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1.
Hiroaki Yamanaka Ögur Tuna Özmen Kosuke Chimoto Mehmet Akif Alkan Muammer Tün Emrah Pekkan Oguz Özel Derya Polat Murat Nurlu 《Journal of Seismology》2018,22(5):1127-1137
We have explored 1D S-wave velocity profiles of shallow and deep soil layers over a basement at strong motion stations in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. Microtremor array explorations were conducted at eight strong motion stations in the area to know shallow 1D S-wave velocity models. Rayleigh wave phase velocity at a frequency range from 3 to 30 Hz was estimated with the spatial autocorrelation analysis of array records of vertical microtremors at each station. Individual phase velocity was inverted to a shallow S-wave velocity profile. Low-velocity layers were identified at the stations in the basin. Site amplification factors from S-wave parts of earthquake records that had been estimated at the strong motion stations by Yamanaka et al. (2017) were inverted to the S-wave velocities and Q-values of the sedimentary layers. The depths to the basement with an S-wave velocity of 2.2 km/s are about 1 km in the central part of the basin, while the basement becomes shallow as 0.3 km in the marginal part of the basin. We finally discussed the effects of the shallow and deep sedimentary layers on the 1D S-wave amplification characteristics using the revealed profiles. It is found that the shallow soil layers have no significant effects in the amplification at a frequency range lower than 3 Hz in the area. 相似文献
2.
基于强震动观测台钻孔数据, 统计得到了四川、 甘肃地区20 m深的浅硬土层场地平均剪切波速模型． 通过与美国加州地区的波速模型对比, 结合四川、 甘肃地区地震预报的地壳模型, 延拓剪切波速模型至40 km． 应用四分之一波长法计算了浅硬土层场地的平均场地放大系数． 利用场地放大系数, 消除13次余震中浅硬场地的台站场地响应, 反演了龙门山断层上、 下盘的介质品质因子以及13次余震的有效应力降． 通过与普通土层场地的强震动记录对比, 对浅硬土层场地的放大系数进行调整, 得到了深厚土层场地的平均放大系数． 相似文献
3.
To estimate the amplification characteristics of ground motions in the heavily damaged belt zone in Kobe City during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, 3D wave propagation analyses of a 2D deep irregular underground structure model with a vertical discontinuity were performed at an early stage as a preliminary and qualitative study. The hyperelement method was applied to the analyses for incident plane waves expected from the wavefields due to the source mechanism. The observation records at Kobe University of the rock site were used as control motions. The ground motions on the engineering bedrock (assumed to be on the free surface of the Osaka group layers having a shear velocity of 500 m/s) and at ground surface were calculated. The effects of the deep irregular underground structure and shallow surface layers on the ground motion amplification are discussed. Although there are qualifications due to the uncertain characteristics of the input rock motion and shear wave velocities of the underground structure, the analytical results show that the ground motion in the heavily damaged belt zone were amplified due to the focusing effect of the deep irregular underground structure as well as the shallow surface layers, and that the calculated peak ground acceleration (PGA) distribution coincided closely with the distributions of structural damage. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites. 相似文献
5.
土层场地对地震动的影响较大,建(构)筑物的选址及其抗震设防必须考虑土层场地的放大作用,以避免或减轻其震害.汶川地震中,布设在渭河盆地中的数字强震动台网共有27个台站(包括2个基岩台站和25个土层台站)获得良好的主震加速度时程.利用这些加速度时程,选择汤峪台做为参考场地,基于考虑几何衰减的传统谱比法分析研究了25个土层场... 相似文献
6.
The mechanism of earthquake energy input to building structures is clarified by considering the surface ground amplification and soil–structure interaction. The earthquake input energies to superstructures, soil–foundation systems and total swaying–rocking system are obtained by taking the corresponding appropriate free bodies into account and defining the energy transfer functions. It has been made clear that, when the ground surface motion is white, the input energy to the swaying–rocking model is constant regardless of the soil property (input energy constant property). The upper bound of earthquake input energy to the swaying–rocking model is derived for the model including the surface ground amplification by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property and introducing the envelope function for the transfer function of the surface ground amplification. Extension of the theory to a general earthquake ground motion model at the engineering bedrock is also made by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property. 相似文献
7.
