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1.
Measurement of variations in the radial velocities of stars due to the reflex orbital motion of the star around the planetary-system barycenter constitutes a powerful method of searching for substellar or planetary mass companions. After several years of patient data acquisition, radial-velocity searches for planetary systems around other stars are now beginning to bear fruit. In late 1995 and early 1996, three candidate systems were announced with Jovian-mass planets around solar-type stars. The current paradigm for low-mass star formation suggests that planetary systems should be able to form in the circumstellar disks surrounding young stellar objects. These newly discovered systems, and other discoveries which will soon follow them, will test critically our understanding of the processes of star- and planet-formation. We review the techniques used in these radial-velocity searches and their results to date. We then discuss planned improvements in the surveys, and the prospects for the next 20 years.  相似文献   

2.
Most stars produce spectacular jets during their formation. There are thousands of young stars within 500 pc of the Sun and many power jets. Thus protostellar jets may be the most common type of collimated astrophysical outflow. Shocks powered by outflows excite many emission lines, exhibit a rich variety of structure, and motions with velocities ranging from 50 to over 500 km s−1. Due to their relative proximity, proper motions and structural changes can be observed in less than a year. I review the general properties of protostellar jets, summarize some results from recent narrow-band imaging surveys of entire clouds, discuss irradiated jets, and end with some comments concerning outflows from high-mass young stellar objects. Protostellar outflows are ideal laboratories for the exploration of the jet physics.  相似文献   

3.
We search for stellar and substellar companions of young nearby stars to investigate stellar multiplicity and formation of stellar and substellar companions. We detect common proper‐motion companions of stars via multi‐epoch imaging. Their companionship is finally confirmed with photometry and spectroscopy. Here we report the discovery of a new co‐moving (13 σ) stellar companion ∼17.8 arcsec (350AU in projected separation) north of the nearby star HD141272 (21 pc).With EMMI/NTT optical spectroscopy we determined the spectral type of the companion to be M3±0.5V. The derived spectral type as well as the near infrared photometry of the companion are both fully consistent with a M⊙ dwarf located at the distance of HD141272 (21 pc). Furthermore the photometry data rules out the pre‐main sequence status, since the system is consistent with the ZAMS of the Pleiades. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

4.
In this lecture, we review the properties of protoplanetary disks as derived from high angular resolution observations at millimeter wavelengths. We discuss how the combination of several different high angular resolution techniques allow us to probe different regions of the disk around young stellar objects and to derive the properties of the dust when combined with sophisticated disk models. The picture that emerges is that the dust in circumstellar disks surrounding pre-main sequence stars is in many cases significantly evolved compared to the dust in molecular clouds and the interstellar medium. It is however still difficult to derive a consistent picture and timeline for dust evolution in disks as the observations are still limited to small samples of objects.We also review the evidence for and properties of disks around high-mass young stellar objects and the implications on their formation mechanisms. The study of massive YSOs is complicated by their short lifetimes and larger average distances. In most cases high angular resolution data at millimeter wavelengths are the only method to probe the structure of disks in these objects.We provide a summary of the characteristics of available high angular resolution millimeter and submillimeter observatories. We also describe the characteristics of the ALMA observatory being constructed in the Chilean Andes. ALMA is going to be the world leading observatory at millimeter wavelengths in the coming decades, the project is now in its main construction phase with early science activities envisaged for 2010 and full science operations for 2012.  相似文献   

5.
I discuss recent observational results on the X-ray properties of young stellar objects, based mostly on Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. The sensitive X-ray data on large, well characterized samples of T Tauri stars (and a number of protostars) allow to study in detail the dependence of magnetic activity on the bulk properties of the young objects and to draw important clues towards the origin of the X-ray emission. The absence of a relation between X-ray activity and rotation for T Tauri stars clearly suggests that their magnetic activity cannot be simply explained by the action of a scaled-up solar-like dynamo. I discuss alternative models for the generation of magnetic fields and also consider the long standing question whether the X-ray properties of the T Tauri stars are related to the presence/absence of circumstellar disks or active accretion.  相似文献   

6.
An observational review is provided of the properties of accretion disks around young stars. It concerns the primordial disks of intermediate- and high-mass young stellar objects in embedded and optically revealed phases. The properties were derived from spatially resolved observations and, therefore, predominantly obtained with interferometric means, either in the radio/(sub)millimeter or in the optical/infrared wavelength regions. We make summaries and comparisons of the physical properties, kinematics, and dynamics of these circumstellar structures and delineate trends where possible. Amongst others, we report on a quadratic trend of mass accretion rates with mass from T Tauri stars to the highest mass young stellar objects and on the systematic difference in mass infall and accretion rates.  相似文献   

7.
We discuss the potential of ALMA for studying the formation of substellar objects. We first review briefly the various formation mechanisms proposed so far and stress the unique capability of ALMA to detect and study pre-brown dwarf cores and to confirm the core-collapse scenario to the lowest possible masses. We then discuss the properties of disks around substellar objects. We show how it will be possible to detect with ALMA most disks around objects with mass as low as few Jupiter masses, and to resolve spatially their emission in the more favorable cases.  相似文献   

