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1.
关键金属矿产是国际上最近提出的资源概念,对战略性新兴产业的发展至关重要,但认知程度较低。洛扎岩浆-变质杂岩体位于喜马拉雅带东部,侵位于藏南拆离系内。在岩体东北侧,云母片岩被含电气石淡色花岗岩捕虏。云母片岩主要由金云母、绿泥石和少量黑云母组成。从全岩地球化学成分来看,云母片岩具有含量较高的Al2O3(13.38%～14.32%)、K2O(6.09%～9.66%)、FeO*(27.11%～30.09%)、MgO(15.25%～17.21%)、TiO2(0.09%～0.26%),富集关键金属Li(650×10-6～1 031×10-6)、Rb(1 649×10-6～2 773×10-6)、Cs(98×10-6～229×10-6)、Tl(5.7×10-6～12.1×10-6)、Ga(121×10-6  相似文献   

2.
Constraining magnitudes of mechanical and thermo-mechanical parameters of rocks and shear zones are the important goals in structural geology and tectonics (Talbot in J Struct Geol 21:949–957, 1999). Such parameters aid dynamic scaling of analogue tectonic models (Ramberg in Gravity, deformation and the Earth’s crust in theory, experiments and geological applications, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, 1981), which are useful to unravel tectonics in further details (Schultz-Ela and Walsh in J Struct Geol 24:247–275, 2002). The channel flow extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Shear Zone (HHSZ, = Higher Himalaya) can be explained by a top-to-S/SW simple shear (i.e. the D2 deformation) in combination with a pressure gradient induced flow against gravity. Presuming its Newtonian incompressible rheology with parallel inclined boundaries, the viscosity (μ) of this shear zone along a part of the Himalayan chain through India, Nepal and Bhutan is estimated to vary widely between ~1016 and 1023 Pa s, and its Prandtl number (P r ) within ~1021–1028. The estimates utilized ranges of known thickness (6–58 km) of the HHSZ, that of its top subzone of ductile shear of normal shear sense (STDSU: 0.35–9.4 km), total rate of slip of its two boundaries (0.7–131 mm year?1), pressure gradient (0.02–6 kb km?1), density (2.2–3.1 g cm?3) and thermal diffusivity (0.5 × 10?6–2.1 × 10?6 m s?2) along the orogenic trend. Considering most of the parameters specifically for the Sutlej section (India), the calculated viscosity (μ) and the Prandtl number (P r ) of the HHSZ are deduced to be μ: ~1017–1023 Pa s and P r  ~ 1022–1028. The upper limits of the estimated viscosity ranges are broadly in conformity with a strong Tibetan mid-crust from where a part of the HHSZ rocks extruded. On the other hand, their complete ranges match with those for its constituent main rock types and partly with those for the superstructure and the infrastructure. The estimated mechanical and thermo-mechanical parameters of the HHSZ will help to build dynamically scaled analogue models for the Himalayan deformation of the D2–phase.  相似文献   

