共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化趋势及其主控因素的贡献率 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着气候变化和人类活动影响加剧,黄河中游多沙粗沙区的水沙变化剧烈,因此研究影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量的驱动因素对预测未来水沙变化具有重要意义。本文选取Mann-Kendall趋势检验法,Pettitt突变点检验法,位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型以及累积量斜率变化率比较法对黄河中游多沙粗沙区15个水文站控制流域1956-2010年的年降水量、年径流量以及年输沙量变化特征及其贡献率进行分析,确定影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的主要原因。结果表明：① Mann-Kendall趋势检验在5%的显著性水平下,表明降水量虽呈减少趋势但并不显著,径流量和输沙量则有显著的减少趋势;② Pettitt突变点检验得出所研究区域径流量和输沙量的突变年份在1972年、1985年以及1996年左右;③ GAMLSS模型分析结果同样表明降水的均值不随时间发生变化,但降水的方差有减小的趋势;④ 通过累积量斜率变化率比较法得出,人类活动对窟野河流域径流输沙的影响大于无定河流域。通过分析黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的原因,可为黄河中游多沙粗沙区水资源合理分配提供一定的理论支持。 相似文献
2.
黄河中游多沙粗沙区流域坡面水保措施变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选用Landsat TM、环境星CCD、SPOT4 和资源三号卫星影像等多源地学数据,通过人机交互式解译和修订土地利用与梯田数据,提出用相邻图幅递进回归分析法消除NDVI时相差异后反演植被盖度,构建起退耕还林还草面积比例、植被盖度均值变化量和有效梯田累计保存面积比例3 个坡面特征变化指示参数后,运用综合聚类分析和多要素贡献率模型研究黄河中游多沙粗沙区的流域坡面水保措施变化特征。结果表明：（1） 1998-2010 年间研究区内流域坡面水保措施变化显著,平均退耕还林还草面积比例为5.55%,平均林草植被盖度均值增加20.63%,平均有效梯田累计保存面积比例达6.25%;（2） 多要素水保措施变化共同作用下的流域坡面变化特征主要有7 种类型,即植被盖度变化主导型、植被—土地变化主导型、土地—植被变化主导型、植被—梯田变化主导型、梯田—植被变化主导型、梯田面积变化主导型和多要素变化共同主导型;（3） 不同类型的空间分布存在一定的地貌背景差异,后续研究应结合流域坡面变化特征及其地貌格局来优化配置水保措施,并合理估计水沙模型模拟的敏感性参数。 相似文献
3.
黄河中游的侵蚀环境与植被恢复前景 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄土高原的土壤侵蚀和生态环境问题世界瞩目。在保证蓄水拦沙效益基础上,提高林、草保存率,使植被恢复得到最佳的生态效益,是黄土高原环境整治中亟待解决的关键问题。本文根据黄土高原不同空间地理位置的流域、重点县水文监测资料,研究了气候、地表覆被、土地利用方式的变化对流域侵蚀产沙的影响以及流域产沙与地理环境要素间的耦合关系,定量分析了黄土高原,特别是多沙粗沙区自然与人文要素对流域侵蚀产沙的综合影响和因子的权重分析,并利用天然降雨植被生态需水适宜性系数和林、草恢复度的概念,重点探讨了黄河中游主要产沙区、尤其是多沙粗沙区退耕还林等土地利用方式宏观格局变化与植被恢复前景。研究表明,在植被生长主要依赖天然降雨的黄土高原,生物措施(植被类型)要与自然带相适应,应根据植被恢复度和植被生态需水适应性系数来进行宏观植被的恢复与实施。这是目前在不断增长的人口压力下,进行水土保持,解决好经济发展与环境保护、减少垦殖率与保证老百姓的基本农田、造林种草与植被类型的自然适应性、以及控制泥沙作用中生物措施与工程措施合理布局等诸多矛盾的关键所在。 相似文献
4.