随着强震台网的密布及观测记录的增加,为研究各类局部场地地震反应预测模型的合理性提供了有效的参考依据,也使利用强震记录及场地条件研究地震动特征成为可能。选取场地地质参数资料和地震记录数据齐全的日本小田原（Ashigara Valley）盲测试验场地,通过对比不同地震动输入方式及场地反应分析模型,研究地震动特征,分析现有模型的优劣。基于1990年8月5日M5.1强震事件的地表基岩记录和地下基岩地震记录,采用地下台强震记录直接输入、地表基岩台强震记录减半为基底地震动输入、地表基岩台强震记录反演为基底地震动输入作为3种基岩地震动输入。基于局部场地条件分别建立一维等效线性模型、二维黏弹性模型及二维时域等效线性化模型等工程中常用的场地数值分析模型,进行局部场地地震反应分析,预测该盲测场地的地表地震动特征,并与对应的实测强震记录结果进行对比,分析不同基岩地震动输入方式对预测地震动特征及地表土层反应谱特征的影响,重点分析地震动输入、土体非线性、场地横向不均匀性及几何与非线性特征共同作用等因素对地表地震动特征的影响,以期为地表地震动的合理预测提供参考。 相似文献
8.
We investigate a special type of variability in response spectral amplification ratios computed from numerical “engineering” models for a soft soil site. The engineering models are defined by shallow soil layers over “engineering” bedrock with a shear-wave velocity over 600–700 m/s and the model is subjected to vertical propagating shear waves. The variability, perhaps unique in earthquake engineering, is a result of the “perfectly accurate” computational procedure. For example, an engineering soil site model, subjected to two rock site records or the two horizontal components of a rock site record, produces different response spectral amplification ratios. We use a large number of strong-motion records from “engineering” rock sites, with a reasonably balanced distribution with respect to magnitude and source distance, generated by subduction earthquakes in Japan, to investigate the nature of the variability. In order to avoid any approximation in removing the effect of soil nonlinear response, we use a simple model, a single horizontal soil layer over a bedrock, modelled as elastic. We then demonstrate that a similar type of variability observed in the one- or two-dimensional nonlinear soil models is caused by the nature of response spectral amplification ratios, not a direct result of soil nonlinear response. Examination of variability reveals that the average of response spectral amplification ratios systematically depends on both earthquake magnitude and source distance. We find that, at periods much longer than the site natural periods of the soil sites, the scatter of the amplification ratios decreases with increasing magnitude and source distance. These findings may have a potential impact in establishing design spectra for soft soil sites using strong-motion attenuation models or dynamic numerical modelling. 相似文献
9.
The city of Adapazarı — located in the Marmara Region of northwest Turkey — is situated on a deep sedimentary basin and was
the city most heavily damaged by the strong ground motion of the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake (moment magnitude Mw = 7.4). This study determines site amplifications of the attenuation relationships for shallow earthquakes in the Adapazarı
basin by using the previous ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and the traditional spectral ratio method. The site
amplifications are determined empirically by averaging the residuals between the observed and predicted peak ground acceleration
(PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values for various periods. Residuals are significantly correlated with the known characteristics
of geological units. A new attenuation model has also been developed for 5% damped spectral acceleration to determine the
dependence of strong ground motions on frequency. 相似文献
10.