3.
再论花岗岩按照Sr-Yb的分类:标志   总被引：41，自引：14，他引：27  
张旗  金惟俊  李承东  王元龙 《岩石学报》2010,26(4):985-1015
2006年作者曾经按照Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)作为标志将花岗岩分为埃达克岩、喜马拉雅型花岗岩、浙闽型花岗岩和广西型花岗岩,在浙闽型中又分出南岭型(Sr100×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)),于是花岗岩被分为5类。Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)是根据阿留申群岛中的Adak岛的资料得出来的。本文统计了全球花岗岩6000多个数据(其中,埃达克型花岗岩为2810个,喜马拉雅型花岗岩636个,浙闽型花岗岩1183个,南岭型花岗岩1518个,广西型花岗岩142个,总共6289个),统计的结果,各类花岗岩的地球化学特征大致如下:(1)埃达克型花岗岩富Al_2O_3和Sr,贫Y和Yb,具较高和变化的铕异常,绝大多数样品的Sr300×10~(-6),Yb2.5×10~(-6)(当Sr=400×10~(-6)～600×10~(-6)时Yb值最大,Sr超过600×10~(-6),Yb降低至2×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3在14%～18%之间,Eu/Eu~*大多在0.6～1.2范围;(2)喜马拉雅型花岗岩贫Sr和Yb,具中等的Al_2O_3和变化的Eu/Eu~*,Sr300×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)(少数Sr300×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3为13%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.2～1.0;(3)浙闽型花岗岩贫Sr富Yb,Sr在40×10~(-6)～400×10~(-6)之间,Yb1.5×10~(-6),Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*的变化类似喜马拉雅型花岗岩,Al_2O_3为12%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.4～1.0;(4)南岭型花岗岩以很低的Sr、Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*以及很高的Yb而不同于上述各类花岗岩,通常Yb1.5×10~(-6),Sr100×10~(-6)(Yb变化大,绝大多数2×10~(-6);当Yb在2×10~(-6)～8×10~(-6)时,部分样品Sr可100×10~(-6),但很少200×10~(-6));Al_2O_314%,集中在11%～13%之间,Eu/Eu~*0.7,大多0.4;Yb越大,Sr越低,负铕异常越明显。文中讨论了花岗岩Sr-Yb分类的意义,指出本分类适用于产于大陆和海洋的绝大多数中酸性岩浆岩(可能不适用于一部分特别富铁和钾的花岗岩,如具有高Sr和Yb特征的广西型花岗岩)。不同类型的花岗岩主要反映了源区压力的不同,而源区成分、温度、部分熔融程度、水和挥发分的加入以及岩浆混合等的影响可能是次要的。文中指出,该分类的依据、其实质,是熔体与残留相平衡的理论。与浙闽型花岗岩平衡的残留相是斜长石,与喜马拉雅型花岗岩平衡的是斜长石+石榴石,与埃达克型花岗岩平衡的是石榴石,与南岭型花岗岩平衡的是富钙的斜长石。文中指出,加强实验岩石学研究,将年代学和地球化学研究密切结合起来是深化花岗岩研究的关键。  相似文献   

4.
内蒙古乌兰沟埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造环境   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
王金芳  李英杰  李红阳  董培培 《地质通报》2018,37(10):1933-1943
内蒙古中部贺根山缝合带的梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中,新发现乌兰沟埃达克岩,岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年结果表明,乌兰沟埃达克岩的侵位年龄为279.3±1.4Ma,其形成时代为早二叠世。乌兰沟埃达克岩SiO_2含量为65.92%~69.65%,MgO为1.34%~2.16%,Al_2O_3为15.30%~17.33%,Na_2O/K_2O值为3.95~14.09,Sr=359.60×10~(-6)~734.00×10~(-6),Yb=0.83×10~(-6)~2.02×10~(-6),Y=6.65×10~(-6)~12.84×10~(-6);富集K、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素;稀土元素总量为32.18×10~(-6)~65.41×10~(-6),明显较低,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为2.84~7.56,无明显Eu异常,显示出高硅埃达克岩(HSA)的地球化学特征。该埃达克岩具有岛弧型岩浆岩特征,形成于俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为洋内俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应成因。根据乌兰沟埃达克岩与梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩的时空分布与演化特征,贺根山缝合带在早二叠世可能存在洋内俯冲作用。  相似文献   

5.
安徽牯牛降A型花岗岩的年代学、地球化学和构造意义   总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3  
谢建成  陈思  荣伟  李全忠  杨晓勇  孙卫东 《岩石学报》2012,28(12):4007-4020
皖南地区牯牛降岩体位于扬子板块东南缘,江南隆起带内。本文报道了牯牛降花岗岩体新的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学数据,并对岩体成因及其构造意义进行了探讨。锆石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明牯牛降岩体的形成年龄为130.1±1.3Ma (95% confidence, MSWD=0.55)。结合己发表的其他高质量锆石U-Pb同位素年龄数据表明皖南地区花岗岩的形成年龄主要集中在125~130Ma。牯牛降花岗岩为高钾钙碱性、准铝质岩石,SiO2 含量为72.21%~74.85%,具有高K2O含量(>5.11%)、高铁值(FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)>0.91)和K2O/Na2O比值(>1.61),低MgO和CaO含量的特征。微量元素地球化学性质上表现为强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu(Eu*/Eu=0.29~0.30),富集REE(>419×10-6)、Rb、Th 和U,较高的高场强元素Zr、Nb、Y和Ga含量。主量和微量元素均表现为A型花岗岩的特征。非常低的Mg#值(0.14~0.16)和较低Cr含量(Cr=10×10-6),高Yb(7.08×10-6~9.02×10-6)、Y(78.7×10-6~90.8×10-6)含量和较高的Th/U比值(5.17~7.79)说明古老地壳物质的部分熔融可能是牯牛降岩体主要形成机制。牯牛降A2型花岗岩特征代表了拉张的碰撞后构造环境。  相似文献   

