism and leakage ratios, and new breakthroughs could be achieved by combining different methods and matching multi-scales. In conclusion, in order to further reveal soil erosion laws and establish and revise available regional soil erosion forecasting models for Southwest China karst areas, synchronous test and monitoring on slope, watershed, and channel spatial scales are urgently needed. The results can provide theoretical and technical support for promoting soil and water conservation work for the karst area of Southwest China. 相似文献
5.
MushtakTalibJabbar 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2003,14(4):356-362
Satellite image data and thematic map data were used to provide comprehensive views of surface-bound conditions such as soil and vegetation degradation. The current work applies a computerized parametric methodology, developed by FAO, UNEP and UNESCO to assess and evaluate soil degradation at 1 : 250 000 mapping scale. The study area is located in the arid and semi-arid zone of the northern part of Shaanxi Province in China, a region with considerable agricultural potential; Landsat TM images were utilized to provide recent data on land cover and use of the area. ARC/INFO and Arc-View softwares were used to manage and manipulate thematic data, to process satellite images, and tabular data source. ER mapper software is utilized to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (ND VI) values while field data to estimate soil erodibility (SE) factor. A system is established for rating soil parameters, slope, climate factor and human factor activity. The rating values serve as inputs into a modified universal soil loss equation (USLE) to calculate the present state and risk for soil degradation processes, namely soil wind erosion. The produced maps and tabular data show the risk and the present status of different soil degradation processes. The study area, in general, is exposed to high risk of wind erosion and high hazards of water erosion. Several desertification maps were produced, which reflect the desertification types persisting in the study area. Wind erosion, water erosion, vegetation degradation,physical degradation and salinization are the basic desertification maps, and others are combinations of these basic maps. In terms of statistic analysis, 33.75 % of the total land area (120. 330 0 ha) is considered as sand or sand dune, and not included in our analysis of desertification. About 29. 41% of the total land area has slight or moderate desertification and 37. 465 % is facing severe desertification. 相似文献
6.
喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势 总被引：52，自引：1，他引：52
喀斯特石漠化代表了世界上一个比较独特的荒漠类型，即湿润区石质荒漠化。目前石漠化面积快速扩展的总体趋势并没有得到有效遏止，因对石漠化发生机制与喀斯特生态系统稳定性机制还不清楚，同时缺乏比较完善的石漠化防治理论和技术体系也是重要的原因之一。较为详细地介绍了目前西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复研究方面存在的基础理论问题，包括喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力、喀斯特山地的侵蚀过程、驱动力与危险性、以水为纽带的喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程、喀斯特受损生态系统的适应性修复、喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控等方面，阐述了上述几个研究领域的研究现状与可能的发展方向；强调喀斯特石漠化是一个非地带性问题，不是纯自然过程，而是与自然、社会与经济紧密相关，需要以喀斯特科学为主的多学科交叉与综合集成研究。 相似文献
7.
土地石漠化概念与分级问题再探讨 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
针对前人研究中将石漠化发生的地域限定在亚热带,将发生的时间限定在人类历史时期,将发生的原因均归结为人为不合理的经济活动,而忽视了石漠化可能发生的其它地域、其它时期和其它成因等问题,对土地石漠化概念作了修正。认为土地石漠化是在湿润、半湿润气候环境和岩溶环境中,由于人类活动和/或气候变化等因素作用,造成地表植被退化、土壤侵蚀、地表水流失、基岩裸露,形成类似石质荒漠景观的土地退化过程,并对其内涵作出释义。在此基础上依据生态基准面的理论,以坡面形态、溶蚀岩溶地貌形态、基岩出露率、土壤厚度和土被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀程度、植被覆盖率和植物种群、土地利用类型等为景观指征,将石漠化土地分为轻度、中度、重度和极重度4个等级,并以粤北岩溶山区为例,拟定了区域性石漠化土地分级及其综合景观指征。 相似文献
8.