采用定性分析和定量计算、微观机理研究和宏观分析相结合的方法,对影响淤地坝建设的地理要素进行筛选,重点分析了沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度对小流域淤地坝建设,主要是对淤地坝空间布局的影响;以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究对象,根据研究区域45个县(旗、市)的沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度和淤地坝密度的基础数据,从地理学角度系统分析它们和研究区域淤地坝密度的关系,研究影响该区域淤地坝建设及布局的主要地理要素。结果表明,在黄河中游多沙粗沙区,影响淤地坝建设最主要的地理要素是农业人口密度,即人类活动的剧烈程度和淤地坝密度之间存在着直接的关系,分析结果为黄河中游多沙粗沙区淤地坝建设提供了科学依据。 相似文献
5.
黄河中游悬移质泥沙粒径与流域环境的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究区，在流域泥沙粒径、降雨、地面物质组成、地面形态、植被和高含沙水流等资料采集的基础上，采用“环境要素法”和多元回归分析来阐明泥沙粒径空间分异的机理。研究表明，随降雨不均匀系数的减小，断面最大含沙量的减小，流域内黄土覆盖面积的增大，以及植被盖度的增大和沟谷密度的减小，悬移质泥沙粒径趋于变细，反之，趋于变粗。其中，流域地面物质对泥沙粒径组成起最重要的控制作用，其次是植被，高含沙水流、沟谷密度和降雨影响作用相对较小。 相似文献
6.
基于16 d合成MODIS NDVI数据提取的时间序列植被覆盖度数据,采用一元线性回归趋势分析,对黄土高原2000-2008年植被覆盖度的时空变化及其地形分异、土地利用/覆被变化的影响进行了定量分析。结果表明：（1）研究时段黄土高原植被覆盖度整体呈快速上升趋势,局部下降;（2）黄土高原植被覆盖度变化存在明显的地形分异,陡坡等植被恢复、重建和保育的主要区域植被覆盖度增速显著;（3）土地利用/覆被变化对植被覆盖度的增加影响突出,土地利用/覆被类型变更区植被覆盖度增速显著高于未变化区域,退耕还林还草区增速尤其突出;（4）土地利用/覆被类型未变化区域植被覆盖度总体上也呈增加趋势,但因植被覆盖度水平相对较高,增速明显低于土地利用/覆被类型变化区。上述结果表明,黄土高原植被保育、植被恢复和重建在植被覆盖度提升方面取得了明显成效。 相似文献
7.
黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化原因分析 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
本文通过黄河中游多沙粗沙区２１条面积逾１０００ｋｍ＾２的独流入黄支流的实测资料,分别建立了精度较高的降水,径流,输沙统计模型,并对水沙变化数量进行了计算分析,揭示了气候波动和人为原因对水沙变化影响的相对权重。 相似文献
8.
黄河中游大尺度植被冠层截留降水模拟与分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
大尺度植被冠层截留降水定量模拟与分析是揭示气候变化和人类活动综合作用下区域水沙变化机制的重要研究内容。以黄河中游河口镇—潼关区间为研究区,耦合遥感等空间数据与植被冠层截留估算模型,利用地面监测站点降水数据、GLASS叶面积指数遥感数据和地理信息空间分析技术,定量模拟和分析了黄河中游20 世纪80 年代以来3 个典型年份的地表植被冠层截留降水及其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 20 世纪80 年代以来,特别是20 世纪末实施的生态修复政策,使得黄河中游叶面积指数显著提高,植被覆盖明显改善;（2） 20 世纪80 年代以来,黄河中游植被冠层截留降水发生了明显变化,1984 年、1995 年和2010 年研究区植被冠层截留降水量区域年平均值分别为19.57 mm、13.66 mm和22.68 mm,截留率分别为3.24%、3.32%和4.92%;（3） 黄河中游植被冠层截留降水特征及其变化受降水特征和地表植被状况共同影响,其中,降水量是决定植被冠层截留降水特征的控制性因素,而叶面积指数年际变化是影响植被冠层截留降水特征变化的主要因素。 相似文献
9.