On the basis of the interpretation of the high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, in combination with the data of engineering geological exploration and shear-wave velocity testing, the site category-zoning map of FJ area with the scale of 1:200,000 is generated according to the site classification standard of “Code for Seismic design of Buildings” of China (GB50011 2010). By the method of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis, we obtain bedrock seismic ground motion parameters of five recurrent periods (50, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 a) of FJ area. By using the 617 typical soil layer structures of the site classifications in FJ area, we build seismic response models of soil layers and make seismic response analysis, then obtain the statistic sample space of site amplification factors, which possess reasonable distribution and sufficient data. Considering the distribution characteristics of The Quaternary Strata in FJ area, according to the statistic zoning (mountains and coastal areas respectively) and site classifications as well as the level of bedrock importing ground motion, the site magnification-factors of ground motion in FJ area are obtained by classification statistics. 相似文献
11.
Olga-Joan Ktenidou Francisco-J. Chávez-García Dimitrios Raptakis Kyriazis D. Pitilakis 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(3):623-645
We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification. 相似文献
12.
O. V. Pavlenko 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(4):571-595
To estimate the parameters of ground motion in future strong earthquakes, characteristics of radiation and propagation of seismic waves in the Kamchatka region were studied. Regional parameters of radiation and propagation of seismic waves were estimated by comparing simulations of earthquake records with data recorded by stations of the Kamchatka Strong Motion Network. Acceleration time histories of strong earthquakes (M w = 6.8–7.5, depths 45–55 km) that occurred near the eastern coast of Kamchatka in 1992–1993 were simulated at rock and soil stations located at epicentral distances of 67–195 km. In these calculations, the source spectra and the estimates of frequency-dependent attenuation and geometrical spreading obtained earlier for Kamchatka were used. The local seismic-wave amplification was estimated based on shallow geophysical site investigations and deep crustal seismic explorations, and parameters defining the shapes of the waveforms, the duration, etc. were selected, showing the best-fit to the observations. The estimated parameters of radiation and propagation of seismic waves describe all the studied earthquakes well. Based on the waveforms of the acceleration time histories, models of slip distribution over the fault planes were constructed for the studied earthquakes. Station PET can be considered as a reference rock station having the minimum site effects. The intensity of ground motion at the other studied stations was higher than at PET due to the soil response or other effects, primarily topographic ones. At soil stations INS, AER, and DCH the parameters of soil profiles (homogeneous pyroclastic deposits) were estimated, and nonlinear models of their behavior in the strong motion were constructed. The obtained parameters of radiation and propagation of seismic waves and models of soil behavior can be used for forecasting ground motion in future strong earthquakes in Kamchatka. 相似文献
13.
The 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake caused catastrophic damage to the city of Bam and neighboring villages. Given its magnitude (M w ) of 6.5, the damage was remarkably large. Large-amplitude ground motions were recorded at the Bam accelerograph station in the center of Bam city by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran. We simulated the Bam earthquake acceleration records at three BHRC strong-motion stations—Bam, Abaraq, and Mohammad-Abad—by the empirical Green’s function method. Three aftershocks were used as empirical Green’s functions. The frequency range of the empirical Green’s function simulations was 0.5–10 Hz. The size of the strong motion generation area of the mainshock was estimated to be 11 km in length by 7 km in width. To estimate the parameters of the strong motion generation area, we used 1D and 2D velocity structures across the fault and a combined source model. The empirical Green’s function method using a combination of aftershocks produced a source model that reproduced ground motions with the best fit to the observed waveforms. This may be attributed to the existence of two distinct rupture mechanisms in the strong motion generation area. We found that the rupture starting point for which the simulated waveforms best fit the observed ones was near the center of the strong motion generation area, which reproduced near-source ground motions in a broadband frequency range. The estimated strong motion generation area could explain the observed damaging ground motion at the Bam station. This suggests that estimating the source characteristics of the Bam earthquake is very important in understanding the causes of the earthquake damage. 相似文献
14.
