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《International Journal of Coal Geology》1988,10(3):203-238
To develop a method for quantifying the vegetation of Pennsylvania-age coal beds, of four coal-ball (permineralized peat) profiles and four coal column samples from the Herrin coal bed (Kentucky No. 11) Carbondale Formation in western Kentucky were compared. An estimated 89.5% of the coal can be identified botanically. Compaction ratios for individual tissues were estimated using point counts of organic matter in coal balls. The estimated abundances of major plant groups (lycopods, ferns, sphenopsids, and pteridosperms) in coal balls differ by less than 10% compared to coal after accounting for differential compaction of plant tissues. Standard deviations in taxonomic and maceral composition among coal columns are generally less than 2%.Consistent differences in botanical composition were found between benches showing that the method is consistent when applied to sufficient thicknesses of coal. It was not possible to make fine-scale correlations within the coal bed using the vegetational data; either the flora varied considerably from place to place or the method of quantification is unreliable for small increments of coal (5 cm or less).In the coal, pteridosperm abundance is positively correlated with underlying shale partings. This correlation suggests that pteridosperms are favored either by higher nutrient levels or disturbance.In the third of four benches in the Herrin coal bed, a succession from Sigillaria-containing zones to zones dominated by Lepidophloios hallii is interpreted as a shift towards wetter conditions. In the other benches, the main factors controlling the taxonomic composition appear to have been the relative abundance of nutrients and/or the frequency of disturbance as indicated by the relative abundance of partings.Criteria for distinguishing between domed and planar swamps are discussed. These include: distribution of partings, type of plant succession, and changes in plant diversity, average plant size, preservational quality and sporinite content. The infrequency of partings in bench C suggests a peat dome developed while the peat of that bench was accumulating but other evidence either fails to support the development of a peat dome or is ambiguous. The maceral composition resembles those of other Carboniferous coals which are thought to have formed from planar peat swamps.Formation of fusain bands appears to be associated with processes occurring above the peat surface, such as burning or prolonged oxidative exposure. Oxidation of accumulated peat is unlikely because fusain bands rarely include more than a single plant. 相似文献
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Sources and history of heavy metal contamination and sediment deposition in Tivoli South Bay, Hudson River, New York 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gaboury Benoit Edward X. Wang William C. Nieder Michael Levandowsky Vincent T. Breslin 《Estuaries and Coasts》1999,22(2):167-178
Persistent inorganic constitutents preserved in sediments of aquatic ecosystems record temporal variability of biogeochemical
functioning and anthropogenic impacts.210Pb and137Cs dating techniques were used to study the past variations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) and accumulation rates of sediments
for Tivoli South Bay, in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve ecosystem. South Bay, a tidal freshwater embayment
of the Hudson, may play an important role in the sediment dynamics of this important river. The measured sedimentation rate