污泥沙障对流动沙区植被恢复的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用城市生活污水处理厂脱水污泥制成成本低、吸水保湿性强和环境友好的污泥方格沙障、沙面上污泥平板沙障和沙面下污泥平板沙障,用于帮助恢复生态极端恶劣的流动沙区植被。调查撒播黄蒿（Artemisia scopara ）种子后试验区沙丘植物的种类、覆盖度、生长状况等植被恢复指标。结果表明：污泥沙障处理下,人工播种的黄蒿、天然的沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum ）盖度、高度（除沙米）和生物量均显著高于裸沙区（对照）（p <0.05）,雾滨藜（Bassia dasyphylla ）、碱蓬（Suaeda glauca ）和猪毛菜（Salsola ollina ）的盖度、高度、多度、生物量（除雾滨藜）均高于对照;污泥方格沙障区的植物物种丰富度最高,沙面上污泥平板沙障区次之,沙面下污泥平板沙障及对照区较小;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数均为污泥方格沙障>沙面上污泥平板沙障>沙面下污泥平板沙障>对照;Pielou均匀度指数为污泥方格沙障>沙面下污泥平板沙障>沙面上污泥平板沙障>对照。综合考虑混合污泥成本、用量、植被恢复效果等诸因素,我们推荐采取污泥方格沙障治沙措施,使其在沙地植被恢复工作中发挥作用。 相似文献
10.
黄河中游地区生态环境脆弱,易受到严重的洪旱灾害威胁。近年来,在大规模梯田建设和植被恢复工程等人类活动影响下,黄河中游水土流失治理水平稳步提高,发挥了消洪抗旱减灾的作用。但与此同时,黄河中游植被建设导致土壤干层加剧、产流产沙下降,增加了干旱风险;城市扩张也导致城市化地区孕灾环境剧变,暴雨洪水风险增加。目前针对变化环境下流域水文—泥沙—植被协同演变机理的认识还不够清楚,需要充分考虑工程扰动后流域水文—泥沙—植被重新建立新平衡的过程,科学评估大规模梯田建设、植被恢复工程和城市扩张等人类活动对洪旱灾害风险的影响,发展变化环境下黄河中游智慧化生态水文模型,预估大规模人类活动对洪旱灾害的长期后继影响,为黄河中游生态建设与水利工程协调发展有效防范化解洪旱灾害风险提供科技支撑。 相似文献
11.
黄河头道拐—潼关区间植被恢复及其对水沙过程影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄河头道拐—潼关区间是黄河泥沙的主要来源区,也是中国植被恢复最快的地区。植被的快速恢复对径流和输沙过程产生了深远影响。本文基于250 m分辨率的归一化植被指数数据（MOD13Q1 NDVI）,使用统计分析和趋势分析技术,分析了头道拐—潼关区间不同景观单元植被恢复特点、影响因素以及其对水沙过程的影响,并对头道拐—潼关区间植被未来发展趋势进行了预测。研究结果显示：头道拐—潼关区间82.87%区域的植被呈显著增加趋势（p < 0.05）,且植被恢复速度最快的区域为半湿润的黄土丘陵沟壑区,坡度和降水量在不同景观单元下对植被恢复的影响不同。随着降水量的增加,头道拐—潼关区间NDVI和年降水量的相关性降低。在植被恢复背景下,黄河中游主要河流径流的主要影响因素仍然是降水量,输沙量同时受到降水量和植被恢复的影响,含沙量与NDVI呈现出较强的负相关关系,而与降水量的相关性较弱。随着植被覆盖度的增加,流域土壤侵蚀量降低,河流输沙量也呈降低趋势,土壤侵蚀量对河流输沙量的贡献率变化于39%~88%之间。基于植被恢复潜力和恢复速度,本文预测头道拐—潼关区间2020年、2030年、2040年以及2050年的NDVI平均值将分别达到0.68、0.75、0.79以及0.80。 相似文献
12.
Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated. 相似文献
13.
Ya Luo Shengtian Yang Changsen Zhao Xiaoyan Liu Changming Liu Linna Wu Haigen Zhao Yichi Zhang 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
14.
LUO Ya YANG Shengtian ZHAO Changsen LIU Xiaoyan LIU Changming WU Linna ZHAO Haigen ZHANG Yichi 《地理学报》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57% of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including (a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, (b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, (c) farmland to other woodland, and (d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
15.
