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1.
S.A. Harris G. Cheng X. Zhao & D. Yongqin 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1998,80(2):123-133
Active block streams are common on the slopes of mountains on the northern, drier portion of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Between 1990 and 1995, the authors studied a block stream northeast of the crest of the Kunlun Pass at latitude 35°50’N, longitude 94°05’ E. It occurs on a 31° slope facing southwest at 4800 m altitude and consists of a 15 cm layer of blocks moving downslope over a sandy loam of lacustrine origin. The blocks are derived from both frost shattering of exposed bedrock and by ejection of blocks from the till capping the hill. No water flows in the block stream and its surface is level with the surrounding slope. Mean annual air temperature is –6°C and mean annual precipitation is about 320 mm. The few plants growing between the blocks exhibit elongated stems and/or roots, indicating movement of the upper layers of blocks relative to the underlying materials. Average mean annual downslope movement of the surface blocks ranges up to 95 cm but varies both across the block stream and also along its long axis. The blocks are gradually extending further downslope. Comparison of movement of lines painted on stones in summer and winter shows that most of the movement occurs in winter. The stones usually rotate randomly as they move, probably by sliding on ice. There is no obvious sorting or rounding of the blocks during movement downslope. The deposits produced differ from talus/scree sediments as they have a dip of less than the maximum angle of rest of dry sediment (c. 33°) and also show no sorting downslope. The movement of material takes place predominantly in winter, rather than in summer and the deposits occur in areas of negligible snow cover. Ground temperatures suggest exceptionally rapid temperature changes under the blocks, indicating air exchange in the voids. Mean ground temperatures in the loams beneath the blocks are about 7°C colder than in the adjacent soils. Winter snow covers are noticeably absent, and summer precipitation is often in the form of snow, which soon melts. Permafrost is present beneath the block stream but is absent in the sandy loam soils. The ground is also moister beneath the blocks. It appears that the surface blocks tend to slide downslope on the icy surface of the underlying blocks, perhaps aided by water from melting snow. This and the lack of sorting by clast size clearly differentiates them from talus slopes or avalanche deposits. 相似文献
2.
Slope failures cause billions of dollars of damage annually and put human lives at risk. This study employed field measurements and observations to provide the framework for laboratory simulations to investigate the effects of environmental characteristics on slope stability in the highly fractured bedrock region of the Boston Mountains, northwest Arkansas. Field measurements, to determine characteristics and possible controls of 10 shallow slope failures along an interstate highway, revealed that slope failures occurred within a relatively narrow range of slope angles (17–36°) and in loamy soils. Based on field observations, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between soil texture, slope angle, bedrock fractures, soil compaction, and slope instability. Time to failure differed (p < 0.05) among treatment combinations. Generally, slopes composed of loam were more stable than slopes composed of sand. Time to failure decreased more on slopes of 15–20° than on slopes of 20–25°. Flume slopes with sod cover never failed. This study provided a methodology for using field analyses of slope failures to guide laboratory experiments and demonstrated that complex interactions among environmental factors work to stabilize or compromise steep (>20°) slopes. 相似文献
3.
华南赤红壤坡地退化特征及其整治开发——以“五华县国土试验区”为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华南赤红壤坡地退化具有以下特扯:1)土壤发生层次遭到剥蚀,2)土壤质地砂化,3)土壤化学性质衰退。本文介绍广东省五华县坡地立体开发,防治其继续退化以及整治严重退化坡地的试验情况,为华南的坡地利用提供了值得借鉴的经验。 相似文献
4.