6.
Vesicles,water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Dredge hauls of fresh submarine basalt collected from the axis of the Reykjanes Ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) south of Iceland were taken aboard R/ V TRIDENT in 1967 and 1971. The samples show systematic changes as the water depth of collection (and eruption) decreases: radially elongate vesicles and concentric zones of vesicles appear at about 700 m depth and are conspicuous to shallow water; the smoothed volume percent of vesicles increases from 5% at 1000 m, 10% at 700 m, to 16% at 500 m, and the scatter in degree of vesicularity increases in shallower water; specific gravity decreases from 2.7±0.1 at 1000 m to 2.3±0.3 at 100 m. Bulk sulfur content for the outer 2 cm averages 843 ppm up to a depth of 200 m, then drops off rapidly in shallower water owing to degassing. Sulfur content below 200 m is independent of depth (or geographic position), and the melt is apparently saturated with sulfur, but the excess cannot escape the lava unless another vehicle carries it out. Only shallower than 200 m, where intense vesiculation of other gases occurs can excess sulfur be lost from the lava erupting on the sea floor. H2O+110° averages about 0.35 percent and H2O+150° about 0.25 percent, and both apparently decrease in water shallower than 200 m as a result of degassing. H2O+ (below 200 m) decreases with distance from Iceland or increasing depth, presumably as a result of either adsorption of water on the surface of shallower, more vesicular rocks; or more likely due to the presence of the Iceland hot mantle plume supplying undifferentiated primordial material, relative to lavas of the Reykjanes Ridge supplied from the low velocity layer already depleted in volatiles and large lithophile elements. The H2O+110°/S ratio of lava erupting below 200 m water depth ranges from 3 to 5 which is comparable to reliable gas analyses from oceanic basaltic volcanoes. Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey.  相似文献   

7.
东塔尔别克金矿区位于西天山吐拉苏盆地内阿希金矿区南侧,构造上属于伊犁-中天山微板块与准噶尔板块之间的博罗科努早古生代岛弧带西段。东塔尔别克矿区出露有一些安山岩,这些岩石具有典型高镁安山岩特征,如高硅（SiO2=58.94%~63.85%),具有较高的MgO含量(3.75%~6.59%)和Mg#(58~69)、高的Cr（94.2×10-6~241×10-6）、和Ni（54.5×10-6~126 ×10-6）含量,以及低的FeOT/MgO比值。除了Sr含量略微偏低（235×10-6~696×10-6）之外,这些岩石基本显示了埃达克岩的地球化学特征：高的Al2O3（15.39%~16.65%）,低Y（9.86×10-6~14.9×10-6）含量,以及高的Sr/Y比值(23.8~48.1),无Eu异常,Nb、Ta、Ti亏损等。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示安山岩的年龄为347.2±1.6Ma,为早石炭世。安山岩富集Rb、Th、U 等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,具有俯冲带岛弧岩浆的特征。东塔尔别克安山岩可能形成于岛弧环境中,并可能由俯冲的晚古生代北天山洋洋壳以及少量上覆沉积物熔融形成,产生的熔体在上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生了相互作用. 熔体-地幔相互作用对区内金矿的形成具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
路凤香 《岩石学报》2010,26(11):3177-3188
本文提供的两件蒙阴岩区金伯利岩中的蛇纹石化石榴石橄榄岩捕虏体,整体发育剪切-变形结构,其中的辉石有三种类型,代表了三次地质事件,他们是:(1)石榴石中的自形单斜辉石包裹体Py;(2)粗粒不规则形状的斜方辉石Py1;(3)具反应边及定向排列的斜方辉石Py2。Py具有高Na2O和Al2O3,及低Mg#和CaO的特征,暗示所赋存的橄榄岩未遭受过明显的熔融作用。推测Py为早期阶段地幔"岩浆海"结晶时被石榴石包裹的矿物。在手标本及薄片中普遍见到Py2切过Py1,表明Py1形成早于Py2。Py1的Cr(669×10-6～9503×10-6),Ni(1941×10-6～4750×10-6)含量和Mg#(0.91～0.94)比值较高,而Py2中的Cr(725×10-6～1926×10-6),Ni(902×10-6～2989×10-6)和Mg#(0.88～0.90)值较低,说明Py1是早期经部分熔融的橄榄岩耐熔残余中的顽火辉石残留。相反,Py2可能是软流圈来源的熔体与耐熔橄榄岩反应的结果。剪切/变形以及交代事件则发生于上述反应之后或者与之同时。依据主元素特征,较早的Py1的耐熔程度反而高于Py2,本文称之为地幔组成的"逆向演化"。看来,这种逆向成分演化不仅发生在中新生代,而且也发生于古老地幔,甚至是贯穿于整个地幔演化的历史时期。与已发表的有关地幔形成年龄的资料对比,Py、Py1和Py2的年龄估计分别是3.8Ga,2.5Ga/1.4～1.3Ga和0.9～0.7Ga。另外1件碳酸盐化橄榄岩捕虏体,采自复县金伯利岩,具有明显的剪切-变形结构,最终形成时间可能与Py2接近。  相似文献   

