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1.
Cajus G. Diedrich 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(15-16):1883-1906
Bone remains and a trackway of Pantheraichnus bottropensis nov. ichg. ichnsp. of the Late Pleistocene lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) have been recovered from Bottrop and other open air sites in northern Germany. Some of these bones are from open air hyena den sites. A relative high proportion of lion bones (20%) exhibit bite, chew or nibble marks, or bone crushing and nibbling caused by a large carnivore. Repeated patterns of similar bone damage have been compared to bone remains found at hyena dens in gypsum karst areas and cave sites in northern Germany. Ice Age spotted hyenas have been the main antagonists and the main scavengers on lion carcasses. The remains appear to have been imported often by hyenas into their communal dens, supporting the theory of strong hyena-lion antagonism, similar to the well documented antagonism between modern African lions and spotted hyenas. Most of the lion bones from the open air hyena den at Bottrop are probably a result of such antagonism, as are the rare remains of these carnivores found within large hyena prey bone accumulations along the Pleistocene rivers. The Emscher River terrace also has the largest quantity of hyena remains from open air river terrace sites in northern Germany. Their cub remains, and incomplete chewed prey bones from mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses, typical of hyena activity, underline the character of these sites as cub-raising and communal dens, where their prey was accumulated along the riverbanks in a similar manner to modern African hyenas. 相似文献
2.
Richard G. Klein 《Quaternary Research》1975,5(2):275-288
The relative frequencies of different skeletal elements within the bone assemblage recovered from a late Pleistocene fissure fill at Swartklip (South-Western Cape Province, South Africa) are shown to resemble those in the assemblage from the Transvaal australopithecine site of Makapansgat. Since there is evidence that carnivores, probably hyenas, accumulated the bones at Swartklip, it follows that carnivores, rather than hominids, may have accumulated the bones at Makapansgat. 相似文献
3.
Upper Pleistocene remains of the Ice Age steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) have been found in the Perick Caves, Sauerland Karst, NW Germany. Bones from many hyenas and their imported prey dating from the Lower to Middle Weichselian have also been recovered from the Perick Cave hyena den. These are commonly cracked or exhibit deep chew marks. The absence of lion cub bones, in contrast to hyena and cave bear cub remains in the Perick Caves, and other caves of northern Germany, excludes the possibility that P. leo spelaea used the cave for raising cubs. Only in the Wilhelms Cave was a single skeleton of a cub found in a hyena den. Evidence of the chewing, nibbling and cracking of lion bones and crania must have resulted from the importation and destruction of lion carcasses (4% of the prey fauna). Similar evidence was preserved at other hyena den caves and open air sites in Germany. The bone material from the Perick and other Central European caves points to antagonistic hyena and lion conflicts, similar to clashes of their modern African relatives. 相似文献
4.
《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2019,130(6):719-740
The Cape south coast of South Africa boasts one of the richest Middle Stone Age (MSA) archaeological records in the world. Here coastal caves and rock shelters contain well-documented archives of early humans, including early evidence of human adornment and jewelry, rock engraving and rock paSabstextinting. It has been suggested that palaeoenvironmental conditions in the area were critical to the survival of the human species. Humans travelled over dune surfaces, interdune areas and beaches during this period. These are now preserved as palaeosurfaces in aeolianites and cemented foreshore deposits, through which the ancient landscapes can be interpreted. Such contemporary sand surfaces may have formed potential canvases on which foraging behaviour or the creation of patterns or symbols could have been recorded. We question whether MSA humans left evidence of their presence other than their footprints when moving over these surfaces, and if so, whether such evidence can be discerned and interpreted today, as a hominin signature preserved in exposures of aeolianite and cemented foreshore deposits. We discuss other agents that could have caused similar patterns, and we consider the merits of eight sites that we have identified on the Cape south coast. In combination they encapsulate the complexity, challenges and potential of such study. We conclude that evidence at some of these sites suggests an anthropic origin, potentially constituting a previously undocumented form of MSA hominin expression and activity. 相似文献
5.