土壤颗粒排列是影响孔隙特征的最基本因素。土壤薄片能够直接观察且定量的分析土壤孔隙特征。为了解不同质地土壤的孔隙差异,于山东省东昌府区采集不同质地土壤（壤土、黏壤土、砂质壤土）,通过常规方法和土壤微形态技术对比分析土壤孔隙特征。结果表明：三类样地土壤孔隙度均为表层向下逐渐减少。表层、底层差异在砂质壤土中主要体现于总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度,黏壤土、壤土则主要体现为总孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度。砂质壤土中各土层均以简单堆集孔隙为主;而0~10 cm黏壤土、壤土以复合堆积孔隙为主,其下复合堆积孔隙减少、其他形状孔隙增多。薄片图像测定孔隙数量可反映常规分析总孔隙度的50%左右,对于非毛管孔隙度则可反映80%左右。因此,土壤薄片更适合分析土壤非毛管孔隙。 相似文献
5.
Overuse of irrigation water to ensure the crop yield of maize plants has caused serious water shortage problems in the middle reach of Heihe River, China. Thus, further research on the physiological characteristics, i.e., photosynthetic rate and leaf transpiration rate, are urgently needed to develop an efficient irrigation management system. In this paper, we selected two common soil textures (sandy loam, sand) and three one-time irrigation volumes (60 mm, 20 mm, 0 mm) in order to analyze the impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants. Physiological and meteorological factors, soil water content and plant growing parameters were synchronously monitored on Jun. 30, Jul. 25 and Aug. 27 of 2012. The results indicate that sandy loam is better than sand for the growth of maize plants and single irrigation may provide limited influence on the physiological characteristics. Thus, increasing irrigation times and decreasing one-time volume is suggested for an efficient irrigation system. 相似文献
6.
塔里木河下游典型绿洲滴灌防护林地土壤水盐时空动态 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外定位观测,对塔里木河下游典型绿洲防护林地灌溉周期内、不同滴灌年限以及不同质地类型土壤水盐动态进行监测分析。研究结果表明:①绿洲幼龄防护林地土壤水盐变化属于灌溉周期型;灌后土壤湿润体呈“半椭球型”分布,积盐区位于湿润峰附近;当前防护林（沙壤土）滴灌周期为10 d较为合适。②实施滴灌1 a、2 a和5 a林地（沙壤土）土壤水分亏缺量逐年增大;0～20 cm土层随滴灌年限的增大先脱盐后积盐,20～120 cm土层均表现为脱盐。③滴灌5 a后,粉黏土林地表层板结层的形成显著抑制40～60 cm土壤水分蒸发,盐分呈“表聚型”分布;细沙土林地土壤持水性差,各土层盐分呈“均匀型”分布;沙壤土林地持水性较细沙土林地略高,盐分呈“波动型”分布。 相似文献
7.
Snow Accumulation on a Small High‐Arctic Glacier Svenbreen: Variability and Topographic Controls 
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下载免费PDF全文 Jakub Małecki 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(4):809-817
One of the main controls on the net mass change of land‐terminating Arctic glaciers is the magnitude and distribution of snow accumulation. In Dickson Land, region of Svalbard with the greatest distance to the sea, the issue has not been receiving much scientific attention for decades. In this paper, new snow accumulation data are presented from Svenbreen in Dickson Land from end‐of‐winter surveys. The measured winter balance was 0.42 ± 0.15 m w.e. in 2010, 0.50 ± 0.10 m w.e. in 2011 and 0.62 ± 0.10 cm w.e. in 2012. Snow depth and water equivalent have been analysed in the background of altitude, slope and aspect extracted from the digital elevation model of the glacier. On steep northern slopes (>15°) accumulation was the highest, whereas it was decreased on southern slopes with moderate inclination (9–12°). Elevation, which on many glaciers proved to be highly correlated with snow depth, explained only 17–34% of snow depth variability due to complex interplay between local climate and geometry of a small valley. 相似文献
8.