8.
The study of circumstellar disks around young stellar objects is arguably the area of astrophysics on which the technique of infrared interferometry has had the biggest impact. Here I will review the existing set of observations in this field, concentrating on disks but also including jets/winds and stellar properties. At the end, there is a brief discussion of how ongoing technical developments and observational improvements will expand the impact of infrared interferometry on the study of star formation.  相似文献   

9.
We present a new analysis of the expected magnetospheric radio emission from extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) for a distance limited sample of the nearest known extrasolar planets. Using recent results on the correlation between stellar X-ray flux and mass-loss rates from nearby stars, we estimate the expected mass-loss rates of the host stars of extrasolar planets that lie within 20 pc of the Earth. We find that some of the host stars have mass-loss rates that are more than 100 times that of the Sun and, given the expected dependence of the planetary magnetospheric radio flux on stellar wind properties, this has a very substantial effect. Using these results and extrapolations of the likely magnetic properties of the extrasolar planets, we infer their likely radio properties.
We compile a list of the most promising radio targets and conclude that the planets orbiting Tau Bootes, Gliese 86, Upsilon Andromeda and HD 1237 (as well as HD 179949) are the most promising candidates, with expected flux levels that should be detectable in the near future with upcoming telescope arrays. The expected emission peak from these candidate radio emitting planets is typically ∼40–50 MHz. We also discuss a range of observational considerations for detecting EGPs.  相似文献   

10.
We report results concerning the distribution and properties of galactic extinction at high galactic latitudes derived from stellar statistics using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We use the classical Wolf diagram method to identify regions with extinction, and derive the extinction and the extinction law of the dust using all five SDSS spectral bands. We estimate the distance to the extinguishing medium using simple assumptions about the stellar populations in the line of sight.
We report the identification of three extinguishing clouds, each a few tens of pc wide, producing 0.2–0.4 mag of g '-band extinction, located 1–2 kpc away or 0.5–1 kpc above the Galactic plane. All clouds exhibit grey extinction, i.e. almost wavelength independent in the limited spectral range of the SDSS. We discuss the implication of this finding on general astrophysical questions.  相似文献   

11.
SPICES (Spectro-Polarimetric Imaging and Characterization of Exoplanetary Systems) is a five-year M-class mission proposed to ESA Cosmic Vision. Its purpose is to image and characterize long-period extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks in the visible (450?C900 nm) at a spectral resolution of about 40 using both spectroscopy and polarimetry. By 2020/2022, present and near-term instruments will have found several tens of planets that SPICES will be able to observe and study in detail. Equipped with a 1.5 m telescope, SPICES can preferentially access exoplanets located at several AUs (0.5?C10?AU) from nearby stars (<25 pc) with masses ranging from a few Jupiter masses to Super Earths (??2 Earth radii, ??10 M??) as well as circumstellar disks as faint as a few times the zodiacal light in the Solar System.  相似文献   

12.
This paper calculates the stellar–substellar initial mass function (IMF) based on data from low-luminosity stars and substars. We find the mass spectrum for the stars and substars less than 10 million years in age, and we estimate the low-mass part of the stellar–substellar IMF for 10 million years ago.  相似文献   

13.
The massive OB-type binary σ Ori AB is in the centre of the very young σ Orionis cluster. I have computed the most probable distances and masses of the binary for several ages using a dynamical parallax-like method. It incorporates the BVRIH -band apparent magnitudes of both components, precise orbital parameters, interstellar extinction and a widely used grid of stellar models from the literature, Kepler's third law and a  χ2  minimization. The derived distance is  334+25−22 pc  for an age of 3 ± 2 Ma; larger ages and distances are unlikely. The masses of the primary and the secondary lie on the approximate intervals  16–20 and 10–12 M⊙  , respectively. I also discuss the possibility of σ Ori AB being a triple system at ∼ 385 pc. These results will help to constrain the properties of young stars and substellar objects in the σ Orionis cluster.  相似文献   

14.
We have carried out a search for co‐moving stellar and substellar companions around 18 exoplanet host stars with the infrared camera MAGIC at the 2.2 m Calar Alto telescope, by comparing our images with images from the all sky surveys 2MASS, POSS I and II. Four stars of the sample namely HD80606, 55 Cnc, HD46375 and BD–10°3166, are listed as binaries in the Washington Visual Double Star Catalogue (WDS). The binary nature of HD80606, 55 Cnc, and HD46375 is confirmed with both astrometry as well as photometry, thereby the proper motion of the companion of HD46375 was determined here for the first time.We derived the companion masses as well as the longterm stability regions for additional companions in these three binary systems. We can rule out further stellar companions around all stars in the sample with projected separations between 270AU and 2500AU, being sensitive to substellar companions with masses down to ∼60 MJup (S /N = 3). Furthermore we present evidence that the two components of the WDS binary BD–10°3166 are unrelated stars, i.e this system is a visual pair. The spectrophotometric distance of the primary (a K0 dwarf) is ∼67 pc, whereas the presumable secondary BD–10°3166B (a M4 to M5 dwarf) is located at a distance of 13 pc in the foreground. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