A. Lababpour 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(10):2521-2532
The world is presently faced to the many calamities, mainly the increased and rapidly developing environmental changes, soil degradation as an example of such environmental problems which is correlated with the destructive effects of the sandstorms. Biological soil crust (BSC), a main component of soil, has various environmental functions including reduction in the erosion by increasing soil stability and providing a sanctuary for the growth of the taxa and vascular plants communities. Destruction of BSC, which naturally can be recovered slowly in a long time processes, contributes to the desertification and other environmental catastrophes. Therefore, accelerating the BSC recovery both the quality and the quantity of the crust development, especially in the desert areas, is of the prime interest. Recent advances in the BSC restoration have provided an immense potential for emulating the natural restoration methods mainly through providing soils with inoculant. This paper reviews the present restoration-based procedures for the biological soil crust restoration practice. The main landmarks are presented and highlighted including strain(s) selection and development, mass biomass production, inoculum preparation, soil inoculation, soil augmentation, nurseries, and crust succession monitoring and control. The review also introduces several successful case studies in the USA and the Republic of China. Thereafter, the paper briefly documents the future directions of the research and technologies. Development of a restoration system through the application of the microalgae inoculant is an encouraging aspect for accelerating the BSC recovery of the arid and semi-arid areas. However, further researches will help to establish and consolidate the potential of the microalgae cells and their application in desertification programs in large scales and in accordance with principles and requirements mandated by economic standards. 相似文献
9.
石漠化问题若干思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文定义了石漠化概念的三个方面：石漠化现象、石漠化作用和石漠化过程;讨论了石漠化的量化描述,提出了石漠化作用量化描述的方式方法和分级方案,建议根据土壤侵蚀强度与成土速度的差值将其分为无石漠化、弱石漠化、强烈石漠化、特强石漠化、剧烈石漠化等5个强度等级;借鉴水土流失的有关研究成果,讨论了我国南北石漠化的差异。分析指出：①我国北方地区的石漠化形势比南方地区的更为严峻。全国有超过三分之一的国土正在遭受石漠化作用,有超过五分之一的国土正在遭受强烈以上石漠化作用。遭受特强以上石漠化作用的土地中,水蚀者为9万km^2,风蚀者为62万km^2,后者远大于前者。②人类活动的地质效应——人为地质作用是导致石漠化急剧发展的主要因素。③阻断导致石漠化的人为地质作用、终止石漠化作用过程,通过自然和人为两条途径恢复土层和植被,是防治石漠化的有效途径。 相似文献
10.
通过对我国北方半干旱和半湿润地区沙质荒漠化的综合分析后认为,第四纪期间不同时间尺度沙漠化的成因是有差异的。1万年前的更新世期间,人类对生态环境的破坏作用甚微,沙漠化的出现和逆转主要受地球轨道要素制约的万年以上时间尺度的全球气候变化控制;1万年来的全新世特别是近2000年的历史时期,人类对生态环境的作用已越来越大,但沙漠化仍然主要受制于千年和百年尺度的气候波动;20世纪以来的现代时期,沙漠化过程既受数十年或数年的干湿气候波动作用,也受到人类不合理的经济活动的影响,但后者是主要的。 相似文献
11.
花江喀斯特峡谷地区石漠化成因初探 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
花江喀斯特峡谷区地下水埋藏深,地表干旱,存在显著的人为加速土壤侵蚀过程,植被次生性明显,生境干热特征显著,是已石漠化和半石漠化的生态系统。其中地质构造、地貌演化、岩溶形态、可开发利用的水资源、植被群落可能是石漠化过程的主要自然成因,以土地利用为表现形式的强烈人类活动是石漠化的驱动力。基于此,提出了石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程的建议,旨在为石漠化的演化研究及生态重建提供参考。 相似文献
12.