《Geomorphology》1997,18(2):61-75
In badland areas of the Ebro Basin, in a semiarid climate, two erosion plots (257 m2; 5° slope and 128 m2; 23° slope) on exposed Tertiary clays were monitored over two years (Nov. 1991–Nov. 1993). This material is characterized by high sodium absorption ratios which lead to high soil dispersivity. The dominant erosion processes in both plots are rilling and sheet erosion. Rainfall intensity was recorded at a weather station, connected to a data-logger, sediment production for single events was collected in tanks, and ground lowering was measured every six months by erosion pins and microtopographic profile gauge techniques. Significant runoff was produced only by rainfall events above 5 mm. Another threshold at 20 mm rain was noted. For rainfalls higher than 20 mm, the 23° slope plot shows a greater runoff response than the 5° one. Rainfall events exceeding this threshold showed a higher sediment production for the steeper slope. In the relationship between precipitation and sediment concentration, an envelope curve can be drawn indicating that any rainfall event of a given amount and intensity has a maximum sediment concentration which we speculate to be a function of the runoff sediment transport capacity. Runoff response and sediment yield in the studied plots are controlled by the rainfall and soil characteristics and their seasonal variations. In both plots, the erosion pins show that erosion rates in rill areas are 25–50% higher than in the interrill areas. Sediment yield recorded by collector devices was higher than the rates measured by erosion pins. The erosion rates based on rill cross-sections by profilometers were higher than the ones recorded by collectors. 相似文献
9.
Soil texture greatly influences soil water movement, thus may affect the water balance and vegetation growth in the desert–Loess Plateau transition zone. This study is to determine if the water balance differs in homogeneous and layered soils with Caragana korshinkii stands in semiarid region. Soil water measurements up to 500-cm depth were taken in 2006 and 2007 on homogeneous sandy soil, homogeneous silt loam soil, and layered soil with sand overlying silt loam. HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate the soil water balance. The results indicated the annual water balance components were greatly affected by soil layering. The ratio of average actual evapotranspiration (ETa) to precipitation (P) during the two years in the layered soil was slightly lower than that in homogeneous soils. The ratios of annual actual transpiration (Tr) to evapotranspiration were 50.9%, 41.2% and 30.6% in layered soil, homogeneous sandy soil, and homogeneous silt loam soil, respectively. C. korshinkii grown in layered soil had deeper soil water recharge and higher Tr/ETa ratio, thus had more available water for transpiration than that in homogeneous soils. This study suggested the layered soil with sand overlying silt loam is more favorable to C. korshinkii growth in terms of water use than homogeneous soils in the desert–Loess Plateau transition zone. 相似文献
10.
通过对土壤、植被、林木生长量的野外调查，依据科学性、实用性原则，将河北坝上大滩示范区的造林立地类型划分为１２个立地类型：山地阴坡中下部厚土立地类型、山地阴坡上部薄土立地类型、山地阳坡中下部厚土立地类型、山地顶部岩石裸露立地类型、二阴滩地立地类型、下湿滩地立地类型、低缓小丘阴坡立地类型、低缓小丘阳坡立地类型、平缓砾质化或沙质耕地立地类型、平缓壤质耕地立地类型、缓起伏固定、半固定沙地立地类型 相似文献
11.
结果表明:(1)在科尔沁沙地,五种主要类型农田生长季平均土壤含水量是粘壤土水浇地(ICL,12.4%) > 沙壤土水浇地(ISL,9.5%) > 粘壤土旱坡地(CLDSL,8.87%) > 粘壤土旱平地(CLDL,6.55%) > 沙壤土旱平地(SLDL,5.70%),地温是SLDL(22.04℃) > CLDL(21.73℃) > CLDSL(21.40℃) > ISL(21.08℃) > ICL(21.05℃),土壤养分综合指数高低的顺序是ICL(90.8) > ISL(83.8) > CLDL(75.8) > CLDSL(55.0) > SLDL(36.8);(2)五种类型农田玉米植株高(cm)和生物量(kg·m-2)都是ISL(270,2.96) > ICL(245,2.70) > CLDSL(225,2.12) > CLDL(220,1.86) > SLDL(181,1.32);(3)玉米地上生物量与土壤速效N、P、K的相关系数为0.860,与土壤水分的相关系数为0.837,与土壤有机质含量的相关系数为0.753,而与地温的相关系数为-0.976。 相似文献
12.
