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1.
The energetical aspect of solar phenomena of different spatial and time scales has been studied with special attention to global magnetic fields. Cyclic regularities in the heliosphere are determined by energetics of global magnetic fields. The energy variation of global fields consists of a number of maxima and minima coinciding with reference points of the sunspot cycle. The correlations of a number of well-known indices in the heliosphere with Wolf numbers and with indices of energetics of the global magnetic field have been investigated. The results can be used to identify more exactly the reference points of the cycle. 相似文献
2.
Pter Kirly 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》2000,21(3-4):431-437
The heliosphere is the region filled with magnetized plasma of mainly solar origin. It extends from the solar corona to well
beyond the planets, and is separated from the interstellar medium by the heliopause. The latter is embedded in a complex and
still unexplored boundary region. The characteristics of heliospheric plasma, fields, and energetic particles depend on highly
variable internal boundary conditions, and also on quasi-stationary external ones. Both galactic cosmic rays and energetic
particles of solar and heliospheric origin are subject to intensity variations over individual solar cycles and also from
cycle to cycle. Particle propagation is controlled by spatially and temporally varying interplanetary magnetic fields, frozen
into the solar wind. An overview is presented of the main heliospheric components and processes, and also of the relevant
missions and data sets. Particular attention is given to flux variations over the last few solar cycles, and to extrapolated
effects on the terrestrial environment. 相似文献
3.
E.N. Parker 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,277(1-2):1-11
The Sun and the heliosphere form a single dynamical system, driven by the convection in the Sun and the magnetic fields generated
by that convection. The magnetic fields are the primary channel for producing the high temperatures and high velocities that
extend outward to form the heliosphere. The essential point is that, while the general picture seems to be reasonable, several
important steps in the process are not understood, and several concepts commonly employed in explanation are false physics.
These scientific gaps should not be forgotten in the rush to pursue new and exotic discoveries.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
5.
Using ground-level observations of cosmic-ray (CR) intensities from a worldwide network of stations during the ground-level enhancement (GLE) of 22–23 October 1989, variations of the particle distribution function in all phases of the event were investigated.It is shown that time intensity profiles of 2–4 GV rigidity particles differ greatly from those of higher-energy particles. After the high-energy particle intensity attains a maximum, there is an abrupt decrease in intensity below the background level, followed by the phase of slow recovery to background values. The angular distribution of high-energy particles across the celestial sphere shows, along with an increased intensity, also regions with decreased relative background intensity.To explain the detected phenomenon, it is concluded that it is necessary to consider the solar CR propagation process in the heliosphere not in terms of the movement of particles in the external electromagnetic field but with proper account of the self-consistency of fields with the particle distribution function. 相似文献
6.
STEREO A and B observations of the radial magnetic field between 1 January 2007 and 31 October 2008 show significant evidence
that in the heliosphere, the ambient radial magnetic field component with any dynamic effects removed is uniformly distributed.
Based on this monopolar nature of the ambient heliospheric field we find that the surface beyond which the magnetic fields
are in the monopolar configuration must be spherical, and this spherical surface can be defined as the inner boundary of the
heliosphere that separates the monopole-dominated heliospheric magnetic field from the multipole-dominated coronal magnetic
field. By using the radial variation of the coronal helmet streamers belts and the horizontal current – current sheet – source
surface model we find that the spherical inner boundary of the heliosphere should be located around 14 solar radii near solar
minimum phase. 相似文献
7.
The Interstellar Heliopause Probe: Heliospheric Boundary Explorer Mission to the Interstellar Medium
The Sun, driving a supersonic solar wind, cuts out of the local interstellar medium a giant plasma bubble, the heliosphere. ESA, jointly with NASA, has had an important role in the development of our current understanding of the Suns’ immediate neighborhood. Ulysses is the only spacecraft exploring the third, out-of-ecliptic dimension, while SOHO has allowed us to better understand the influence of the Sun and to image the glow of interstellar matter in the heliosphere. Voyager 1 has recently encountered the innermost boundary of this plasma bubble, the termination shock, and is returning exciting yet puzzling data of this remote region. The next logical step is to leave the heliosphere and to thereby map out in unprecedented detail the structure of the outer heliosphere and its boundaries, the termination shock, the heliosheath, the heliopause, and, after leaving the heliosphere, to discover the true nature of the hydrogen wall, the bow shock, and the local interstellar medium beyond. This will greatly advance our understanding of the heliosphere that is the best-known example for astrospheres as found around other stars. Thus, IHP/HEX will allow us to discover, explore, and understand fundamental astrophysical processes in the largest accessible plasma laboratory, the heliosphere. 相似文献
8.