岩溶石漠化山地不同退耕模式土壤抗蚀性及其与结构体分形关系研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
通过对岩溶石漠化山地中小尺度范围内的现有三种主要退耕模式及对照地土壤抗蚀性主成分分析及与各级结构体分形维数关系研究,结果表明: ( 1)研究区退耕地在3～ 6年内土壤抗蚀性均发生了比较明显的变化,但都介于传统耕地与马尾松次生灌丛之间,其中以具有复式结构的退耕樟树+ 草被退耕模式的抗蚀效果较理想; ( 2)与传统旱耕地不同,各退耕模式土壤抗蚀性均是A层土壤强于B层土壤,表明退耕有利于A层土壤抗蚀性迅速提高,尤其是草本+ 乔灌模式对A层土壤抗蚀性的提高更为显著; ( 3)> 0. 25mm 水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、水稳性指数、有机质含量为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳四指标; ( 4)微团聚体、风干团聚体分形维数表征土壤抗蚀性有一定的局限性,而机械组成、水稳定性团聚体分维数与抗蚀性综合分值相关性较高,尤其是水稳性团聚体分形维数可较好地反映出土壤的抗蚀特性。 相似文献
13.
全球气候变暖导致三江源地区雪线上升,冰川后移,降水和径流减少,草场退化,土壤沙化,使本来就十分脆弱的生态环境更加恶化。根据三江源地区当前所处的实际情况,在分析三江源地区土壤侵蚀环境背景以及土壤侵蚀营力作用的基础上,归纳总结了三江源地区土壤侵蚀类型与特征,重点研究了冻融侵蚀分布范围和强度、分布规律以及评价指标体系。结果表明：三江源地区各种土壤侵蚀类型中,冻融侵蚀分布范围最广;不同强度的冻融侵蚀空间分布差异显著。 相似文献
14.
Assessing desertification by using soil indices 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ali Khanamani Hassan Fathizad Haji Karimi Saeed Shojaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(13):287
Desertification generally refers to land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry semi-humid climatic zones. It involves five principal processes: vegetation degradation, water erosion, wind erosion, salinization and waterlogging, and soil crusting and compaction. The aim of this study is assessing desertification using soil criteria. For this purpose, nine indices including sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soil gypsum percentage, soil texture, the content of HCO3 ?, the percentage of the organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, the content of the soil sodium, and chloride were used. The soil samples were taken in the north of Zayandeh-Rood River in Isfahan province of Iran, using soil data randomly sampled in a depth of 0–20 cm. After assessing the normality of the samples using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, indices were imported into GIS environment and interpolated with IDW and normal and discrete kriging methods for delineating soil characteristics maps based on MEDALUS model. In this model, the data were firstly changed from 100 to 200. Thus 100 and 200 are estimated as the best and worst quality, respectively. Then the final map of soil criteria has been created by geometric mean of its indicators. The results showed that the maximum area is related to the medium class of desertification and is equal to 44,746 ha. The areas of severe and very severe classes of desertification are equal to 30,949 and 351 ha, respectively. The results also revealed that the indices of the organic matter and soil gypsum percentage are the most influential indices which affect desertification phenomenon. 相似文献
15.
The extent of desertification on Saudi Arabia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Desertification is the process that turns productive deserts into non-productive deserts as a result of poor land-management. Desertification reduces the ability of land to support life, affecting wild species, domestic animals, agricultural crops and humans. The reduction in plant cover that accompanies desertification leads to accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. South Africa is losing approximately 300–400 million tons of topsoil every year. As vegetation cover and soil layer are reduced, rain fall impact and run-off increases. This paper discusses the extent of desertification, its potential threat to sustained irrigated agriculture and possible measures adopted to control ongoing desertification processes to minimize the loss of agricultural productivity in an arid country such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 相似文献
16.
