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1.
趋磁细菌是一类特殊的微生物,它们在体内合成有生物膜包裹、粒度均一(35 ～ 120 nm)、结晶程度高、晶形特殊、呈链状排列的磁小体,其化学成分主要是磁铁矿( Fe3O4)或胶黄铁矿(Fe3S4),因此,它们能沿地磁场磁力线定向游弋.研究表明,趋磁细菌广泛分布在淡水和海洋环境中,细胞数量可达105～ 107个/ml,其多样性和地理分布与环境有密切关系.磁小体在趋磁细菌死后可以保存在沉积物中,化石磁小体对沉积物磁学性质有重要贡献,而且趋磁细菌活动在全球铁元素循环和维持生态系统功能等方面发挥重要作用.本文综述了近年来趋磁细菌多样性、地理分布格局、环境磁学以及古环境重建等方面的研究进展.值得指出的是,化石磁小体可作为重构古环境的生物标志物,应予以重视.  相似文献   

2.
对西安郊区未央湖趋磁细菌的生物多样性和磁学性质进行了系统研究.光学和透射电子显微镜分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要为杆菌,它们的磁小体多为子弹头形状并呈链状排列;磁学分析表明这些磁小体颗粒以单畴磁铁矿为主;并发现一类同时含有磁铁矿和胶黄铁矿磁小体的趋磁杆菌.基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要分布在变形菌门的δ-变形菌纲(75％)和α-变形菌纲(25％).本研究结果还有助于为利用趋磁细菌群落指示环境变化提供依据.  相似文献   

3.
黄土剖面中趋磁细菌及其磁小体的初步研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
李荣森  贾蓉芬 《地球化学》1996,25(3):251-254
从中国西安市附近段家坡黄土剖面分离到微好氧性的趋磁细菌，经透射电子显微镜Ｈ－７０００ＦＡ和Ｈ－６００ＳＥＭ／ＥＤＡＸ－ＰＶ９１００型分析，黄土层（Ｌ１）中仅发现弧形菌，数量少，每个菌体含２个磁小体；古土壤层（Ｓ０和Ｓｉ）含有大量杆状菌，每个菌体有１５个以上的磁小体，沿细菌长轴呈两排链状排列，且具有向南磁极游动的习性，Ｘ射线能谱分析表明，磁小体中具有高丰度的Ｆｅ和Ｃｏ。趋磁细菌中磁小体的数量在古土壤  相似文献   

4.
中国黄土剖面趋磁细菌的组成特征与生态意义   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文
选择中国的黄土-古土壤序列的超磁细菌作为研究对象，以透射电镜、扫描电镜、生化实验和有机地球化学方法先后研究了从黄土地区陕西段家坡、甘肃西峰以及陕西洛川富集的趋磁细菌，结果表明，虽然趋磁细菌在黄土和古土壤层的形态有所差异，但它们均由细胞膜、细胞质和沿长轴排列的磁小体与气泡组成，在适宜的条件下它能生长出较多的磁小体。磁小体由氧化铁组成，并可从体内排出，使环境中部分Fe^2 转变为Fe^3 ，促使地层磁化率增高，尤其在古土壤层段，中国黄土剖面中趋磁细菌的产量是地表温度、湿度、pH、铁含量的函数，与湖沼中的趋磁菌相比，它在菌体形态、磁小体的数量与排列方式上有很大差距，因而中国西北黄土地区的趋磁细菌是典型的生态物种。  相似文献   

5.
起源于地核的地磁场保护地表的生物圈、水圈和大气圈.许多生物能够利用地磁场进行定向和迁徙,称为生物感磁或生物趋磁性.趋磁细菌是一类能够进行趋磁运动的微生物,它们在细胞内矿化合成纳米尺寸、粒度均一、结晶良好、化学纯度高的Fe3O4或Fe3S4成分的磁小体颗粒,不仅是研究生物趋磁性起源、演化和机制的模式生物类群,也是地质微生物、生物地磁学和生物矿化的重要研究对象.从趋磁细菌的群落多样性和地理分布研究出发,在介绍新技术和新方法的基础上,着重论述这类微生物的趋磁性起源、磁小体生物矿化机理及其地质环境功能等,并对未来的研究和突破方向做了展望.  相似文献   