Correlation of volcaniclastic deposits of the Bedded Tuff Member (K4) of the Kapthurin Formation (Kenya) provides the means to assess the nature of archaeological change during the later middle Pleistocene, a time period critical to human evolution but poorly represented at other African localities. Field stratigraphic evidence, and petrographic and electron microprobe geochemical analyses of volcanic glass and phenocrysts, define eight subdivisions of K4 tephra. These include a succession of deposits from a local volcanic source that erupted intermittently, as well as other tuffs likely from different sources outside the Baringo basin. Upper portions of the Bedded Tuff Member date to 235,000 yr. The Bedded Tuff Member is underlain by sediments that include the Grey Tuff, dated to 509,000 ± 9000 yr. The tephrostratigraphic framework defined here is used to place Acheulian and Middle Stone Age (MSA) archaeological sites in chronological order. Results show the persistence of Acheulian large cutting tool manufacture after the advent of points, considered an MSA artifact type. Two assemblages from the site of Koimilot record the appearance at 200,000–250,000 yr of a variety of Levallois flake production methods, an integral if incompletely understood feature of the MSA, here likely derived from local technological antecedents. Combined evidence from the tools and flake production methods suggest an incremental and mosaic pattern of change in hominin adaptive strategies during the Acheulian–MSA transition. 相似文献
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据大量民间收藏的"田黄石"工艺品的检测,按主要组成矿物,其可被分为迪开石型、叶蜡石型、伊利石型、斜绿泥石型等。"萝卜纹"、"格"和"皮"不是确定田黄石的必要条件。对寿山石、田黄石的命名需要与国际接轨,建议使用矿物名称与传统名称相结合的双重命名法。田黄石不只由迪开石和/或珍珠石组成,建议做进一步的相关地质调查和测试研究。 相似文献
8.
老挝北部黄色图章石(又称老挝北部黄料)呈明亮的黄色至褐黄色,多见水波纹状内部纹理,与我国图章石中的田黄外观特征具有一定相似性。本文运用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(LRM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、全铁化学分析等测试方法对其矿物组成、微量元素及产地特征等进行了研究。结果表明,老挝北部黄料的主要组成矿物单一,为无序地开石,杂质矿物包括重晶石、锐钛矿、硬水铝石和赤铁矿等,其中地开石颗粒表面平整,呈板状紧密排列;萝卜纹主要呈枝状、短脉状零星分布在基体中;老挝北部黄料的黄色由Fe~(3+)所致,且颜色深浅与Fe~(3+)含量呈正相关关系,其Cr、Rb、Sr含量低于田黄,Ga含量高于田黄。通过多元统计判别分析法可将老挝北部黄料和田黄进行有效区分,其判别函数对未知样品进行验证的正确率可达92. 9%,且模型的可靠性较高。通过稀土元素配分模式图可以直观区分老挝北部黄料和田黄。 相似文献
9.
ANN FORSTÉN PENTTI ALHONEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1975,4(3):143-155
The occurrence of seals in the Finnish prehistoric fauna and in the Baltic since the end of the last glaciation is discussed on the basis of subfossil remains in refuses at cultural sites, and stray finds. The species represented are the harp ( Phoca groenlandica Müller), the ringed seal ( Phoca hispida Schreb.), and the grey seal ( Halicoerus grypus (Fabr.)), of which the latter two are native in the recent fauna, whereas the former has since become extinct in the Baltic. The earliest seals, which probably immigrated to the Yoldia Sea, were ringed seals, whereas the subfossil harp seals are solely found in sediments of the Litorina Sea stage. 相似文献
10.
Laura C. Bishop Lawrence Barham Peter W. Ditchfield Sarah Elton William E. H. Harcourt‐Smith Peter Dawkins 《第四纪科学杂志》2016,31(3):178-190
This paper describes a large collection of Quaternary fossil fauna from the Luangwa Rift Valley, Zambia. Stone Age artefacts have been recovered from stratified fluvial contexts, but no in situ fossil faunas have yet been recovered. We report on 500 fossil specimens collected from the surface of point bars exposed seasonally along the banks of the main Luangwa River channel. We used non‐destructive X‐ray fluorescence analysis of the fossils' chemical signatures to determine whether they derive from one or many primary contexts, and the relationship between chemical signature and state of preservation. Specimens are identified to taxon (genus) to reconstruct palaeoenvironments and biochronology. A relatively wide range of taxa is identified, including a fossil hominin talus, described here. None of the fossils is positively attributable to extinct species, except a femur of an extinct Theropithecus reported in 2003. Although no additional extinct taxa were identified, some of the remains were attributable to genera that are not currently found in this region. The results suggest that most of the assemblage derives from sediments which are Middle Pleistocene or later, and that past environments in the Luangwa Valley may have differed from the habitat availability found today. 相似文献
11.
Dorthe Pflanz Christoph Gaedicke Ralf Freitag Matthias Krbetschek Nikolay Tsukanov Boris Baranov 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(3):903-916
The tectonic position of the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula at the junction of the active Kuril–Kamchatka and Aleutian arcs exposes the coastline of the peninsula to strong neotectonic activities. Fracture zones have variable influence on uplift of the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula. Relevant morphologic indicators of neotectonic activity are multilevel, highly uplifted marine terraces and terraces displaced along active faults. Recent uplift rates of coastal sediments are determined by remote sensing via ASTER and SRTM DEM combined with optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL). On the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, terraces from the same generation are mapped at different elevations by remote sensing methods. After defining different areas of uplifted terraces, four neotectonic blocks are identified. According to apatite fission track data, the mean differential exhumation rates range from 0.2 to 1.2 mm year?1 across the blocks since Late Miocene. The OSL data presented point to significant higher uplift rates of up to 3 ± 0.5 and 4.3 ± 1 mm year?1, which indicates an acceleration of the vertical movement along the coast of Kamchatka Cape Peninsula in Upper Pleistocene and Holocene times. 相似文献
12.