range of 0.59 to 2.92 cm yr−1 suggests that rapid accumulation occurred during the time period represented by the length of the cores (approximately the
past 50 yr). Direct measurements of sediment exchange with the Hudson River reveal high variability in the sediment flux from
one tidal cycle to the next. Net exchange does not seem to be adequate to explain sediment accumulation rates in the bay as
measured by210Pb and137Cs. The difference may be supplied from upland streams or the Hudson River during storm events. Concentrations of the metals
Pb, Cu and Zn were found to be well correlated with each other within individual cores at five of six sites tested. This suggests
a common proximate source for the three metals at a specific site. The evidence is consistent with mixing in some environmental
compartment before delivery to the bay. While metals self-correlate within individual cores, absolute concentrations, depth
distribution patterns, and ratios of the metals to each other vary among the cores collected at different locations within
the bay. Organic matter, Fe content, and particle size distribution of sediments do not account for the intercore variations
in metal concentration. It is likely that cores collected from different sites may have derived metals from different sources,
such as watershed streams and tidal exchange with the Hudson River. 相似文献
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C. O. Okagbue 《Engineering Geology》1984,20(4):325-341
The mechanical and geotechnical properties of bulk samples and samples extracted from boreholes through a sliding spoil heap at a southwestern Pennsylvania coal mine are examined. Size gradation, moisture content, density and strength are found to vary considerably within the spoil. Gradation results suggest the material type to be more important than the age of spoil in degradation. There is also evidence from analysis that the heterogeneity of spoil and its associated density and strength do not significantly affect stability results. In other words, spoils can be sufficiently heterogeneous for purposes of stability analysis; they can be considered statistically homogeneous with regard to shear strength. 相似文献
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生态环境脆弱区煤炭资源开发诱发的环境地质问题——以陕西省神木县大柳塔煤矿区为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为揭示大柳塔地区大规模煤炭资源开发诱发的生态环境地质问题及其效应,进行了1：5万矿山地质环境调查。研究表明,大柳塔煤矿区地面塌陷影响面积达47.12～53.36 km2,范围大,但对农业生产的影响较轻。煤矿开发对水资源的破坏尤为严重。20年来大柳塔地区及主要采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化呈现逐年好转的趋势,主要河流受到了硫化物、氟化物、总磷的普遍污染,河流底泥受到了重金属元素较严重的累积污染,土壤尚有较大的环境容量,但重金属元素的累积污染不容忽视。神东公司实施生态功能圈建设、煤矸石堆场复垦、露天矿复垦、矿井水综合利用等措施,明显地改善了矿区的生态环境,探索出生态环境脆弱区在煤炭资源开发过程中保护生态地质环境的新模式。依据该区煤炭资源开发中生态环境保护的成功经验与教训,统筹规划,提出制定生态环境脆弱区煤炭资源开发的环境保护规划、建立矿山公园、加强采煤塌陷区生态环境变化研究等建议。 相似文献
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Sequential microlithotype analyses through the Permian Bulli Coal, Sydney Basin, Australia, enable determination of the abundance, locations and thicknesses of various microlithotypes in the seam. Statistical analyses allow prediction of these parameters. Microlithotype analyses may be used as a means of predicting seam permeability in relation to coal gas drainage, if used in conjunction with reported correlation between coal type and seam reservoir properties.A combination of sequential microlithotype analyses and statistical modelling provide data on the number, location and thicknesses of individual bands of vitrite, vitrinertite, inertite and mineral-rich coal. A Markov chain describes both the order and thickness of the bands in the seam. Local ordering of microlithotypes is similar, irrespective