W. D. Liam Finn E. Zhai T. Thavaraj X. -S. Hao C. E. Ventura 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2003,23(4):323-329
The 1996 Duvall earthquake in Washington State triggered ground motion stations in the Fraser Delta, British Columbia, located on varying depths of Holocene and Pleistocene soils to a maximum depth of 800 m and one station on bedrock. Recorded ground motions were used to examine the applicability of 1-D and 2-D site response analyses for amplification studies in the Delta. 1-D response analysis gave a good indication of the period of peak response. Response spectra computed by 1-D analysis did not compare well with recorded spectra except at very deep sites. The use of 2-D analyses to include buried topography generally improved the predictions of site response spectra at the shallow sites. However, for the shallow earth sites, the recorded motions showed a strong spectral response at short periods in the range of 0.1–0.25 s. Neither 1-D nor 2-D analysis predicted this response. 相似文献
15.
剪切波速对场地地表地震动参数的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本文以江淮地区典型场地资料为原型,将土层剪切波速实测值按照一定比例进行增减,构造多种场地土层地震反应分析模型,选择Taft、E1centro和Kobe三条强震记录作为地震输入,采用一维频域等效线性化波动方法进行了土层地震反应分析.研究结果表明,剪切波速的变异性与场地地表地震动的影响程度与输入基岩地震动的频谱特性、幅值、土层结构等因素有关.地表峰值加速度随着剪切波速的增大而逐渐增大,地表加速度反应谱的特征周期随着剪切波速的增大而逐渐减小. 相似文献
16.
根据天津波地表加速度记录和相应实测场地钻孔资料,采用等效线性化方法模拟土体非线性,进行了深厚软土场地基岩地震动反演,研究了频率截断对深厚软土场地基岩地震动反演的影响,为天津波地表加速度记录提供了相应的基岩地震动输入。研究表明:不同截断频率情况下,反演得到的基岩地震动峰值和反应谱曲线形状均相差悬殊,但反演后再正演所得到的地面运动与原地表记录相比,加速度时程曲线形状和峰值大小、反应谱曲线形状和峰值大小均非常接近;可根据工程需要对地表加速度记录进行不同频率的截断,反演得到所需强度的基岩地震动。 相似文献
17.
Jetson R. Abraham Chiara Smerzini Roberto Paolucci Carlo G. Lai 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(6):1437-1459
The Gubbio basin in Central Italy is a intermountain basin of extensional tectonic origin, typical of Central and Southern Apennines, characterized by moderate seismicity. The strongest recorded event within the area is a magnitude 5.7 earthquake which occurred on 29 April 1984 along the Gubbio fault, bordering the eastern side of the basin. The main objective of this study is to analyze the features of earthquake ground motion as related to basin-edge effects, by performing physics-based numerical simulations of the 1984 earthquake through a high-performance spectral element code. The simulated ground motions are found in reasonable agreement with the recorded motions when using the kinematic source model developed by Ameri et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:647–663, 2009), with a rise-time equal to 1 s and a nucleation point located in the middle of the fault. Pronounced differences were noted between records from the basin and adjacent sites at outcropping bedrock, owing to both the strong impedance contrast between soft alluvial sites and bedrock formations (lithostratigraphic amplification), as well as lateral discontinuities related to the 2D/3D geometry of the basin (generation of surface waves). Since the fault was located beneath the basin, 1D amplification effects were found to be more relevant than those associated with the generation of surface waves from the basin edge. Finally, an envelope delay spectrum was computed for the simulated ground motions, showing that surface waves are excited in the frequency band of 0.2–0.8 Hz with a significant increase of ground motion duration within the basin. 相似文献
18.
