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1.
Amer A. Al-Rawas Yahia E-A. Mohamedzein Abdulaziz S. Al-Shabibi Salem Al-Katheiri 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(5):1365-1383
Absrtract This paper investigates the potential use of sand–attapulgite (palygorskite) mixtures as a landfill liner. The sand and attapulgite
clay used in this study were brought from Wahiba (eastern Oman) and Al-Shuwamiyah (southern Oman), respectively. Initially
the basic properties of the sand and clay were determined. Then the attapulgite clay was added to the sand at 5, 10, 20 and
30% by dry weight of the sand. The sand–attapulgite clay mixtures were subjected to mineralogical, chemical, microfabric and
geotechnical analyses. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) qualitative analysis showed that attapulgite is the major clay mineral.
The chemical compounds, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) for the␣samples were determined. The CEC for
the sand–clay mixtures is low but increases with the increase in clay content. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination
showed that the addition of clay developed coating between and around the sand grains which results in filling the voids and
reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the sand–clay mixtures. The hydraulic conductivity values for the pure clay and sand
+ 30% clay mixture prepared at 2% above optimum water content are slightly higher than hydraulic conductivity requirements
for landfill liners but can be acceptable. The geotechnical study which included grain size distribution, Atterberg limits,
specific gravity, compaction, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength tests showed that the sand+30% clay mixture prepared
at 2% above optimum water content can be considered to satisfy the requirements for landfill liners. For all sand–clay mixtures
no swelling was recorded and the addition of clay to the sand improved the shear strength. 相似文献
2.
Shahid Azam 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(3):369-381
Soils containing expansive clays undergo swelling that can be both detrimental and beneficial in various applications. In
the Arabian Gulf coastal region, natural heterogeneous soils containing clay and sand (tills, shales, and clayey sands) support
most of the civil infrastructure systems. Likewise, mixes of clay and sand are used for local earthwork construction such
as roads and landfills. A clear understanding of the swelling behaviour of such soils is pivotal at the outset of all construction
projects. The main objective of this paper was to understand the evolution of swelling with increasing clay content in local
soils. A theoretical framework for clay–sand soils was developed using phase relationships. Laboratory investigations comprised
of mineralogical composition and geotechnical index properties of the clay and sand and consistency limits, swelling potential,
and morphology of clay–sand mixes. Results indicated that soil consistency of mixes of a local expansive clay and an engineered
sand depends on the weighted average of the constituents. Mixes with 10% clay through 40% clay capture the transition from
a sand-like behaviour to a clay-like behaviour. Influenced by the initial conditions and soil matrix, the swelling potential
of the investigated mixes correlated well with soil plasticity (SP(%) = 0.16 (I
p)1.188). The parameters sand void ratio and clay–water ratio were found to better explain the behaviour of blended clay–sand soils. 相似文献
3.
砂-膨润土混合屏障材料渗透性影响因素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
膨润土因具有渗透性低、阳离子交换能力高等优点被认为是最适合高放废物深地质处置库中屏障系统的缓冲材料,工程实践发现随着水化过程的进行,纯高压实膨润土强度不断降低,并最终影响到工程屏障系统功能的发挥。针对这一问题,在膨润土中加入一定比例的石英砂,可以有效地提高工程屏障的热传导特性、压实性、力学强度和长期稳定性,降低工程造价。本文研究了影响砂-膨润土混合物渗透性的主要因素,包括膨润土含量、粒径分布、含水量和干密度、压实方法以及膨润土类型等。结果表明,砂土混合物渗透性主要受膨润土的渗透性控制,渗透系数随着膨润土含量和干密度的增加而减小,当膨润土含量超过某一界限值后,继续增加膨润土含量对降低渗透系数的作用有限;细颗粒和级配良好的混合物渗透系数小,当土体内部发生渗透侵蚀将增大渗透系数;最优含水量条件下压实得到的渗透系数最低,高于最优含水量压实得到的渗透系数比低于最优含水量压实得到的渗透系数要小。 相似文献
4.