of vertical orientation, which suggests that analyses and predictions may be possible using representative, randomly oriented samples. Statistical modelling can be used to characterise the seam using a small number of parameters. These include the elements of the transition probability matrix of the Markov chain, from which many seam properties such as maximum band thickness, thickness distribution of bands and spacing of thick bands can be predicted.The permeability of vitrite-rich coal in the seam is 30 mD and it is 2.3 mD for inertite-rich coal. In general, for the Bulli seam, vitrite-rich plies are expected to provide better flow paths for coal gas than inertite-rich plies, because of the abundance of cleat systems in vitrite. Using this information, it thus may be possible to predict gas and water flow paths in a seam from microlithotype analyses, thereby leading to the development of a rapid method for assessing the comparative permeabilities of coal plies. 相似文献
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煤层厚度变化情况对煤矿综采工作面布设有很大的影响,查明煤层厚度的变化对煤矿开采有着极为重要的作用。依据厚度变化的非线性特点,运用三维地震数据的运动学、动力学特征,研究了煤层反射波不同类型属性信息与煤层厚度的相关性,通过非线性人工神经网络BP算法,建立了各属性与煤厚之间的人工神经网络模型,利用反向传播学习建立煤厚预测的神经网络。针对山西某矿201工作面的煤层厚度变化,通过BP人工神经网络进行了预测,经实际探采对比验证可知效果良好。该项研究也为今后通过三维地震资料预测煤层厚度提供了相关的经验。 相似文献
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S. F. Greb C. F. Eble D. A. Williams W. J. Nelson 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2001,45(4):121
The Western Kentucky No. 4 coal is a high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous coal that has been heavily mined along the southern margin of the Western Kentucky Coal Field. The seam has a reputation for rolling floor elevation. Elongate trends of floor depressions are referred to as “dips” and “rolls” by miners. Some are relatively narrow and straight to slightly curvilinear in plan view, with generally symmetric to slightly asymmetric cross-sections. Others are broader and asymmetric in section, with sharp dips on one limb and gradual, ramp-like dips on the other. Some limbs change laterally from gradual dip, to sharp dip, to offset of the coal. Lateral changes in the rate of floor elevation dip are often associated with changes in coal thickness, and in underground mines, changes in floor elevation are sometimes associated with roof falls and haulage problems. In order to test if coal thickness changes within floor depressions were associated with changes in palynology, petrography and coal quality, the coal was sampled at a surface mine across a broad, ramp-like depression that showed down-dip coal thickening. Increment samples of coal from a thick (150 cm), down-ramp and thinner (127 cm), up-ramp position at one surface mine correlate well between sample sites (a distance of 60 m) except for a single increment. The anomalous increment (31 cm) in the lower-middle part of the thick coal bed contained 20% more Lycospora orbicula spores.The rolling floor elevations noted in the study mines are inferred to have been formed as a result of pre-peat paleotopographic depressions, syn-depositional faulting, fault-controlled pre-peat paleotopography, and from compaction beneath post-depositional channels and slumps. Although the association of thick coal with linear trends and inferred faults has been used in other basins to infer syn-depositional faulting, changes in palynology within increment samples of the seam along a structural ramp in this study provide subtle evidence of faulting within a specific increment of the coal itself. The sudden increase in L. orbicula (produced by Paralycopodites) in a single increment of a down-ramp sample of the Western Kentucky No. 4 coal records the reestablishment of a rheotrophic mire following a sudden change in edaphic conditions. Paralycopodites was a colonizing lycopod, which in this case became locally abundant after the peat was well established along a fault with obvious growth during peat accumulation. Because many coal-mire plants were susceptible to sudden edaphic changes as might accompany faulting or flooding, changes in palynology would be expected in coals affected by syn-depositional faulting. 相似文献