柴达木盆地是青藏高原东北部大型断陷山间盆地,该地区的流动观测记录了2008年11月10日发生于大柴旦附近的M_W6.3地震。和附近的基岩上的记录相比,盆地内部的记录显示出非常显著的地面运动放大效应,表现为峰值速度的增大、持续时间的延长,其呈现出长持续时间的后续震相。傅里叶频谱分析表明盆地内部显著的后续震相的频率和直达波相比较低,地面质点运动轨迹图显示后续震相为面波运动特征。为了解释地面运动的差异,构建二维模型,通过交错网格高阶有限差分方法计算了地震波在盆地内部的传播过程,结果显示盆地内部低速层的存在造成直达波的放大以及多次反射与转换,盆地边缘结构造成的波的相干叠加产生了强烈的次生面波,其低频、大振幅、长持续时间的特征是盆地内部地面运动放大的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
N. Theodoulidis G. Cultrera C. Cornou P.-Y. Bard T. Boxberger G. DiGiulio A. Imtiaz D. Kementzetzidou K. Makra The Argostoli NERA Team 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(2):529-560
In this study data and results of a high-resolution experiment in Cephalonia (Greece) regarding empirical basin effects are presented. A total of 59 velocimeters and 17 accelerometers were deployed in the basin of Argostoli Cephalonia (Greece), for a period of 7 months (September 2011–April 2012). Due to high seismicity of the western Greece and surrounding area this array recorded thousands of local, regional and global events. Data used in this work come from a selection of 162 regional and local earthquakes, 3 km ≤ R ≤ 600 km, with magnitude range, 1.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.2. Based on high signal-to-noise ratio recordings and two selected reference stations, variation of several intensity measures (PGA, PGV, Arias Intensity, Cumulative Absolute Velocity), significant duration, HVSR and SSR of ground motion recordings on soil sites within the basin is carefully examined for a range of frequencies of engineering interest. Comparison of results with a detailed 2D geologic model shows a good consistency both in amplification and frequency domain. Influence of “reference” site on ground motion variation of soil sites is also discussed in light of our results. Finally, it is suggested that 2D or/and 3D theoretical modeling should be performed given the availability of geological and geophysical parameters to define a realistic model of the basin. Results of this study can undoubtedly serve in model validation and improvement of ground motion simulation tools. 相似文献
20.
Ground motions of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake inside the Kanto Basin are numerically simulated in a wide frequency range (0?C10?Hz) based on new knowledge of the earthquake??s source processes, the sedimentary structure of the basin, and techniques for generating broadband source models of great earthquakes. The Kanto Earthquake remains one of the most important exemplars for ground motion prediction in Japan due to its size, faulting geometry, and location beneath the densely populated Kanto sedimentary basin. We reconstruct a broadband source model of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake from inversion results by introducing small-scale heterogeneities. The corresponding ground motions are simulated using a hybrid technique comprising the following four calculations: (1) low-frequency ground motion of the engineering basement, modeled using a finite difference method; (2) high-frequency ground motion of the engineering basement, modeled using a stochastic Green??s function method; (3) total ground motion of the engineering basement (i.e. 1?+?2); and (4) ground motion at the surface in response to the total basement ground motion. We employ a recently developed three-dimensional (3D) velocity structure model of the Kanto Basin that incorporates prospecting data, microtremor observations and measurements derived from strong ground motion records. Our calculations reveal peak ground velocities (PGV) exceeding 50?cm/s in the area above the fault plane: to the south, where the fault plane is shallowest, PGV reaches 150?C200?cm/s at the engineering basement and 200?C250?cm/s at the surface. Intensity 7, the maximum value in the Japan Meteorological Agency??s intensity scale, is calculated to have occurred widely in Sagami Bay, which corresponds well with observed house-collapse rates due to the 1923 event. The modeling reveals a pronounced forward directivity effect for the area lying above the southern, shallow part of the fault plane. The high PGV and intensity seen above the southeastern corner of the fault plane and further east are largely due to this effect. Waveforms above the fault plane contain both short- and long-period components, but the short-period components are not observed further afield. Away from the fault, long-period waves (>2?s) dominate the ground motion, and in areas where the base of the third layer is relatively deep, the predominant period is >5?s. Levels of long-period ground motion in the southern part of the study area, around Sagami Bay and the southern parts of Boso Peninsula and Tokyo Bay, exceed that recorded at Tomakomai during the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, when large oil storage tanks collapsed in response to sloshing generated by strong long-period motions. 相似文献