缓冲／回填材料——砂-膨润土混合物研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
砂-膨润土混合物已被很多核能国家选为核废物地质处置库中理想的缓冲/回填材料。膨润土中加入砂可提高热传导系数和强度,维持适当的膨胀力,使其工程上易于处理并节省成本;但同时会导致其阻水能力和自愈性减弱。研究表明,影响砂-膨润土混合物以上各性质的主要因素为：砂/膨润土配合比、初始含水量、干密度等,它们综合决定着砂/膨润土最优配合比的选取。石英砂对混合物的渗透性、热传导性、强度等的影响,最优配合比选取,以及非饱和状态下吸力变化对混合物渗透性的影响等,应该是今后一段时间内砂-膨润土混合物研究的重点。 相似文献
5.
Clay soils, especially clay soils of high or very high swelling potential often present difficulties in construction operations. However, the engineering properties of these clay soils can be enhanced by the addition of cement, thereby producing an improved construction material. Higher strength loss of cement stabilized clay soils after soaking in water is attributed to water absorbing capacity of the clay fraction (e.g. montmorillonite). Kaolinite and illitic soils are largely inert and resist to water penetration. These clays generally develop satisfactory strengths resulting to low strength reduction [Croft, 1967]. The swelling clays such as bentonite soaked in water, due to environmental conditions, result to volume increase causing macro and micro-fracturing in engineering structures. These fractures accelerate water penetration and consequently cause greater strength loss [Sällfors and Öberg-Högsta, 2002]. The water intrusion during soaking creates swelling and disrupts the cement bonds. The development of internal and external force systems in soil mass, due to soaking conditions, establish the initiation of slaking. Internal force system of a stabilized clayey soil consists of the resultant stresses established by the bonding potential of a cementing agent and the swelling potential of a clay fraction. In an effort to study this influence of soaking conditions and final absorbed water content on the stabilization parameters (cement, compaction, curing time), both unconfined compressive strength and slaking (durability) tests were carried out on two different cement stabilized clayey mixtures consisted of active bentonite, kaolin and sand. 相似文献
6.
设计了专门的浸水试验装置,测定了膨润土-石英砂混合物在非膨胀条件下吸水引起的水分分布及膨胀应力变化,研究了混合型缓冲回填材料非饱和水力学性质。试验结果表明,干密度约1.70 g/cmP3、掺砂率为30%的GMZ001膨润土-砂混合物的水分扩散系数与含水率的关系呈U型变化,即随着含水率增加,汽态水分扩散系数减小,液态水分扩散系数增大。根据理论推导建立非饱和导水率估算方程。计算发现,混合物的非饱和导水率随含水率的增大而增大。其中,汽态水分非饱和导水率先增大后略有减小,液态水非饱和导水率始终增大。试验发现,试样吸水后干密度趋于均匀化,试样内部不同位置的应力发展与水分迁移过程密切相关：渗入端的应力在入渗初期增长很快,随后减慢;渗出端的应力持续稳定增长;入渗96 h后,两端应力趋于一致。估算出的水分扩散系数及非饱和导水率,可用于评价混合型缓冲回填材料阻隔核素迁移安全性。 相似文献
7.
在高放废物处置库长期运营过程中包封容器将发生破坏,核素会向外界迁移,缓冲回填材料的水力传导系数是评价处置库工程屏障性能的重要指标。采用柔性壁渗透仪,研究2.0×10-5 mol/L的Eu(III)溶液作为渗入液时膨润土-砂混合物的渗透特性。结果表明,膨润土-砂混合物的水力传导系数K=(2.075.23)×10-10 cm/s;在05.23)×10-10 cm/s;在050%掺砂率范围内,膨润土-砂混合物吸水膨胀过程中渗透性能随掺砂率增大时没有明显的变化,能够满足高放废物处置库缓冲回填材料低渗透性的要求。使用有效黏土密度的概念,得到膨润土-砂混合物的体积膨胀率随初始有效黏土密度的增大呈指数增大的趋势;混合物水力传导系数的对数值与有效黏土密度存在良好的线性衰减关系;与蒸馏水相比,渗入液(ECDD)为2.0×10-5 mol/L的Eu(III)溶液时,膨润土-砂混合物的水力传导系数较小,可能是由于渗入液黏滞性的影响。 相似文献
8.