15.
The presence of heated circumstellar dust around WC type Wolf-Rayet stars requires the episodic or persistent condensation of carbon grains in their stellar winds. In order to survive in the stars' strong ultraviolet radiation fields, the grains must be located at least 100AU from the stellar surfaces. The densities in isotropic winds at such large distances are too low to allow grain growth and anisotropies such as clumps, disks or wind-collision wakes in colliding-wind binary systems are required to provide grain nurseries. Observational evidence for such features in grain-forming W-R stars is examined.  相似文献   

16.
The solar system, as we know it today, is about 4.5 billion years old. It is widely believed that it was essentially completed 100 million years after the formation of the Sun, which itself took less than 1 million years, although the exact chronology remains highly uncertain. For instance: which, of the giant planets or the terrestrial planets, formed first, and how? How did they acquire their mass? What was the early evolution of the “primitive solar nebula” (solar nebula for short)? What is its relation with the circumstellar disks that are ubiquitous around young low-mass stars today? Is it possible to define a “time zero” (t 0), the epoch of the formation of the solar system? Is the solar system exceptional or common? This astronomical chapter focuses on the early stages, which determine in large part the subsequent evolution of the proto-solar system. This evolution is logarithmic, being very fast initially, then gradually slowing down. The chapter is thus divided in three parts: (1) The first million years: the stellar era. The dominant phase is the formation of the Sun in a stellar cluster, via accretion of material from a circumstellar disk, itself fed by a progressively vanishing circumstellar envelope. (2) The first 10 million years: the disk era. The dominant phase is the evolution and progressive disappearance of circumstellar disks around evolved young stars; planets will start to form at this stage. Important constraints on the solar nebula and on planet formation are drawn from the most primitive objects in the solar system, i.e., meteorites. (3) The first 100 million years: the “telluric” era. This phase is dominated by terrestrial (rocky) planet formation and differentiation, and the appearance of oceans and atmospheres.  相似文献   

17.
The configuration of the magnetic field associated with a protostar surrounded by a circumstellar disk is assumed to be a kind of magnetic mirror, which reflects the particles at its throat located nearby the disk midplane, and then extracts them out of the star and the disk. Turbulent Alfven waves are excited due to anisotropic temperature distribution caused by the existing magnetic field in the environment. Accelerated by turbulent Alfven waves, the particles coming out of the young stellar object and the circumstellar disk can reach the expected velocities around 300 km s-1 at a typical distance 0.1 pc from the central star. The wave energy is converted from the thermal energy stored in the system consisting of the early stage star associated with the disk and their environment, and a small fraction of which is enough. The coefficient η, indicating the efficiency of converting thermal energy to wave energy, is equal to 10-11. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
Since 1984, roughly 100 main sequence stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun have been identified as possibly possessing replenished, circumstellar dust disks. Optical to submillimeter imaging has resolved disk-like structure around 7 main sequence stars. We review these results, and discuss how they elucidate the existence and properties of exoplanetary systems.  相似文献   

19.
We review different surveys, in the optical and infrared, conducted in the very young (age 1–8 Myr), nearby (d ～ 350 pc) σ Orionis cluster aimed to characterize the substellar population. We describe spectral characteristics of very low mass stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects in the cluster with spectral types from K7 to T6. We study the spatial distribution of the substellar population detected in a IZJ survey covering an area of 1.12 deg.2 We find that the radial distribution of substellar objects can be well fitted by an exponential law (ρ = ρo e ?r/ro ), with a central density (ρ o ) of 0.26 ± 0.03 objects/arcmin2 and a characteristic radius (r o) of 8.8 arcmin ± 0.6 (equivalent to 0.90 ± 0.06 pc at the distance of the cluster). We discuss the presence of possible inhomogeneities in this distribution due to the existence of subclustering. We also compare the spatial distribution of the substellar population with previously known stars in the cluster. We report the initial mass spectrum in the substellar domain.  相似文献   

20.
On the basis of observations by the space telescope Glazar at 1640 Å the distribution of early (O-B-A) type stars and absorption matter in the directions of 20 known OB associations have been investigated. Forty-four stellar groups were found in these directions. The dust matter is distributed within these groups quite non-uniformly and patchy. It is absent in the space between these groups. It has been shown that 93 stars have dense circumstellar dust envelopes and half of them are sources of IR-radiation (IRAS observations). Dust clouds exist in the directions of Per OB1, Aur OB1 and Car OB1 at distances of 460, 1000, 1000 pc, respectively. Twenty new stellar groups of OB types were found.Published in Astrofizika, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 528–532, October–December, 1995.  相似文献   

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