昌化田黄鸡血石的矿物学特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
昌化田黄鸡血石是近年来发现的田黄新品种。人们根据其外观分为两类:冻地田黄鸡血石和刚地田黄鸡血石。本文运用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱、化学分析等分析手段对浙江玉岩山的昌化田黄鸡血石进行了研究,结果表明,冻地田黄鸡血石以迪开石为主,含有少量的滑石;刚地田黄鸡血石以明矾石为主,含有少量的迪开石、石英、钠长石和滑石。依据田黄的一般概念,笔者认为昌化冻地田黄鸡血石可以称为"田黄鸡血石",而刚地田黄鸡血石只能定义为昌化鸡血石,从矿物学特征上,不能称为田黄。 相似文献
13.
Richard G. Klein 《Quaternary Research》1978,10(1):69-83
The Cutting 10 site at Elandsfontein (Hopefield), southwestern Cape Province, South Africa, is one of only three sites in southern Africa where bones and Acheulean artifacts have been documented together in primary or near primary context and the only such site where the association is in the open air. The Cutting 10 bones belong to a minimum of 15 mammalian species, which together suggest both a mid-Pleistocene age for the site and a vegetational setting in which grasses played a much more important role than they did historically. The absence of evidence for hearths, windbreaks, and other features, the composition of the artifact assemblage, the relatively sparse scatter of bones and artifacts, the relatively high bone to artifact ratio, the species composition of the fauna, and the numbers of different kinds of skeletal elements represented all indicate that the Cutting 10 occurrence was more a butchering site than a campsite. Although people are probably responsible for most of the bones, some of them probably come from animals that were killed by large carnivores or that died naturally. 相似文献
14.
为研究寿山水坑石的矿物成分、内含物、微量元素及产地特征,采用了红外光谱、X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电子显微镜、激光拉曼光谱、LA-CP-MS等测试方法。红外光谱和XRD测试结果显示水坑石的矿物组成以地开石为主,珍珠陶石、叶腊石、伊利石在部分样品中作为次要矿物存在;XRD图谱显示地开石有序度较低。扫描电镜测试结果显示萝卜纹的矿物颗粒比基质部分细小,呈不定向排列;暗色颗粒状内含物以自形与它形两种形态镶嵌于地开石基质中。拉曼光谱测试结果表明萝卜纹的主要矿物成分为硫磷铝锶石,暗色颗粒状内含物为黄铁矿。LA-CP-MS测试结果显示高山石、水坑石、田黄的微量元素含量有区别,使用判别分析建立三者的判别函数,对未知样品的判别正确率估计值为90.8%。水坑石中轻、重稀土元素分馏不明显,轻稀土元素富集程度较低。水坑石的原生成矿环境为还原环境,萝卜纹和黄铁矿均为原生包裹体。后期环境的差异造成了高山石、水坑石、田黄在微量元素含量上的差别,地下水环境造成了水坑石中轻稀土元素的迁移;这些差异可作为鉴别三者的依据。 相似文献
15.
David K. Wright Jessica Thompson Alex Mackay Menno Welling Steven L. Forman Gilbert Price Jian‐xin Zhao Andrew S. Cohen Oris Malijani Elizabeth Gomani‐Chindebvu 《Geoarchaeology》2014,29(2):98-120
The site of Mwanganda's Village, located along a paleochannel in northern Malawi, is one of only a few sites that have characterized the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of Malawi for decades (Clark & Haynes, 1970 ; Clark et al., 1970 ; Kaufulu, 1990 ). The Malawi Earlier‐Middle Stone Age Project has re‐examined the site using new mapping and chronometric tools in order to reinterpret the site's significance within the context of current debates surrounding human origins and the potential role the environment played in shaping human behavior. The new data do not support the previous hypothesis that the site was an elephant butchery location (contra Clark & Haynes, 1970 ; Clark et al., 1970 ; Kaufulu, 1990 ). Instead, the evidence shows successive colonization of riparian corridors by MSA hunter‐gatherers focused on exploiting localized resources during periods of generally humid climates while other lakes desiccated across Africa. We challenge the hypothesis that stable and intermediately high lake levels within the African Rift Valley System (sensu Trauth et al., 2010 ) catalyzed the evolution of regional interaction networks between 42 and 22 ka. Instead, we interpret the evidence to suggest that regional variants of technology persist into the late MSA as foragers focused on exploiting resources from local catchments. 相似文献
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X射线荧光光谱-X射线衍射研究宁夏贺兰石岩石矿物学特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
宁夏贺兰石是中国砚用名石之一,开发应用越来越广泛,对其进行系统的基础研究具有重要的现实意义。但目前仅有初步的人工实验,缺乏系统的矿物学研究。本文采用常规宝玉石学测试结合薄片鉴定、X射线荧光光谱、X射线粉晶衍射等矿物谱学分析测试方法,解析贺兰石的宝石学特征、化学成分、岩石结构及矿物组成特征。结果表明:贺兰石主要组成矿物为水云母~绢云母,次为褐铁矿(氧化铁质)、石英(砂质碎屑)、绿泥石和微量的赤铁矿、金红石、电气石等;主要化学成分为SiO_2、Al_2O_3、TFe_2O_3、K_2O、MgO、TiO_2、CaO、P_2O_5;折射率1.56~1.57,密度2.81~2.86g/cm~3,摩氏硬度3~4。初步探讨了贺兰石致色成因,基于Fe元素形态及含量与贺兰石颜色具相关关系,认为Fe元素是宁夏贺兰石致色的主要因素。本研究基本确定了贺兰石的大部分特征参数,为后续建立准确的命名及鉴定方法提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
18.