9.
The Tulul Al Hammam area in central Jordan is an advantageous natural analogue site to study long-term U(VI) retention in ~?1 Ma old U-bearing combustion metamorphic marbles with clinker-like mineralogy exposed to prolonged supergene alteration for at least ~?100 kyr. The marbles contain abundant grains of high-temperature (ca. 800–850 °C) primary double Ca-U(VI) oxides (mainly Ca3UO6 and CaUO4), which are commonly replaced by hydrated calcium uranates with various impurities (Si, Fe, Al and F). A more hydrous natural analogue of X-phase (Ca2UO5·2-3H2O) occurs as a predominant secondary U compound after primary Ca-U(VI) oxides. The phase was studied by single-crystal XRD, SEM/EDX and electron microprobe (EPMA) analyses and Raman spectroscopy. It is a non-crystalline phase with a specific finger-like microtexture consisting of thin (no wider than 1–2 μm) lamellar particles. Its Raman spectrum shows a single strong band at 706–713 cm?1, sometimes coexisting with up to three weak diffuse bands (ν ~?390, ~?540 and 1355–1400 cm?1). The find of the natural X-phase (Ca2UO5·2-3H2O) is evidence of its long-term stability in a natural environment. It proves explicitly that the compound Ca2UO5·nH2O is a solubility-limiting phase in aged cements. The results have implications for geological disposal of radioactive wastes.  相似文献   

10.
The present analysis adjusts previous estimates of global ocean CaCO3 production rates substantially upward, to 133 × 1012 mol yr?1 plankton production and 42 × 1012 mol yr?1 shelf benthos production. The plankton adjustment is consistent with recent satellite-based estimates; the benthos adjustment includes primarily an upward adjustment of CaCO3 production on so-called carbonate-poor sedimentary shelves and secondarily pays greater attention to high CaCO3 mass (calcimass) and turnover of shelf communities on temperate and polar shelves. Estimated CaCO3 sediment accumulation rates remain about the same as they have been for some years: ~20 × 1012 mol yr?1 on shelves and 11 × 1012 mol yr?1 in the deep ocean. The differences between production and accumulation of calcareous materials call for dissolution of ~22 × 1012 mol yr?1 (~50 %) of shelf benthonic carbonate production and 122 × 1012 mol yr?1 (>90 %) of planktonic production. Most CaCO3 production, whether planktonic or benthonic, is assumed to take place in water depths of <100 m, while most dissolution is assumed to occur below this depth. The molar ratio of CO2 release to CaCO3 precipitation (CO2↑/CaCO3↓) is <1.0 and varies with depth. This ratio, Ψ, is presently about 0.66 in surface seawater and 0.85 in ocean waters deeper than about 1000 m. The net flux of CO2 associated with CaCO3 reactions in the global ocean in late preindustrial time is estimated to be an apparent influx from the atmosphere to the ocean, of +7 × 1012 mol C yr?1, at a time scale of 102–103 years. The CaCO3-mediated influx of CO2 is approximately offset by CO2 release from organic C oxidation in the water column. Continuing ocean acidification will have effects on CaCO3 and organic C metabolic responses to the oceanic inorganic C cycle, although those responses remain poorly quantified.  相似文献   