6.
趋磁细菌依靠其体内生物合成的磁小体颗粒沿地球磁场定向排列和游动,称为趋磁性。沿磁场的定向排列被认为可以使磁菌更有效地到达最佳生存环境,即趋磁性对磁菌的优势所在。目前对趋磁性优势的研究大多数集中在水环境或培养液环境下,而对于自然沉积物中趋磁性优势的理解还停留在假说阶段。越来越多的研究显示,磁菌在沉积物中的行为方式与水环境中所观测到的现象差别很大,因此,对趋磁性优势的研究也需要在沉积物环境中进行。本文我们通过对比在地磁场、近零磁场和反转磁场条件下两种磁菌:球菌和杆菌(Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum)的时空变化,揭示在沉积物中趋磁性对趋磁细菌的作用。结果显示趋磁性对两种磁菌存在不同的作用,M.bavaricum在近零磁场条件下数量明显下降而在地磁场下又重新恢复,说明趋磁性优势对M.bavaricum的积极作用,然而球菌在近零磁磁场条件下的数量和分布与地磁场条件下相似,可能说明球菌在利用趋化性和行为方式上与M.bavaricum有很大不同。M.bavaricum在反转磁场条件下数量减少,而球菌则接近消失,说明球菌受极向趋磁性的影响比M.bavaricum大。两种磁菌因受沉积物环境和自身趋化性的影响在趋磁性上表现不同,可能M.bavaricum存在不同的趋磁性特点。本文实验结果说明对趋磁性的理解需要立足于复杂的沉积物环境。  相似文献   

7.
趋磁细菌和磁小体在地质体中的分布及其研究意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
本文介绍了趋磁细菌的生长条件和磁小体的合成条件,趋磁细菌与磁小体在地质体中的分布及其特征。讨论了磁小体对沉积物磁性的影响,并指出沉积物中的磁小体不仅可为研究古环境,古地磁提供有意义的信息,而且由于磁小体在成分,形态,大小等方面的特征,有望在生物医学,高级电子等领域有较好的应用前景。  相似文献   

8.
生物矿物材料及仿生材料工程   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
张刚生 《矿产与地质》2002,16(2):98-102
生物通过有机模板的作用，使无机晶体的结晶成核、形貌和晶体学定向受到严格的控制，从而形成性能优异的有机－无机复合材料（如骨和珍珠层）或纳米晶体材料（如趋磁细菌中的磁小体）等。通过对生物矿化的研究，认识到有机分子可以改变无机晶休的生长形貌和结构，因而提供了强大的工具用来设计和制造新的材料。目前已成功仿生合成了纳米晶体材料、仿生薄膜及薄膜涂层材料、中孔分子筛材料等。  相似文献   

9.
广东湛江泥炭层中趋磁细菌的发现   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
在研究黄土剖面中有机物质（含微生物）与黄土层磁化率关系时,发现黄土层,特别是所夹古土壤层中存在含磁小体的趋磁细菌,古土壤层中趋磁细菌及磁小体含量均高于相邻的黄土层。磁小体形成和铁源关系测试结果揭示了趋磁细菌的生长与有机盐有关,较低浓度的有机铁更有利于趋磁细菌的生长和磁小体的形成。从某种意义上说有机盐反映地面有机质含量,从而表明大量磁小体形成不是在古土壤最发育时期,也不是在快速黄土堆积时期,而是在气候转变的特定环境,即经过古土壤发育期的长期风化侵蚀,粘土矿物含量增高,与上覆的黄土堆积物组合成微氧环…  相似文献   

10.
趋磁细菌是一类在细胞内合成磁铁矿(Fe_3O_4)或胶黄铁矿(Fe_3S_4)磁小体的微生物,广泛分布在水环境和沉积环境,在铁、硫、碳、氮、磷等元素的生物地球化学循环中发挥重要作用.趋磁细菌培养条件苛刻,目前对环境趋磁细菌的多样性和生理代谢特征等还有待系统深入的研究.本研究综合利用电子显微镜、能谱分析和分子生态学等技术方法,对北京地区莲花池沉积物中趋磁细菌的形态多样性、细胞元素分布特征和系统发育多样性等进行了系统分析.光学显微镜观察和电子显微镜分析显示莲花池中存在大量趋磁细菌(～10~3～10~4细胞/mL),从形态上主要分为球形和弧形两种,在细胞内富含铁、硫、镁等元素.基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育研究共发现了7个新类群,分别属于(Proteobacteria)中的α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲,其中属于α-变形菌纲的5个类群与已知趋磁细菌序列最相似(≥91%).本研究结果有助于更好地认识自然界趋磁细菌的群落多样性和地质环境功能.  相似文献   