Junboum Park Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan Jee Woong Kim Myoung Hak Oh 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):977-989
Biosurfactants are frequently used in petroleum hydrocarbon and dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) remediation. The
applicability of biosurfactant use in clayey soils requires an understanding and characterization of their interaction. Comprehensive
effects of surfactants and electrolyte solutions on kaolinite clay soil were investigated for index properties, compaction,
strength characteristics, hydraulic conductivities, and adsorption characteristics. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaPO3 decreased the liquid limit and plasticity index of the test soil. Maximum dry unit weights were increased and optimum moisture
contents were decreased as SDS and biosurfactant were added for the compaction tests for mixtures of 30% kaolinite and 70%
sand. The addition of non-ionic surfactant, biosurfactant, and CaCl2 increased the initial elastic modulus and undrained shear strength of the kaolinite–sand mixture soils. Hydraulic conductivities
were measured by fixed-wall double-ring permeameters. Results showed that the hydraulic conductivity was not significantly
affected, but slightly decreased from 1×10−7 cm/s (water) to 0.3×10−7 cm/s for Triton X-100 and SDS. The adsorption characteristics of the chemicals onto kaolinite were also investigated by developing
isotherm curves. SDS adsorbed onto soil particles with the strongest bonding strength of the fluids tested. Correlations among
parameters were developed for surfactants, electrolyte solutions, and clayey soils. 相似文献
9.
非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究 总被引：24，自引：4，他引：20
红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。 相似文献
10.
Mohamed Ahmed Khalil 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(1-2):269-281
Estimation of hydraulic conductivity from surface resistivity measurements is one of the most difficult and challenging hydrogeophysical targets. The promising side of this relation is the analogy between electric current flow and water flow, whereas the grand ambiguity is the non-dimensionality between both two quantities. Imaginary surface conductivity component is used recently to deduce the hydraulic conductivity via complex resistivity measurements. Since there are similar properties between imaginary (out-of-phase) and real (in-phase) surface conductivity components, the latter is used in this paper to predict the hydraulic conductivity. Two mathematical parameters were determined to express the electrical equivalent of hydraulic conductivity in sand and clay systems based on the mode of electrical double-layer formation in both systems. The reliability of the proposed method is tested through applying on two datasets representing sand and clay systems. The first dataset is a clean sand and gravel aquifer in the Keritis basin in Chania, Crete, Greece. The second is mostly clayey sand aquifer in Wadi El-Assuity, Egypt. Application of the present approach in these two cases resulted in promising nearly identical values with the measured hydraulic conductivity via pumping test or geometric hydraulic conductivity via grain size analysis. 相似文献
11.
软黏土地基由于其含水量高、孔隙比大、强度低、渗透性差,因此,在灵敏度很高的软黏土地基上建造高度较高的路堤,其稳定性很难得到保证。一般采用分级加载的方法使软土地基在路堤荷载的作用下发生固结,强度获得增长。为加速固结,常采用塑料排水板处理地基,使之能在较短的时间内完成固结,加速地基强度增加。针对日本佐贺县高灵敏度的有明黏土地基上修建的分级加载的6.5 m高河堤下软黏土的物理力学性质的变化,说明分级加荷的重要性。现场软土地基为结构性黏土,有很高的灵敏度。而且该软黏土地基的渗透系数极低。因此采用塑料排水板进行了加固处理,施工过程中对地基土的物理与力学性质随固结过程的变化进行了测试。分析了其发展规律,结果表明地基土的单轴强度在250 d内增长了近1倍。 相似文献
12.