Ionospheric foF2 morphology and response of F2 layer height over Jicamarca during different solar epochs and comparison with IRI-2012 model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B O Adebesin B J Adekoya S O Ikubanni S J Adebiyi O A Adebesin B W Joshua K O Olonade 《Journal of Earth System Science》2014,123(4):751-765
Diurnal, seasonal and annual foF2 variability and the response of the F2-layer height over Jicamarca (11.9 °S, 76.8 °W, 1 °N dip) during periods of low (LSA), moderate (MSA) and high (HSA) solar activities was investigated. The relative standard deviation (V R ) was used for the analysis. The F2-layer critical frequency pre-noon peak increases by a factor of 2 more than the post-noon peak as the solar activity increases. The variability coefficient (V R ) is lowest during the day (7–16%) for the three solar epochs; increases during nighttime (20–26%, 14–26%, and 10–20%, respectively for the LSA, MSA and HSA years); and attained highest magnitude during sunrise (21–27%, 24–27%, and 19–30%, respectively in similar order). Two major peaks were observed in V R – the pre-sunrise peak, which is higher, and the post-sunset peak. Generally, the variability increases as the solar activity decreases. Annually, V R peaks within 23–24%, 19–24% and 15–24% for the LSA, MSA, and HSA periods, respectively. The ionospheric F2-layer height rises to the higher level with increasing solar activity. The foF2 comparison results revealed that Jicamarca is well represented on the IRI-2012 model, with an improvement on the URSI option. The importance of vertical plasma drift and photochemistry in the F2-layer was emphasized. 相似文献
19.
Observing permanent seals with different physical and mechanical characteristics under various conditions in the field is almost impossible. In conjunction with the development of high-speed computer algorithms, numerical simulation has become one of the major means to study the dynamics of such problems. Therefore, this study covers only the numerical approach to analyze the stability of underground seals. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to provide an insight to the design of underground seals by numerically analyzing their behaviors under different static and dynamic explosion overpressures using a geo-technical commercial software FLAC3D. For this purpose, a series of numerical models were constructed for a typical seal in an underground gallery with different properties such as seal thickness, seal dimensions, gallery geometry, and strength of the seal material to investigate the stability of seals exposed to various static and dynamic explosion overpressures. A total of 896 numerical analyses (512 static and 384 dynamic) were performed and evaluated. Regarding the gallery geometry, it was found that seals constructed in trapeze-shaped galleries are more stable than those constructed in horseshoe-shaped galleries having the same dimensions. Moreover, the results showed that the seal stability increases with the increasing seal thickness rather than the strength of the seal material. The statistical analyses suggest that there is a very strong exponential relationship between the seal thickness and the maximum displacement measured at the midpoints of the outer surfaces of the seals. The coefficients of determination values obtained are in the range of 0.92–0.93 and 0.92–0.95 for static and dynamic analyses, respectively. We proposed formulas which use the longer dimension of the seal (W max ), maximum allowable displacement on the seal (D max ), explosion overpressure applied onto the seal (P exp ), and compressive strength of the seal material (σ c and σ cd for static and dynamic conditions, respectively) to predict the minimum required seal thickness (T s ) for static and dynamic conditions. The proposed formulas enable calculating the necessary seal thickness easily if the explosion overpressure (or hydrostatic pressure) is known or approximated. 相似文献
20.
用X射线衍射分析的方法测定了12个田黄样品,其中,青田石1个,寿山石9个,昌化田黄石2个。确定青田石由叶蜡石(58%)、绢云母(36.1%)和高岭石(5.9%)组成;昌化田黄石由迪开石组成;寿山石分别由迪开石、高岭石、叶蜡石及绢云母组成。 相似文献