豫东、豫北风沙问题的初步分析 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
豫东、豫北平原土层深厚,地势开阔平坦,便于灌溉,是我国粮棉的重要产区。然而沙荒地广布,春旱风大,流沙常埋没农田,打伤禾苗,阻碍交通,威胁村镇。风沙长期危害着部分地区农业生产的稳定和发展。解放前兰考县有6个村庄被沙埋没,民权县有18个村庄被埋没,有28个村庄被风沙所逼累次南迁;商丘县小韩庄在20年内南迁三次,高大沙丘紧紧围住村庄,肥美的土地,被沙埋三分之二。以上实例足以说明解放前沙区群众饱受风沙之苦。解放后已基本改变了沙区面貌,农业生产逐步提高。但由于沙荒性质尚未彻底改变,加之不断受旱灾的影响,流沙活动对农业生产仍然危害很大。 相似文献
13.
新疆策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的天然植被对绿洲内部的农田起到了很好的保护作用,具有良好的防风阻沙效益。对策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地的水平输沙通量和风速进行了分析。结果表明：（1）近地表的输沙通量和平均风速从流沙地至半固定、固定沙地大幅度地减少。在0～202.5 cm高度范围,半固定沙地、固定沙地水平输沙通量相比流沙地分别少了56.91%、90.23%;在0～70 cm高度范围内,输沙通量分别少了85.31%、99.55%;（2）平均风速越大,半固定沙地、固定沙地相比流沙地的输沙通量减少得愈多,流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地近地表输沙通量与平均风速分别服从指数、线性和多项式函数关系;（3）策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的有效宽度不小于1.74 km,才能保护绿洲免受风沙危害。 相似文献
14.
Wind tunnel test of the influence of moisture on the erodibility of loessial sandy loam soils by wind 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Loessial sandy loam soils are the major soil categories in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Owing to a dry, windy climate and sparse surface cover, wind erosion is a serious problem and dust (sand) storms occur frequently. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing resistance to wind erosion. The influence of moisture content on the erodibility of sandy loam soils was investigated through wind tunnel simulations. Results showed that the threshold velocity for soil particle movement by wind increases with increasing soil moisture by a power function. The intrinsic factor in the increase in soil resistance due to moisture content is the cohesive force of soil water. Cohesive forces of the film and capillary water are different; the influence of soil moisture on threshold velocity was shown to follow a step-like pattern. The wind erosion modulus of sandy loam was directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity or the square of the effective wind velocity (V−Vt). There existed a negative exponential relationship between the wind erosion rate and soil moisture content. Initially, as soil moisture increased the decrease in the wind erosion rate was rather rapid. When the moisture content reached more than 4%, the rate of decrease in erosion slowed and became almost constant with successive increments of moisture. This suggests that different soil moisture contents can prevent wind erosion at different levels. Four percent soil moisture could only reduce the erodibility of the sandy loam soil by a small degree. 相似文献
15.
不同坡角公路路基流场的风洞实验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根据内蒙古S315一级公路黑风口路段风沙危害现状,基于风洞模拟实验,采用毕托管测定不同坡角路基模型断面的风速,通过对流场分布、风速廓线及风速减弱率的分析探讨沙漠公路风沙危害的形成机理。结果表明：坡角对路基两侧的积沙范围和风蚀强度有重要影响。风速一定时,坡角越大,路基两侧积沙范围越大,与之对应的防护范围也应加大。路基坡角一定时,路基背风侧积沙范围随风速增大整体可能呈扩大趋势,坡角越大,扩大趋势越不明显,导致大量沙粒堆积在背风坡脚附近,这就需在坡角较大的公路背风侧多设置几道阻沙栅栏和固沙方格来降低风速、防治沙害。风沙流对迎风坡脚和迎风坡肩的风蚀作用最强,在实际应用中,应重点对这两个部位进行工程砌护,以防路基塌陷造成交通事故威胁公路安全运营。 相似文献
16.