11.
The oriented chains of nanoscale Fe-oxide particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria are a striking example of biomineralization. Several distinguishing features of magnetite particles that comprise bacterial magnetosomes have been proposed to collectively constitute a biosignature of magnetotactic bacteria (Thomas-Keprta et al., 2001). These features include high crystallinity, chemical purity, a single-domain magnetic structure, well-defined crystal morphology, and arrangement of particles in chain structures. Here, we show that magnetite derived from the inorganic breakdown of nanocrystalline goethite exhibits magnetic properties and morphologies remarkably similar to those of biogenic magnetite from magnetosomes. During heating in reducing conditions, oriented nanogoethite aggregates undergo dehydroxylation and transform into stoichiometric magnetite. We demonstrate that highly crystalline single-domain magnetite with euhedral grain morphologies produced abiogenically from goethite meets several of the biogenicity criteria commonly used for the identi?cation of magnetofossils. Furthermore, the suboxic conditions necessary for magnetofossil preservation in sediments are conducive to the reductive alteration of nanogoethite, as well as the preservation of detrital magnetite originally formed from goethite. The findings of this study have potential implications for the identification of biogenic magnetite, particularly in older sediments where diagenesis commonly disrupts the chain structure of magnetosomes. Our results indicate that isolated magnetofossils cannot be positively distinguished from inorganic magnetite on the basis of their magnetic properties and morphology, and that intact chain structures remain the only reliable distinguishing feature of fossil magnetosomes.  相似文献   

12.
Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have analyzed magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals acid-extracted from carbonate globules in Martian meteorite ALH84001. We studied 594 magnetites from ALH84001 and grouped them into three populations on the basis of morphology: 389 were irregularly shaped, 164 were elongated prisms, and 41 were whisker-like. As a possible terrestrial analog for the ALH84001 elongated prisms, we compared these magnetites with those produced by the terrestrial magnetotactic bacteria strain MV-1. By TEM again, we examined 206 magnetites recovered from strain MV-1 cells. Natural (Darwinian) selection in terrestrial magnetotactic bacteria appears to have resulted in the formation of intracellular magnetite crystals having the physical and chemical properties that optimize their magnetic moment. In this study, we describe six properties of magnetite produced by biologically controlled mechanisms (e.g., magnetotactic bacteria), properties that, collectively, are not observed in any known population of inorganic magnetites. These criteria can be used to distinguish one of the modes of origin for magnetites from samples with complex or unknown histories. Of the ALH84001 magnetites that we have examined, the elongated prismatic magnetite particles (similar to 27% of the total) are indistinguishable from the MV-1 magnetites in five of these six characteristics observed for biogenically controlled mineralization of magnetite crystals.  相似文献   

13.
钛磁铁矿内部尖晶石出溶体的成分组成和形成机制对估算磁铁矿固溶体的成分以计算铁钛氧化物的氧逸度-温度具有重要意义.为了探究攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿中尖晶石的成因及形成机制,运用岩相观察和各种微区原位观测手段,系统研究了各类尖晶石的矿物学特征.尖晶石的粒度在纳微米之间,有3种类型:第1种为钛磁铁矿晶界处不规则的大颗粒尖晶石,Mg#为60~70;第2种为钛磁铁矿颗粒内部的粒状尖晶石,Mg#为71~77;第3种为沿钛磁铁矿（100）方向定向分布的尖晶石片晶,Mg#为75~77.3类尖晶石分别与磁铁矿主晶具有相同的取向关系:{111}Mag//{111}Spl,{110}Mag//{110}Spl和{100}Mag//{100}Spl.3类尖晶石均是磁铁矿主晶的出溶体,钛磁铁矿晶界处及其内部的粒状尖晶石的形成与某些晶体缺陷关系密切,是在降温过程中较早出溶的产物,尖晶石片晶在两者之后以旋节分解出溶形成.   相似文献   

14.
Magnetic properties were studied in bottom sediments of saline meromictic Shira Lake by the methods of static magnetometry and resonance Mössbauer spectroscopy for the first time. All layers of bottom sediments contain nanosized single-domain magnetite particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria. The concentration of magnetite in bottom sediments decreased with depth, reaching a local minimum in the layer corresponding to the minimal level of the lake observed in 1910–1930. It is demonstrated that biogenic magnetite may indicate climate-related changes in the level of Shira Lake, in addition to the other biological and geochemical characteristics.  相似文献   