Assessing soil erosion risk in karst area using fuzzy modeling and method of the analytical hierarchy process 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Qiyong Yang Yunqiu Xie Wenjun Li Zhongcheng Jiang Hui Li Xingming Qin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(1):287-292
Soil erosion is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China, which can result in karst rocky desertification when it is very serious. The grade delineation of soil erosion risk can be used as a guide for controlling regional and hierarchical soil erosion, and provide scientific references for restraining rocky desertification. Chaotian Town, an area of Karst Mountains and hills in Guilin, northeast part of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, was chosen as the study area. Settlement buffer, roadway buffer, lithology, slope, elevation, and aspect were selected as the main indicators of soil erosion in the karst area. After the indicators were scored by fuzzy modeling, the potential risk of soil erosion was quantified using indicator-weight union method. Five grades of soil erosion risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The grades of minimal, low, medium, high, and extreme soil erosion risk accounted for 1.62, 19.46, 52.35, 24.86, and 1.71 %, respectively. As a whole, the soil erosion risk was moderate, because the proportion data of different grades of soil erosion risk were a normal distribution, and about 52.35 % of the study area was in the medium grade. Soil erosion risk was higher in the southeast of the study area and lower in the northwest. Obvious variances have been found in the grade distribution of soil erosion risk, corresponding to different indicators. 相似文献
17.
基于网格数据的贵州土壤侵蚀敏感性评价及其空间分异 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
在通用土壤侵蚀方程的基础上,建立了土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系,利用GIS方法对影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的单因子进行评价,并将各因子进行网格化,运用网格数据的空间叠加分析方法对贵州省土壤侵蚀敏感性进行综合评价。在此基础上探讨了贵州省土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分异规律。通过与已有的土壤侵蚀现状图比较,发现土壤侵蚀高敏感区与水土流失严重区并不吻合,并进一步指出,脆弱的喀斯特环境是产生严重水土流失和导致石漠化的地质基础,强烈的人类活动是加速这一过程的主要驱动力量。 相似文献
18.
Relating soil erosion and sediment yield to geomorphic features and erosion processes at the catchment scale in the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Erosion and sediment redistribution are important processes in landscape changes in the short and long term. In this study, the RMMF model of soil erosion and the SEDD model of sediment delivery were used to estimate annual soil loss and sediment yield in an ungauged catchment of the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees and results were interpreted in the context of the geomorphic features. The Estaña Catchment is divided into 15 endorheic sub-catchments and there are 17 dolines. Gullies and slopes were the main erosive geomorphic elements, whereas the colluvial, alluvial, valley floor, and doline deposits were depositional elements. Spatially distributed maps of gross soil erosion, sediment delivery ratio (SDR), and sediment yield (SY) were generated in a GIS. Severe erosion rates (>100 Mg ha?1 year?1) were found in gullies, whereas mean and maximum erosion rates were very high on slopes developed on Keüper Facies and high in soils on Muschelkalk Facies. Where crops are grown, the depositional-type geoforms were predicted by the models to have an erosive dynamic. Those results were consistent with the rates of erosion quantified by 137Cs which reflects the significant role of human activities in triggering soil erosion. Catchment area was positively correlated with erosion rate, but negatively correlated with SDR and SY. The latter were negatively correlated with the proportion of the surface catchment covered with forests and scrublands. The topography of the area influenced the high SDR and SY in the dolines and valley floors near the sinks. Intra-basin stored sediment was 59.2% of the total annual eroded soil in the catchment. The combination of the RMMF and SEDD models was an appropriate means of assessing the effects of land uses on soil erosion and obtaining a better understanding of the processes that underlie the geomorphic changes occurring in mountainous environments of the Mediterranean region. 相似文献
19.
Paul T. Robinson Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Canada 《Continental Dynamics》2000,(1)
1. Introduction to surface processesThe shape or morphology of Earth's surface is basically the result of the interplay between two competing forces - mountain building and erosion. Tectonic forces, driven by thermal energy from Earth's interior, cause the rocks of the crust to be folded, faulted and uplifted into high plateaus and mountain belts. As soon as uplift begins, the processes of erosion, driven by gravity, start to wear away the rocks. Masses of weathered rock move downhill under t… 相似文献
20.
通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌. 相似文献