11.
The River Ganges being the most sacred river and lifeline to millions of Indians in serving their water requirements is facing excessive threat of pollution. Under various river management and conservation strategies for its protection, the assessment of water quality of its main tributary Ramganga River is lacking. This study focuses on assessment of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution of the Ramganga River by application of multivariate statistical techniques. Sampling of Ramganga River at sixteen sampling sites was carried out in three seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) of 2014. The collected water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Results from cluster analysis (CA) of the data divided the whole stretch of the river into three clusters as elevation from 1304 to 259 m as less polluted, from 207 to 154 m as moderately polluted and from elevation 154 to 139 m as high-polluted stretches with anthropogenic as main sources of pollution in high-polluted stretch. Principal component analysis of the seasonal dataset resulted in three significant principal components (PC) in each season explaining 72–8% of total variance with strong loadings (>0.75) of PC1 on fluoride (F?), chloride (Cl?), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3 ?), total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Temporal variation by one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed significant seasonal variation was in the pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, HCO3 ?, F?, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Mn (p < 0.05). Turbidity showed approximately a twofold increase in monsoon season due to rainfall in the catchment area and subsequent flow of runoff into the river. Concentration of HCO3 ?, F? and pH also showed similar increase in monsoon. The concentration of Zn, Cd and Mn showed an increasing trend in summers compared to monsoon and winter season due to dilution effect in the monsoon season and its lasting effect in winters.  相似文献   

12.
Eight feldspar phases have been distinguished within individual alkali feldspar primocrysts in laminated syenite members of the layered syenite series of the Klokken intrusion. The processes leading to the formation of the first four phases have been described previously. The feldspars crystallized as homogeneous sodian sanidine and exsolved by spinodal decomposition, between 750 and 600 °C, depending on bulk composition, to give fully coherent, strain-controlled braid cryptoperthites with sub-μm periodicities. Below ~500 °C, in the microcline field, these underwent a process of partial mutual replacement in a deuteric fluid, producing coarse (up to mm scale), turbid, incoherent patch perthites. We here describe exsolution and replacement processes that occurred after patch perthite formation. Both Or- and Ab-rich patches underwent a new phase of coherent exsolution by volume diffusion. Or-rich patches began to exsolve albite lamellae by coherent nucleation in the range 460–340 °C, depending on patch composition, leading to film perthite with ≤1 μm periodicities. Below ~300 °C, misfit dislocation loops formed, which were subsequently enlarged to nanotunnels. Ab-rich patches (bulk composition ~Ab91Or1An8), in one sample, exsolved giving peristerite, with one strong modulation with a periodicity of ~17 nm and a pervasive tweed microtexture. The Ab-rich patches formed with metastable disorder below the peristerite solvus and intersected the peristerite conditional spinodal at ~450 °C. This is the first time peristerite has been imaged using TEM within any perthite, and the first time peristerite has been found in a relatively rapidly cooled geological environment. The lamellar periodicities of film perthite and peristerite are consistent with experimentally determined diffusion coefficients and a calculated cooling history of the intrusion. All the preceding textures were in places affected by a phase of replacement correlating with regions of extreme optical turbidity. We term this material ultra porous late feldspar (UPLF). It is composed predominantly of regions of microporous very Or-rich feldspar (mean Ab2.5Or97.4An0.1) associated with very pure porous albite (Ab97.0Or1.6An1.4) implying replacement below 170–90 °C, depending on degree of order. In TEM, UPLF has complex, irregular diffraction contrast similar to that previously associated with low-temperature albitization and diagenetic overgrowths. Replacement by UPLF seems to have been piecemeal in character. Ghost-like textural pseudomorphs of both braid and film parents occur. Formation of patch perthite, film perthite and peristerite occurred 104–105 year after emplacement, but there are no microtextural constraints on the age of UPLF formation.  相似文献   