In nature, soils are often composed of varying amounts of clay, silt and sand. Variation of the percentage of these compositions can affect the final strength of the soils when stabilised with cement. In this study, focus was placed on clayey soils with different gradation of sand impurities up to 40% in mass. An extensive study of such clayey soils treated with cement was investigated. For the results, it is noted that water:cement ratio was a major influence of strength development of cement-treated clayey soils. In contrast, the soil:cement ratio was found to have minor effects on the strength development. The presence of sand impurities has a significant reduction on the strength development of the cement-treated clayey soil mixture due to more free water available for hydration. The use of free-water:cement ratio is adopted which was shown to be capable of adjusting for such change in amount of free water and water holding capacity of the clay which is determined with Atterberg’s liquid limit tests. The effects of gradation (fine, coarse and well-graded) of the sand impurities were found to affect strength development minimally, owing to similarities in their liquid limits when mixed with clay. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-treated clayey soils produced a more rapid gain in strength but lower final strength at 28 days of curing as compared with Portland blast furnace cement (PBFC). This is found to be persistent for different gradation of sand impurities. A linear correlation can be established based on the log of the unconfined compressive strengths developed at different curing age, with slopes of these linear trends found to be similar for PBFC and OPC-treated clayey soil specimens. Finally, a strength prediction model comprising of these findings is developed. The parameters adopted in this model coincide with values proposed by past studies, thereby validating the robustness of the model. The practical benefits from this study offer a quality control scheme to forecast long-term performance of cement-treated clayey soils as well as optimise cement dosage in cement stabilisation to produce a more cost-effective and less environmental-invasive usage of the technology in geotechnical applications.
相似文献13.
Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. Approximately, 35% to 40% per ton of bauxite treated using the Bayer Process ends up as red mud waste. Because of storing issues, the waste negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, it is essential to investigate different uses for red mud waste. The potential use of red mud for the preparation of stabilization material is presented in this study. This study examines the effects of red mud on the unconfined compressive strength, hydraulic conductivity, and swelling percentage of compacted clay liners as a hydraulic barrier. The test results show that compacted clay samples containing red mud and cement–red mud additives have a high compressive strength and decreased the hydraulic conductivity and swelling percentage as compared to natural clay samples. Consequently, it is concluded that red mud and cement–red mud materials can be successfully used for the stabilization of clay liners in geotechnical applications. 相似文献
14.
In this study, an investigation was performed to determine if lime-stabilized sand–bentonite mixtures are appropriate for the construction of sanitary landfills liners. For this aim, the hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted in the laboratory on sand–bentonite mixtures and lime-stabilized sand–bentonite mixtures to evaluate the effect of wetting–drying cycles. The hydraulic conductivity tests were performed to see if their hydraulic conductivities are affected by wetting–drying cycles. First series of specimens have been prepared as a mixture of sand and bentonite only. In the first series of specimens, sand was mixed with bentonite in proportions of 20, 30, 40, and 50 %. In the second series of the specimens, lime in proportions of 1, 2 and 3 % by weight was added to the mixtures of sand–bentonite in proportions of 20, 30, 40, and 50 %. From the results of the tests, it was observed that while optimum water content increased, maximum dry density decreased with addition of lime to the sand–bentonite mixtures. Generally, the hydraulic conductivity increased with the addition of lime to the mixtures but at low percentages of lime (1–2 %), however, slight decreases in k were recorded. It was also observed that the wetting–drying cycles on the permeability test indicate cure effect on specimens with addition of lime which resulted in decreased the hydraulic conductivity. 相似文献
15.
Clayey sand can be considered as a composite matrix of coarse and fine grains. The interaction between coarser and finer grain matrices affects the overall stress–strain behavior of these soils. Intergranular void ratio, es (which is the void ratio of the coarser grain matrix) can be utilized as an alternative parameter to express the compressive response of such soils. Oedometer tests conducted on reconstituted kaolinite–sand mixtures indicate that initial conditions, percentage of fines, and stress conditions influence the compression characteristics evidently. Tests showed that, up to a fraction of fines, which is named as transition fines content (FCt), compression behavior of the mixtures is mainly controlled by the sand grains. When concentration of fines exceeds FCt, kaolinite controls the compression. It was found that FCt varies between 19% and 34% depending on the above mentioned factors. This range of fines content is also consistent with various values reported in literature regarding the strength alteration. Performed direct shear tests revealed that there is also a close relationship between transition fines content and shear strength, which is harmonic with the oedometer test results. 相似文献
16.
混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力试验研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
与纯膨润土相比,混合型缓冲回填材料（膨润土与石英砂混合物）能够实现防渗阻隔能力、热传导性能、力学强度和可施工性能的最佳组合。选用高庙子钠基膨润土（GMZ001）为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂比分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内试验。结果表明,混合物的液限、塑限随掺砂率的增大而线性降低;膨胀力随时间呈指数增长。初始含水率较大时,最大膨胀力随初始含水率的增大略有降低。掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀力随初始干密度指数增长。提出了有效黏土密度的概念,建立了一定初始含水率条件下,任意掺砂率和初始干密度的高庙子膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀力归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力的预测与控制提供了依据。 相似文献
17.