拉萨地区土地利用变化 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
根据1990年、1995年和2000年3期西藏拉萨地区土地利用现状调查数据,利用GIS空间分析方法,系统地分析了1990年至2000年间拉萨地区的土地利用时空变化特征。得出: ① 10年来拉萨地区的土地利用类型转变主要发生在人类活动比较集中的城镇附近和河谷地区,很多地段的天然植被由人工植被所取代,植被覆盖度和生物产量明显提高,有效地改善了这些区域的土地覆盖状况,这些变化是这一期间实施的农业综合开发中旨在改变区域生态环境的人工植树造林和改良草场等人为有目的地改变土地利用类型的直接结果;② 10年内面积增幅最大的是林地,增加了2.56%;③ 土地利用类型变化最广泛的是牧草地,由牧草地变成耕地、园地、林地、居民点及水域的,其中牧草地变成林地的面积最大,占变化面积的94.09%;④ 耕地变成林地的面积占耕地移出总量的54.86%,变成居民点的占移出面积的38.25%;⑤ 水域变成林地的面积占变化面积的93.13%。 相似文献
16.
土地覆被对黄河中游流域泥沙产生的影响 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15
本在黄河中游地区选择了近60个水测站流域，流域面积从500～2500km^2，分别代表6种不同自然地理类型。运用遥感方法和专题地图，结合野外实地调查，在流域泥沙及植被、地面物质等数据采集的基础上，利用数理统计方法，建立了流域产沙量与植被、地面物质之间的定量关系。结果表明，植被和地面物质对流域产沙量有着十分重要的影响。流域产沙量与植被之间呈现相当好的非线性负相关关系，而与地面物质呈明显的线性正相关关系。流域产沙量随植被变化存在着二个临界值，一是当流域植被覆盖度等于30％时，另一是当植被覆盖度等于70％时。这一现象以往只是在试验小区或试验流域见到，而本的研究表明，类似的现象在天然河流流域也存在。多元回归表明，在影响流域产沙量诸因素中，植被的影响是最重要的，其次是地面物质。 相似文献
17.
选取2000—2018年MODIS-NDVI数据，采用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、变异系数法、Hurst指数、偏相关分析及残差分析等方法，分析塔里木河流域植被覆盖时空格局及气候因子和人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1) 塔里木河流域植被覆盖总体呈明显增加趋势，以2008年为转折存在明显阶段变化。(2) 植被分布存在明显地域差异，“北高南低，西高东低”，植被覆盖高区分布于山体多的地带、绿洲及绿洲荒漠交错带。(3) 全区植被覆盖趋势以基本不变居多。山体等植被覆盖高区，植被活动响应显著。全区大部分区域将保持现有的稳定趋势。(4) 气温和降水量对[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]的综合影响从东北向西南逐渐增强，且降水量对NDVI的影响更为明显。人类活动对植被变化产生积极影响的区域主要分布于绿洲、绿洲荒漠过渡带以及塔里木河下游附近。 相似文献
18.
Dams are well known for influencing channel and vegetation dynamics downstream, but little work has focused on distinguishing effects of land use and channel responses to the impoundment. In this paper, we examined interacting effects of a dam and land use on downstream changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation along an agricultural stream system in northern California. Measurements of planform channel morphology, vegetation area, and land use were mapped along multiple stream segments based on a chronological sequence of historical aerial photographs over a 34-yr period prior to operation of the dam in 1983 and over a 17-yr period after dam operation, and compared to a nearby, undammed reference stream. A two-factor analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effect of the dam on changes in bankfull area, stream length, and riparian vegetation area while accounting for the effect of land use and distance downstream. The dammed stream's bankfull area contracted 94% after dam operation. Prior to dam operation, bankfull area decreased when land use area increased, but not after operation of the dam. Stream length varied 64% less after dam operation as a consequence of less frequent episodic channel migration and entrenchment. The area of riparian vegetation was decreasing during the pre-dam period, but then increased 72% after operation of the dam. Across time periods, decreases in the area of riparian vegetation were also associated with increases in land use area in both the dammed and reference stream. After operation of the dam, reduced peak discharges and sediment reduction likely lead to channel incision and constrained channel migration, which allowed vegetation to increase 50% on less accessible, abandoned banks. Rating curve and hydraulic exponent analyses based on stream gauge measurements corroborate statistical analyses of the mapped changes. In conclusion, we found that operation of the dam and land use patterns together influenced spatial and temporal changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Use of a nearby undammed reference stream in conjunction with multivariable analysis of spatially and temporally replicated observations provided an effective framework for unraveling interacting effects of dams and land use activities on stream channel and vegetation dynamics. 相似文献