The time variations of solar and terrestrial magnetic fields (background magnetic field, power of the active regions, AE and aa-indices) have been studied. The analysis of these data shows that multiplets of 27, 13.5, 9 and 7 day periods exist in the solar data as in the terrestrial data. The solar multiplets 13.5 and 9 days appear predominantly close to the equatorial zone of the Sun and can plausibly be explained by the presence of active longitudes. The similarity of the variations in period in solar and geophysical data provides evidence that the magnetosphere of the Earth is actually a continuation of the heliosphere. The variations of the terrestrial magnetic field are mainly determined by the solar background magnetic fields in middle heliographic latitudes. 相似文献
9.
The temporal variation of the cosmic-ray flux at Earth directly influences the production rate of cosmogenic isotopes in the
Earth’s atmosphere. Here we put the emphasis on problems of the modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. The physics
of the modulation region, e.g., the heliosphere, is described and also the transport theory of the cosmic rays through the
heliosphere is presented. The discussion includes more recent ideas of the modulation in the heliosheath. In the light of
these ideas the cosmic-ray fluxes during the Maunder minimum are discussed. It is also discussed, that the 22-year cycle observed
in the cosmogenic isotopes is a modulation effect of the cosmic rays, and hence directly connected with the physics of the
outer heliosphere. 相似文献
10.
This contribution to the 100th commemoration of the discovery of cosmic rays (6–8 August, 2012 in Bad Saarow, Germany) is about observations of those cosmic rays that are sensitive to the structure and the dynamics of the heliosphere. This places them in the energy range of 107–1010 eV. For higher energies the heliosphere becomes transparent; below this energy range the particles become strictly locked into the solar wind. Rather than give a strict chronological development, the paper is divided into distinct topics. It starts with the Pioneer/Voyager missions to the outer edges of the heliosphere, because the most recent observations indicate that a distinct boundary of the heliosphere might have been reached at the time of the meeting. Thereafter, the Ulysses mission is described as a unique one because it is still the only spacecraft that has explored the heliosphere at very high latitudes. Next, anomalous cosmic rays, discovered in 1972–1974, constitute a separate component that is ideally suited to study the acceleration and transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere. At this point the history and development of ground-based observations is discussed, with its unique contribution to supply a stable, long-term record. The last topic is about solar energetic particles with energies up to ∼1010 eV. 相似文献
11.
Liping Yang Xueshang Feng Changqing Xiang Shaohua Zhang S. T. Wu 《Solar physics》2011,271(1-2):91-110
The observations both near the Sun and in the heliosphere during the activity minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24 exhibit different phenomena from those typical of the previous solar minima. In this paper, we have chosen Carrington rotation 2070 in 2008 to investigate the properties of the background solar wind by using the three-dimensional (3D) Solar?CInterPlanetary Conservation Element/Solution Element Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. We also study the effects of polar magnetic fields on the characteristics of the solar corona and the solar wind by conducting simulations with an axisymmetric polar flux added to the observed magnetic field. The numerical results are compared with the observations from multiple satellites, such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), Ulysses, Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), Wind and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). The comparison demonstrates that the first simulation with the observed magnetic fields reproduces some observed peculiarities near the Sun, such as relatively small polar coronal holes, the presence of mid- and low-latitude holes, a tilted and warped current sheet, and the broad multiple streamers. The numerical results also capture the inconsistency between the locus of the minimum wind speed and the location of the heliospheric current sheet, and predict slightly slower and cooler polar streams with a relatively smaller latitudinal width, broad low-latitude intermediate-speed streams, and globally weak magnetic field and low density in the heliosphere. The second simulation with strengthened polar fields indicates that the weak polar fields in the current minimum play a crucial role in determining the states of the corona and the solar wind. 相似文献
12.
在无碰撞等离子体中,波粒相互作用会引起电磁场与粒子之间能量转移,其结果之一是重塑粒子速度分布函数.因而,如何定量化波粒相互作用是日球层和天体等离子体研究中的一个基础问题.近年来,在定量化波粒相互作用问题的研究中,取得了很多重要成果.将主要介绍相关理论研究上的进展,特别是,将重点介绍新近提出的度量共振和非共振波粒相互作用的理论方法.还将介绍该方法在度量内日球层阿尔文模式波、质子束流不稳定性和电子热流不稳定性中波粒相互作用上的应用. 相似文献
13.
Donald V. Reames 《Solar physics》2010,265(1-2):187-195
We investigate the topology of magnetic clouds using energetic particles from a variety of sources outside the clouds as probes to remotely sense the interconnections of the magnetic field. We find that only a small percentage of field lines in magnetic clouds are truly closed directly to the Sun, so as to exclude particles from an external source. Field lines that are open to the outer heliosphere must be mixed with closed field lines on a fine spatial scale in the clouds to explain the simultaneous observation of anomalous cosmic rays from the outer heliosphere and of counter-streaming suprathermal electrons from the corona. The results of this paper show that, given sufficient time, particles accelerated at shock waves outside magnetic clouds have access to the interior and to a wide region of solar longitude in interplanetary space surrounding the clouds. 相似文献
14.
Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber Ralph McNutt Nathan A. Schwadron Priscilla C. Frisch Mike Gruntman Peter Wurz Eino Valtonen 《Experimental Astronomy》2009,24(1-3):9-46
The Sun, driving a supersonic solar wind, cuts out of the local interstellar medium a giant plasma bubble, the heliosphere. ESA, jointly with NASA, has had an important role in the development of our current understanding of the Suns immediate neighborhood. Ulysses is the only spacecraft exploring the third, out-of-ecliptic dimension, while SOHO has allowed us to better understand the influence of the Sun and to image the glow of interstellar matter in the heliosphere. Voyager 1 has recently encountered the innermost boundary of this plasma bubble, the termination shock, and is returning exciting yet puzzling data of this remote region. The next logical step is to leave the heliosphere and to thereby map out in unprecedented detail the structure of the outer heliosphere and its boundaries, the termination shock, the heliosheath, the heliopause, and, after leaving the heliosphere, to discover the true nature of the hydrogen wall, the bow shock, and the local interstellar medium beyond. This will greatly advance our understanding of the heliosphere that is the best-known example for astrospheres as found around other stars. Thus, IHP/HEX will allow us to discover, explore, and understand fundamental astrophysical processes in the largest accessible plasma laboratory, the heliosphere. 相似文献
15.
We consider a stationary model of the propagation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the heliosphere and adjacent interstellar space. The heliosphere is assumed to be a two-layer medium consisting of two adjacent regions that are spherically symmetric relative to the sun. The solar wind velocity is supersonic in the inner heliosphere bounded by the standing termination shock, and this velocity is subsonic in the outer heliosphere bounded by the heliosheath. The GCR scattering in these regions is due to different factors characterized by relevant diffusion coefficients. The solar wind velocity is assumed to be zero in the interstellar medium, where the scattering becomes weaker. No particle sources are presumed to exist at the boundaries between the layers. An exact analytical solution of the corresponding mathematical problem can be obtained without essential difficulties, although it is extremely cumbersome. Analytical expressions for the GCR spectra of particles with very high energies (>2500 MeV) and very low energies (<1400 MeV) are obtained for each region of particle propagation. The low-energy particle distribution corresponds to the data obtained by the Voyager spacecraft. It is shown that the low-energy particle density continuously increases from the sun toward the heliospheric boundary, regardless of the scattering mode in the inner and outer parts of the heliosphere. 相似文献
16.
17.
R. Lallement 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,277(1-2):205-217
In this paper I will use recent results about the heliosphere and the so-called `H walls' around nearby star ‘asteropauses’
(the equivalent of the heliopause for other stars) to show new connections between heliospheric physics and other fields in
space physics.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
The physics of the heliosphere has seen several exciting developments in the past years since the in situ discovery of the termination shock by Voyager 1 at 94 AU and radio observations of the interaction of GMIRs with the heliopause. The local hydrogen wall ahead of the heliosphere has been inferred from interstellar absorption lines and information about the interstellar magnetic field is now available. This sudden richness of information has lead to a waking realisation about the importance of the heliosphere for long-term space climate and possibly even terrestrial climate. 相似文献
19.
Using ground-based cosmic-ray (CR) observations on the worldwide network of neutron monitors, we have studied the variations in CR rigidity spectrum, anisotropy, and planetary system of geomagnetic cutoff rigidities during Forbush decreases in March-April 2001 by the global spectrographic method. By jointly analyzing ground-based and satellite measurements, we have determined the parameters of the CR rigidity spectrum that reflect the electromagnetic characteristics of the heliospheric fields in each hour of observations within the framework of the model of CR modulation by the heliosphere’s regular electromagnetic fields. The rigidity spectra of the variations and the relative changes in the intensity of CRs with rigidities of 4 and 10 GV in the solar-ecliptic geocentric coordinate system are presented in specific periods of the investigated events. 相似文献
20.
The ionization of hydrogen atoms that penetrate into the heliosphere from the interstellar medium gives rise to a peculiar population of energetic protons (interstellar pickup protons) in the solar wind. The short-wavelength Alfvènic turbulence in the outer heliosphere is entirely attributable to the source associated with the instability of the initial anisotropic pickup proton velocity distribution. The bulk of the generated turbulent energy is subsequently absorbed by the pickup protons themselves through the cyclotron-resonance particle-wave interaction, and only an insignificant fraction of this energy can be transferred to the solar wind protons and heat them up. 相似文献