15.
Deformed rocks of the Itabira Iron Formation (itabirites) in Brazil show microstructural evidence of pressure solution of quartz and iron oxides; it appears that magnetite was dissolved and hematite precipitated. The dissolution of magnetite seems to be related to its transformation to hematite by oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. The transformation of magnetite to hematite occurs along {111} planes, and results in the development of hematite domains along {111} that are parallel to the foliation. The difference in volume created by the transformation of magnetite to hematite and the shear stress acting on the interphase boundaries allow fluids to migrate along these planes. The dissolution of magnetite involves the hydrolyzation of the Fe2+—O bonds at interphase boundaries of high normal stress. The high fugacity of oxygen in the fluid phase promotes the reaction of Fe2+ (in solution) with oxygen. Fe2+ ions oxidize to Fe3+ and precipitate as hematite platelets with their longest axes oriented parallel to the direction of maximum stretching. The transformation of magnetite to hematite during deformation plays an important role in the fabric evolution of the iron formation rocks. The transformation along {111} creates planes of weakness that facilitate fracturing. The fracturing plus the dissolution result in a reduction of magnetite grain size, and the oriented precipitation results in layers of hematite platelets. These processes produce a new fabric characterized by a penetrative foliation and lineation.  相似文献   

16.
This study presents accurate and precise iron isotopic data for 16 co-magmatic rocks and 6 pyroxene–magnetite pairs from the classic, tholeiitic Red Hill sill in southern Tasmania. The intrusion exhibits a vertical continuum of compositions created by in situ fractional crystallisation of a single injection of magma in a closed igneous system and, as such, constitutes a natural laboratory amenable to determining the causes of Fe isotope fractionation in magmatic rocks. Early fractionation of pyroxenes and plagioclase, under conditions closed to oxygen exchange, gives rise to an iron enrichment trend and an increase in $ f_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $ of the melt relative to the Fayalite–Magnetite–Quartz (FMQ) buffer. Enrichment in Fe3+/ΣFemelt is mirrored by δ57Fe, where VIFe2+-bearing pyroxenes partition 57Fe-depleted iron, defining an equilibrium pyroxene-melt fractionation factor of $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{px}} - {\text{melt}}}} \le - 0.25\,\permille \times 10^{6} /T^{2} $ . Upon magnetite saturation, the $ f_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $ and δ57Fe of the melt fall, commensurate with the sequestration of the oxidised, 57Fe-enriched iron into magnetite, quantified as $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{mtn}} - {\text{melt}}}} = + 0.20\,\permille \times 10^{6} /T^{2} $ . Pyroxene–magnetite pairs reveal an equilibrium fractionation factor of $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{mtn}} - {\text{px}}}} \approx + 0.30\,\permille $ at 900–1,000?°C. Iron isotopes in differentiated magmas suggest that they may act as an indicator of their oxidation state and tectonic setting.  相似文献   

17.
Magnetotactic bacteria, which most commonly live within the oxic-anoxic transition zone (OATZ) of aquatic environments, produce intracellular crystals of magnetic minerals, specifically magnetite or greigite. The crystals cause the bacteria to orient themselves passively with respect to the geomagnetic field and thereby facilitate the bacteria's search for optimal conditions within the sharp chemical gradients of the OATZ. The bacteria may also gain energy from the redox cycling of their crystals.Because magnetotactic bacteria benefit from their magnetic moments, natural selection has promoted the development of traits that increase the efficiency with which the intracellular crystals impart magnetic moments to cells. These traits also allow crystals produced by magnetotactic bacteria (called magnetofossils when preserved in sediments) to be distinguished from abiogenic particles and particles produced as extracellular byproducts of bacterial metabolism. Magnetofossils are recognizable based on their narrow size and shape distributions, distinctive morphologies with blunt crystal edges, chain arrangement, chemical purity, and crystallographic perfection. This article presents a scheme for rating magnetofossil robustness based on these traits.The magnetofossil record extends robustly to the Cretaceous and with lesser certainty to the late Archean. Because magnetotactic bacteria predominantly live in the OATZ, the abundance and character of their fossils can reflect environmental changes that alter the chemical stratification of sediments and the water column. The magnetofossil record therefore provides an underutilized archive of paleoenvironmental information. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between magnetofossil abundance and glacial/interglacial cycles, likely mediated by changes in pore water oxygen levels. More speculatively, a better-developed magnetofossil record might provide constraints on the long-term evolution of marine redox stratification.More work in modern and ancient settings is necessary to explicate the mechanisms linking the abundance and character of magnetofossils to ancient biogeochemistry.  相似文献   