13.
北山牛圈子地区的骆驼圈西埃达克岩为过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列,具有高的SiO_2(57.94%)、Al_2O_3(16.66%)和低的MgO(4.32%)含量,较高的Na_2O/K_2O比值(3.13),显示富钠的特征;而在微量元素上,高Sr(589×10~(-6)~1170×10~(-6)),低Y(4.60×10~(-6)~13.90×10~(-6))和Yb(0.43×10~(-6)~1.32×10~(-6));轻重稀土分异明显(La/Dy)N=4.60~13.87、(La/Yb)N=7.17~20.58,Eu异常不明显(Eu/Eu*=0.85~1.32);富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,而亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti和重稀土HREE,与世界上典型的俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩特征相似。结合区域上埃达克岩的研究成果和岀露的构造位置,以及与牛圈子蛇绿岩的关系,认为骆驼圈西埃达克岩是志留纪(U-Pb年龄为428.9 Ma)时期热的洋壳向公婆泉—东七一山早古生代活动陆缘带俯冲过程中部分熔融的产物。对该岩体的研究,为进一步研究北山造山带早古生代北山洋盆闭合和晚古生代北山洋盆重新裂开提供新的依据。  相似文献   

14.
周心怀  黄雷  王昕  韦阿娟 《岩石学报》2016,32(6):1839-1850
蓬莱9-1花岗岩体是渤海海域首次发现的中生代花岗岩,鉴于渤海海域在华北克拉通中的重要构造位置,该花岗岩的形成时代和成因机制的研究对区域构造研究具有重大意义。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明该花岗岩体形成于中侏罗世160~165Ma。花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,为准铝质-过铝质花岗岩;富Al_2O_3(14.84%~17.19%)和Sr(485×10~(-6)~909×10~(-6)),贫Y(0.66×10~(-6)~1.39×10~(-6))和Yb(小于2.0×10~(-6)),无铕的负异常,多数样品表现为铕的弱正异常,表现出C-型埃达克岩特征。表明渤海地区在160~165Ma期间处于挤压地壳增厚环境下,以地壳减薄为标志的克拉通破坏过程彼时尚未发生,其区域动力学环境可能仍处于华北板块-华南板块碰撞拼接的影响范围内。  相似文献   

15.
It is well established that the fractionation of Li–F granitic magmas at depth leads to the accumulation of flux elements such as F and Li, and metal cations such as Ta and Nb in residual melts. However, it remains to be determined whether magmatic fractionation is sufficient to concentrate Nb and Ta into economically significant quantities, and what role hydrothermal–metasomatic processes play in the formation of such ore deposits. In the literature, reliable data about the solubility of Ta and Nb in hydrothermal solutions is missing or incomplete. This study provides a quantitative experimental estimation of the possible contribution from hydrothermal processes in Ta enrichment in cupolas of albitized and greisenized Li–F granite. Experimental studies of Ta2O5 and columbite–tantalite (Mn,Fe)(Nb,Ta)2O6 solubility were carried out in fluoride solutions consisting of HF, NaF, KF, and LiF. At low fluoride concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 m), Ta2O5 solubility at 550°C and 100 MPa under Co–CoO oxidizing conditions is low (near 10?5–10?4 m) in all fluoride solutions (HF, NaF, KF, LiF). At high fluoride concentrations (1 and 2 m) the highest Ta2O5 concentrations (10?1 m) were detected in HF solutions. In KF, NaF, and LiF solutions, the Ta2O5 solubility is also high (10?3–10?2 m). The dependence of columbite–tantalite (Nb2O5-59 wt. %, Ta2O5-18 wt. %) solubility as a function of solution composition, T, and P has also been investigated. Tantalum and Nb concentrations have the highest values in HF solutions at reduced conditions (up to 10?3 to 10?2 m Ta in 1 m HF). In 1 m NaF solutions, the concentrations of Nb and Ta are, respectively, 2.5 and 3 orders of magnitude less than those in the 1 m HF solutions. Solubility of Ta and Nb in KF solutions has intermediate values. It is established that in NaF and KF solutions the dependence of solubility on pressure is distinctly negative. The Nb and Ta contents increase with increasing concentrations of HF and KF in solution, however, they do not change with increasing NaF concentration. In NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and HCl solutions columbite–tantalite solubility is low. Even in 1 m chloride solutions the content is within the limits of 10?5 m for Nb and 10?6 to 10?8 m for Ta. We conclude that hydrothermal transport of Ta and Nb is possible only in concentrated fluoride solutions.  相似文献   