JUAN L GARCÍA 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(4):459-479
Most of the last glacial maximum (LGM) glacier record west of the southern Andes (40–55° S) is today submerged under the Pacific Ocean and therefore the Archipiélago de Chiloé (42–43° S) provides an unusual opportunity to study local sediment and landform associations to help understand paleoglacial features of the former Patagonian ice sheet (PIS). In this context, this work presents the first comprehensive glacial geomorphologic mapping of the central region of the Archipiélago de Chiloé, which is located in a transitional geomorphic region between the Chilean Lake District (CLD, 39–41° S, 73° W) and northwest Patagonia (～43–48° S, 74° W). The Chilotan glacial geomorphology and sediment associations resulted from a warm‐based glacier that characterizes a typical active glacial temperate landsystem, which in central Chiloé combines deposits and landform units originated in subglacial and subaerial environments. Paleoglacial features that occur in central Chiloé are characteristic of an ice‐sheet style of glaciation, which differentiates it from a typical Alpine glacial style defined previously for the CLD. Therefore, the Archipiélago de Chiloé represents a geographical break point where the PIS became the large ice mass that occupied the Patagonian Andes during the last glacial period (Llanquihue Glaciation). A double ice‐contact slope on the east face of the Cordillera de La Costa provides evidence for the most extensive Early Llanquihue glacial advance on Isla Grande de Chiloé. The most prominent LGM advance in the area occurred at 26 000 cal yr BP, coincident with regional stadial conditions, and is defined by a big moraine along the east coast of the island. 相似文献
17.
1963-2012年中国主要木本植物花期长度时空变化 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
花期物候变化研究对赏花活动安排、园林景观布置和致敏花粉防治等具有重要意义。现有研究对始花期与盛花期的变化趋势已有较为深刻的认识,但很少有研究辨识了花期长度的时空变化。本文基于“中国物候观测网”观测数据,统计了1963-2012年中国42个站点23种广布木本植物的花期长度变化趋势,分析了花期长度变化的时空格局、种间差异和变化形式。主要结论为：所有的259条花期长度时间序列中,61.39%的序列呈延长趋势,其中显著延长的占21.24%（P<0.05）。灌木花期的延长趋势比乔木更加显著。东北地区南部、华中和华东地区的多数站点花期长度主要呈缩短趋势。在东北地区北部、华北、西南和华南地区,大多数物种的花期长度呈延长趋势。花期长度变化趋势在20°N~22°N间最大（0.94 d/a）。西部地区（87°E~112°E）的花期长度变化趋势（平均0.28 d/a）高于东部地区（平均0.05 d/a）。花期长度的总体变化可分为3个阶段：1963-1980年（偏短）、1981-1997年（与多年平均值接近）和2001-2012年（偏长）,但不同物种的花期长度变化存在显著差异。在花期长度延长的序列中,43.39%是因开花始期提前程度大于开花末期;在花期长度缩短的序列中,62.00%是因开花始期提前程度小于开花末期。 相似文献
18.