18.
Design and application of the method for isolating magnetotactic bacteria   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A simple apparatus was designed to effectively isolate magnetotactic bacteria from soils or sediments based on their magnetotaxis. Through a series of processes including sample incubation, MTB harvesting, isolation, purification and identification, several strains of bacteria were isolated from the samples successfully. By Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA), these bacteria were certificated to be magnetotactic bacteria. The phylogenetic relationship between the isolated magnetic strains and some known magnetotactic bacteria was inferred by the construction of phylogenetic tree based on 16SrDNA sequences. This apparatus has been proven to have the advantages of being inexpensive, simple to assemble, easy to perform and highly efficient to isolate novel magnetotactic bacteria. The research indicated that the combined approach of harvesting MTB by home-made apparatus and the method of plate colony isolation could purify and isolate magnetotactic bacteria effectively.  相似文献   

19.
Five Cu–Au epidote skarns are associated with the Mt. Shea intrusive complex, located in the 2.7–2.6 Ga Eastern Goldfields Province of the Archean Yilgarn craton, in greenstones bounded by the Boulder Lefroy and Golden Mile strike-slip faults, which control the Golden Mile (1,435 t Au) at Kalgoorlie and smaller “orogenic” gold deposits at Kambalda. The Cu–Au deposits studied are oxidized endoskarns replacing faulted and fractured quartz monzodiorite–granodiorite. The orebodies are up to 140 m long and 40 m thick. Typical grades are 0.5% Cu and 0.3 g/t Au although parts are richer in gold (1.5–4.5 g/t). At the Hannan South mine, the skarns consist of epidote, calcite, chlorite, magnetite (5–15%), and minor quartz, muscovite, and microcline. Gangue and magnetite are in equilibrium contact with pyrite and chalcopyrite. The As–Co–Ni-bearing pyrite contains inclusions of hematite, gold, and electrum and is intergrown with cobaltite and Cu–Pb–Bi sulfides. At the Shea prospect, massive, net-textured, and breccia skarns are composed of multistage epidote, actinolite, albite, magnetite (5%), and minor biotite, calcite, and quartz. Gangue and magnetite are in equilibrium with Co–Ni pyrite and chalcopyrite. Mineral-pair thermometry, mass-balance calculations, and stable-isotope data (pyrite δ34SCDT = 2.5‰, calcite δ13CPDB = −5.3‰, and δ18OSMOW = 12.9‰) indicate that the Cu–Au skarns formed at 500 ± 50°C by intense Ca–Fe–CO2–S metasomatism from fluids marked by an igneous isotope signature. The Mt. Shea stock–dike–sill complex postdates the regional D1 folding and metamorphism and the main phase of D2 strike-slip faulting. The suite is calc-akaline and comprises hornblende–plagioclase monzodiorite, quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, and quartz–plagioclase tonalite porphyry. The intrusions display a wide range in silica content (53–73 wt% SiO2), in ratio (0.37–0.89), and in ratio (0.02–0.31). Chromium (62–345 ppm), Ni (23–158), Sr (311–1361 ppm), and Ba (250–2,581 ppm) contents are high, Sr/Y ratios are high (24–278, mostly >50), and the rare earth element patterns are fractionated . These features and a negative niobium anomaly relative to the normal mid-ocean ridge basalt indicate that the suite formed by hornblende fractionation from a subduction-related monzodiorite magma sourced from metasomatized peridotite in the upper mantle. The magnesian composition of many intrusions was enhanced due to hornblende crystallization under oxidizing hydrous conditions and during the subsequent destruction of igneous magnetite by subsolidus actinolite–albite alteration. At the Shea prospect, main-stage Cu–Au epidote skarn is cut by biotite–albite–dolomite schist and by red biotite–albite replacement bands. Post-skarn alteration includes 20-m-thick zones of sericite–chlorite–ankerite schist confined to two D3 reverse faults. The schists are mineralized with magnetite + pyrite + chalcopyrite (up to 0.62% Cu, 1.6 g/t Au) and are linked to skarn formation by shared Ca–Fe–CO2 metasomatism. Red sericitic alteration, marked by magnetite + hematite + pyrite, occurs in fractured porphyry. The biotite/sericite alteration and oxidized ore assemblages at the Shea prospect are mineralogically identical to magnetite–hematite-bearing gold lodes at Kambalda and in the Golden Mile. Published fluid inclusion data suggest that a “high-pressure”, oxidized magmatic fluid (2–9 wt% NaCl equivalent, , 200–400 MPa) was responsible for gold mineralization in structural sites of the Boulder Lefroy and Golden Mile faults. The sericite–alkerite lodes in the Golden Mile share the assemblages pyrite + tennantite + chalcopyrite and bornite + pyrite, and accessory high-sulfidation enargite with late-stage sericitic alteration zones developed above porphyry copper deposits.  相似文献   

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