16.
冈底斯带西段那木如岩体始新世岩浆作用及构造意义   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  
冈底斯带西段狮泉河南部那木如岩体岩性变化较大,其中产出大量基性岩透镜体及暗色微细粒包体,空间上与花岗岩类呈渐变过渡接触关系。本文在详细野外调研的基础上,对狮泉河-札达一带那木如花岗岩及其中基性岩石进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学研究。结果表明,那木如岩体主体岩性为黑云母花岗岩,其SiO2为65%~76%,全碱含量较高,花岗岩中K2O+Na2O=5.50%~8.71%,基性岩石中则4.42%~6.7%。花岗岩类稀土元素最高含量为284.8×10-6,最低只有105.4×10-6;而基性岩类最高为120.4×10-6,最低72.48×10-6。两者稀土元素分配曲线均呈右倾平缓样式,花岗岩具有不明显Eu负异常,微量元素显示出花岗岩类和基性岩类具有相似的蛛网分布样式。两者均明显富K而亏损Nb、Ti等不活泼的HFS元素,显示出明显的岩浆混合作用趋势。4件花岗岩和基性岩样品所显示的LA-ICP-MS法锆石U-Pb年龄分别为46.11±0.78Ma、45.47±0.4Ma、46.7±2.9Ma和45.4±1.4Ma,变化在45.4~46.7Ma范围内,表明始新世早期(~46Ma)区域发生了岩浆混合作用。这一时限与冈底斯中、东部岩浆作用时代(40~52Ma)非常一致,表明始新世早期整个冈底斯发生了规模巨大的岩浆事件,暗示着印度-欧亚大陆碰撞作用在东西方向上所表现出的同时性。  相似文献   

17.
孟恩  刘福来  施建荣  蔡佳 《岩石学报》2013,29(2):421-436
本文对辽东南丹东地区部分原定前震旦纪侵入岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究,以便对其岩石成因和区域构造演化给予制约.详细的岩石学和岩相学研究表明,四个侵入岩体岩性分别为二长花岗岩、角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和角闪辉长岩.所选样品中锆石均呈半自形-自形晶形、阴极发光图像显示具有成分生长环带或条痕状吸收特点,结合其高的Th/U比值(0.53 ～2.40)和亏损轻稀土元素(LREEs)、相对富集重稀土元素(HREEs)以及负Eu异常和正Ce异常等特征,表明其典型岩浆成因特点.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,它们均形成于早白垩世(峰期为126Ma).岩石学和地球化学分析结果显示,研究区早白垩世侵入岩具有双峰式岩浆作用特点,其中花岗质岩石SiO2=66.99％～73.13％,K2O=3.52％～4.67％,K2O/Na2O=1.01～1.43,MgO=0.45％～2.61％,Mg#值为29～56,Al2O3=13.97％ ～ 14.92％,富集LREEs和大粒子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损HREEs和高场强元素(HFSEs),暗示其具有I型花岗岩特点,岩浆应起源于下地壳的部分熔融;而角闪辉长岩SiO2=50.22％,MgO=10.61％,Mg#值为69,Cr(196×10-6)、Co(44.8×10-6)、Ni(73.4×10-6)含量较高,富集LREEs和LILEs,亏损HREEs和Nb、Ta、Ti等HFSEs,暗示其岩浆应起源于受俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔楔.结合区域地质资料表明,辽东南丹东地区早白垩世侵入岩应形成于类似弧后盆地的伸展环境,其形成应与古太平洋板块北西向向欧亚大陆之下的俯冲作用相联系.  相似文献   