废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实性能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒用于填埋场衬垫材料改性,有望提高衬垫系统的有效性。击实性能是衬垫设计和施工的基础,但目前缺乏针对性研究,击实机理不够明确。开展废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实试验研究,探讨橡胶颗粒粒径、掺入比等因素对混合土击实性能的影响规律和压实机制。研究表明,当橡胶掺入比从0增大到25%时,胶粉-高岭土的最优含水率增大,胶粉-红黏土的最优含水率减小,变化在2.4%范围内; 混合土的最大干密度从1.65gcm-3减小至约1.40gcm-3; 试验选用的橡胶颗粒粒径对最优含水率和最大干密度差异不显著。在击实过程中橡胶颗粒回弹和橡胶颗粒比表面积变化两种效应下,最优含水率随橡胶掺入比的增加表现出减小(大颗粒时)、不变和增加(小颗粒时)的变化规律,并与基质土的性质密切相关。给出了初步设计时改性黏土含水率和干密度的控制方法,能够基本满足规范中对压实黏土的含水率和压实度的要求,且其渗透系数小于1.010-7cms-1。 相似文献
18.
The liquefaction of clayey soils under cyclic loading 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper seeks to investigate the liquefaction of clayey soils, a phenomenon that has been the trigger for many natural disasters in the last few decades, including landslides. Research was conducted on artificial clay-sand mixtures and natural clayey soils collected from the sliding surfaces of earthquake-induced landslides. The undrained response of normally consolidated clayey soils to cyclic loading was studied by means of a ring-shear apparatus. For the artificial clay-sand mixtures, it was found that the presence of a small amount of bentonite (≤ 7%) would cause rapid liquefaction, while a further increase in bentonite content (≥ 11%) produced the opposite effect of raising soil resistance to liquefaction by a significant degree. It was demonstrated that the bentonite-sand mixture was considerably more resistant to liquefaction than the kaolin-, and illite-mixtures, given the same clay content. The test results of plastic soils revealed the significant influence of plasticity on the liquefaction resistance of soil. The microfabric of clayey soil was investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope. The analysis showed that the liquefaction potential of soil was strongly related to certain particle arrangements. For example, soil vulnerable to liquefaction had an open microfabric in which clay aggregations generally gathered at the sand particle contact points, forming low-strength “clay bridges” that were destroyed easily during cyclic loading. On the other hand, the microfabric of soil that was resistant to liquefaction appeared to be more compact, with the clay producing a matrix that prevented sand grains from liquefying. In the case of the natural soils, the obtained results indicated that their cyclic behavior was similarly influenced by factors such as clay content, clay mineralogy and plasticity. The relation between the liquefaction potential of natural soil and its microfabric was thus also established. On the basis of the obtained results, the authors posited an explanation on the mechanism of liquefaction for clayey soil. 相似文献
19.
20.
Liu Xiaoyan Congress Surya Sarat Chandra Cai Guojun Liu Songyu 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(5):1487-1507
Buffer/backfill material is an important engineering barrier in a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Its thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) performance is very important for the safe and stable operation of the HLW repository system. Natural graphite powder mixed with sodium bentonite forms a buffer/backfill material that can dissipate heat quickly and provide strong isolation. In this paper, the THM characteristics of bentonite–sand–graphite–polypropylene fiber (BSGF) mixtures, used as a buffer/backfill material, were studied through a series of laboratory tests. The influence of graphite and polypropylene fiber contents on thermal conductivity, swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, and strength properties of BSGF mixtures with different sand contents was analyzed. Experimental results indicated that the graphite content, the maximum graphite mesh number, and the initial dry density of bentonite–graphite mixtures influenced the thermal conductivity of bentonite–graphite mixtures. The addition of polypropylene fiber was found to enhance the shear strength and inhibit cracking without significantly affecting the expansivity, permeability, and thermal conductivity of the BSGF mixtures. This study provides a new buffer/backfill material that can improve the stability, functionality, and thermal efficiency of the HLW repository.
相似文献