Three-dimensional analogue modelling of an alluvial basin margin affected by hydrological cycles: processes and resulting depositional sequences 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dynamics between sediment erosion and accumulation at an alluvial basin margin affected by changes in the surface hydrology are explored using scaled analogue models produced in a flume. The presented results differ from previous counterparts in that accumulation or erosion has not been forced at a spreading outlet, but occurred at a slope change produced by previously accumulated sediment. Cyclical upstream incision produced by increased stream discharge generated incised valleys, and these were subsequently filled by sediment carried by less efficient streams generated during the low discharge period. High resolution mapping using 2.5 mm contour maps allowed the study of sediment accumulation and terrain modelling. The results of three selected experiments are analysed. The only variable explored was discharge. The basin margin was simulated by a ramp inserted in a low sloping flume, consisting of two segments of different slopes selected to emulate high and low efficiency flume fans produced elsewhere. Water and fine‐medium sand entered the ramp along a narrow (0.1 m) channel and flow expanded but without occupying the complete 1.2 m flume width. Flows were highly concentrated and noncohesive. Fan‐like accumulation (slope: 0.11) began during low discharge (LD) periods at the ramp slope break, and proceeded upstream, onlapping quickly at first, but shifting to mostly progradation at the end of the period. High discharges (HD) usually generated two or three incised channels at the beginning of the period, but one of them prevailed and rapidly eroded parts of the LD fan and moved the sediment to a more distal low‐sloping fan (slope: 0.045). Both LD and HD fans passed downstream into a system of small parallel channels resembling a braided alluvial plain ending in sediment lobes. The mapping of the accumulated sediment during the various periods allowed calculation of sediment budgets for the entire flume. The stratal architecture of the deposits was investigated along five parallel trenches cut after experiment termination. The regression analysis of depositional profiles at fan‐like features (expanding flow) and at braided plains (parallel flow) indicated that these fan‐like systems are linear and dependent on applied discharge, while the latter showed an exponential decrease of slope downstream, with a starting value set up by the fan slope. Two main types of stratigraphic units were generated, the LDST and HDST (system tracts). The LDST has a nonerosive base over ‘bedrock’ and the previous HDST, filling proximal erosional topography and prograding as well, generating an onlap–downlap array. Its geometry is highly variable and dependent on pre‐existing topography. The HDST base is an important erosive surface comparable to sequence boundaries. However, there are places without erosion due to a marginal position with respect to the main stream. Indeed, the results suggest that the three‐dimensional variability of erosion and depositional processes might produce very different architectures along the same basin margin. 相似文献
19.
蒸散是岛礁水循环过程中的重要组成部分,对保护珊瑚岛礁生态有重要意义。2018年6月27日—2018年8月8日利用自制的微型蒸渗仪及蒸发皿,在中国西沙群岛赵述岛开展了野外蒸散观测实验,获得了岛礁砂壤土裸地雨后实际蒸发速率,以及不同下垫面及钙质砂质地情形下潜在蒸散特征。其中,砂壤土裸地实际蒸发观测表明,雨后第2日至第4日平均蒸发速率为（1.6±0.2） mm/d,第5日至第7日迅速下降,7日后蒸发速率逐渐稳定在（0.5±0.2）mm/d,实际蒸发过程受土壤含水量调节,裸地实际蒸发（E）与蒸发皿潜在蒸发（Eo）的比值E/Eo与土壤表层含水量关系表明两者呈明显的线性相关。蒸散控制实验表明,蒸渗仪潜在蒸散呈现空旷地草地>空旷地砂壤土>林间带草地>林间带砂壤土的规律,林间带遮挡减少草地蒸散比减少裸地蒸发影响更加明显。裸地蒸发速率受岛礁钙质砂质影响,岛礁钙质砂颗粒越大,快速蒸发阶段持续时间越短,蒸发速率越小。微型蒸渗仪日蒸发量和午间蒸发速率呈一定线性相关,其中细粒钙质砂、中粒钙质砂及砂壤土三种土壤类型两者相关性更加明显。 相似文献
20.
兰州市南北两山绿地景观格局分析 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
将景观生态学的理论与兰州南北两山环境绿化工程的实际相结合,运用景观格局分析方法、GIS（ARC/INFO）和数理统计等多种方法,在绿化工程景观评价指标研究的基础上,研究了兰州南北两山环境绿化工程区域按坡度分布的景观格局特征。结果表明：兰州市南北两山各个分级坡度上景观多样性均不高,除0°~9°上的大于1外,其余的均小于1。各个分级坡度上景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值总体上符合随坡度增加而减小的趋势。但40°~49°的景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值比30°~39°的景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值稍大,这是因为40°~49°上的林地和农地的斑块数较30°~39°的多,且占本坡度所有土地面积的比例也大于30°~39°的。兰州市南北两山各个分级坡度上景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值在0°~9°上均明显高于其他坡度地区的。 相似文献