18.
A total of 33 elements (Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Br, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs. Eu, Fe, Ge, Hf, Ir, Lu, Na, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Se, Si, Sm, Tb, Te, Tl, U, Yb and Zn) were analyzed by radiochemical and instrumental neutron activation in four eucrites: Juvinas (brecciated), Ibitira (vesicular, unbrecciated) and Moore County and Serra de Magé (cumulate, un brecciated).When arranged in order of volatility. Cl—normalized abundance patterns allow nebular and planetary effects to be distinguished. The stepped lithophile pattern reveals the dominance of nebular processes; in Ibitira, refractory elements (Hf, Lu, Tb, Ce, Sm, Yb, U, Eu) are (13.1 ± 0.7) × Cl chondrites; volatile elements (Rb. Cs, Br, Bi) are (6.0 + 1.5) × 10?2 Cl. The depletion of Tl seems inherent to the eucrite parent body and is mirrored in the chalcophile elements by the marked deficit of Te relative to Se; apparently volatiles were accreted as a fractionated C3-like component. Consistent but subtle Cl-normalized abundance differences between eucrites (Serra de Magé < Moore County < Juvinas < Ibitira) result from crystal/liquid differentiation; Ibitira approximates the composition of an undifferentiated eucrite magma. The siderophile pattern retains little sign of nebular processes, but reflects planetary metal-silicate partition.The bulk composition of the eucrite parent body closely resembles that of H-chondrites, except for two features: moderately volatile elements (e.g. Na, K. Rb) are very much lower, apparently due to the accretion of more chondrule-like material; the metallic Fe-Ni content is only ~13%, even though total iron is very similar.  相似文献   

19.
Based on data from ground-based air quality stations, space–time variations of six principal atmospheric pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and gas pollutants (SO2, NO2, СО, and O3), obtained from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 in the city of Lanzhou, have been studied. Average total concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 53.2?±?26.91 and 124.54?±?82.33 µg/m3, respectively; however, the results showed that in 75.53% and 84.85% days, concentrations of these pollutants exceeded Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard and in 100% days exceeded World Health Organization guidelines standards. Daily mean values of aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent based on data, received by satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, show a broad range of values for aerosol optical depth (from 0.018 to 1.954) and Ångström exponent (from 0.003 to 1.8). Results of principal components analysis revealed three factor loadings. Thus, Factor 1 has the relevant loadings for PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 (36%) and closely associated with transport emissions and industrial sources, which contribute to air pollution in Lanzhou. Factor 2 was heavily loaded with temperature and visibility (16.94%). Factor 3 consisted of relative humidity (14.11%). Cluster analysis revealed four subgroups: cluster 1 (PM2.5, NO2, SO2), cluster 2 (CO), cluster 3 (PM10) and cluster 4 (relative humidity, visibility, temperature, O3, wind speed), which were compliant with results, obtained from principal components analysis. Positive correlation was found among all pollutants, other than O3. According to processed backward trajectories obtained by Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, it was found that movement of air masses occur from north, northwest, and west directions—the location of principal natural sources of aerosols.  相似文献   

20.
Concentrations of helium isotopes were measured in gas and water samples from 28 thermal mineral springs in Tuva and adjacent regions of Buryatia and Gorny Altai. It is shown that fluids from 16 springs are rich in mantle helium (4–35%). With regard to the air contamination of the samples, the corrected ratios of helium isotopes (Rcor = 3He/4He) in these springs vary from 5.3 × 10–8 to 422 × 10–8. Using these Rcor values, we estimated the heat flow; these estimates were then applied to calculate the deep-level temperatures and thickness of thermal lithosphere. According to these parameters, the Tuva region is divided into two parts. Eastern Tuva (from ~96° E to the boundary with Buryatia) is characterized by abnormal helium isotope ratios and heat flow indicating the intense heating of the Earth’s crust in eastern Tuva: At a depth of 50 km, a temperature reaches 1000–1200 °C, and the thickness of thermal lithosphere is reduced to 70–50 km. This testifies to a rift process west (probably, up to 96° E) of the Baikal Rift Zone. In western Tuva, the average heat flow is much lower, ~45–50 mW/m2, which is commensurate with that in the Altai–Sayan folded area as a whole. The deep-level temperatures here are twice lower, and the lithosphere thickness increases to 150 km.  相似文献   

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