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本文通过对测水组岩石学、生物学、地球化学等方面的综合研究,认为测水组形成于障壁沙坝-潮坪-泻湖沉积体系中,并详细论述了各沉积环境的沉积特征。同时提出了测水组煤层形成的三种环境,并且对不同环境中形成的煤层特征进行了论述。 相似文献
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综采工作面常有较大的煤厚变化,影响煤炭安全高效生产,需要在回采前探测煤厚变化情况。为掌握煤厚变化对电磁波透视探查的响应特征,采用仿真软件,建立了工作面三维模型,对不同煤岩电阻率比值的煤厚变化进行了电磁波透视探测模拟。结果表明：随煤厚减小,不同煤岩电阻率比值的透视场强值均呈抛物线型下降,说明煤厚越小,电磁波透视能力越差;同一煤厚值,煤岩电阻率比值越大,透视场强值越大,能够透视的距离越大;煤厚8 m以下工作面,场强变化率大,煤厚变化引起的场强值变化明显,可以仅采用相对煤厚变化解释地质异常变化情况;煤厚8 m以上工作面,场强变化率值相对较小,煤厚变化引起的场强值变化不明显,不能仅采用相对煤厚变化解释地质异常区,应结合煤岩电阻率比值和正常煤层厚度,根据煤厚场强变化率来确定恰当的煤厚变薄值来圈定地质异常区。陕西金源招贤矿业有限公司1305工作面探测结果表明：工作面煤层厚度从16.4 m减薄到11.2 m,平均场强变化率为1.233 8 dB/m,反映特厚煤层工作面随煤厚减小透视场强值缓慢降低。淮河能源集团张集矿1610A工作面探测结果表明：工作面煤层厚度从5.8 m减薄到2.0 m,平均场强变化... 相似文献
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大井矿区一井田的测井任务是确定B1煤层厚度及分叉合并规律,正确划分煤层层位。依据该井田三个明显的标志层位,确认了该区的含煤层段,并将其西山窑中段B1煤层划分为B1、B11、B12、B11-1、B11-2、B12-1、B12-2等七个煤层编号。为提高层位对比的可靠性,将15条勘探线与十二条联络线进行测井曲线对比,确保两个方向对比结果一致。此次煤层对比可靠程度分为可靠（A）、基本可靠（B）、可靠性差（C）三级。从测井曲线对比结果看,井田的西北部和南部,煤层厚度大,分层小;井田的东北部和东部,煤层分叉多,煤层薄。 相似文献
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陕西渭北石炭-二叠纪煤田澄合矿区4号煤层是区内主要可采煤层之一。通过对区内煤层厚度与其上覆煤系厚度、煤中灰分、硫分及煤层顶板岩性-岩相等因素的相关性分析,结合4号煤层成煤期与聚煤期后环境分析,探讨了研究区及其周缘地区4号煤层厚度变化原因。结果显示:4号煤层厚度与上覆煤系厚度、煤中灰分及硫分均呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.810 1、0.430 9、0.813 6;该煤层发育于浅水型三角洲沉积体系的三角洲平原地带;煤层厚度变化受控于聚煤期同沉积构造和聚煤期后河流冲蚀作用的双重影响,前者使煤层厚度变化较小,后者对煤层厚度影响较大,甚至出现无煤带。 相似文献
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The Cantabrian Mountains, containing about 70% of the total coals of the country and 95% of the anthracitic and bituminous resources, is the most important coal-mining district of Spain. Coal-bearing successions are Late Carboniferous in age and their deposition took place in a syn-orogenic context during the Hercynian activity, mainly in three different time-successive locations: foreland basins, intrathrust basins and intramontane fault-controlled basins. Foreland deposition occurred in strongly asymmetrical basins located ahead of thrust sheets units. Intrathrust basins resulted from folding and tightening of these units during or after their emplacement. Intramontane and fault-controlled basins were developed along lineaments with strike-slip movements and as a result of fold and fault reactivation. Peat mires in foreland and intrathrust coal basins mainly occupied broad areas on abandoned delta and fan delta lobes. Coals in intramontane and fault-controlled basins were related with alluvial fan and lacustrine environments. Coal ranks vary from high volatile bituminous coals to anthracite, depending on the structural location of the coalfields. Hydrothermal activity seems to be the most important factor in coal evolution. 相似文献
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平朔井工三矿煤系角砾岩成因和产状特殊,与煤层关系密切。通过补勘钻孔岩心观测,结合区域地质和以往钻孔资料分析,详细描述研究区角砾岩的成分、结构和构造特征,圈定角砾岩的层位、厚度和分布状况。发现平朔井工三矿角砾岩成分复杂、大小不一,其中泥岩砾径最大可达1.20 m以上,以棱角状为主,分选性极差;角砾岩体顶底界面明显,临近或出现在煤层中,横向连续性差。角砾岩破坏了煤层的连续性,总体北多南少,分布有限,呈透镜状产出,长轴指向西北物源区;垂向上,角砾岩自下而上减少。研究认为,聚煤期植物锚固作用强大,陆源边坡及碎屑受植被禁锢,只能在限定的范围内垂向加积,累积成边坡较陡的碎屑库;泥炭沼泽表层为植被泥炭交织在一起的泥炭网,底部深度降解的膏状泥炭提供了有利的滑移面。突发事件导致物源区边坡和角砾质碎屑库崩塌,冲越到泥炭网上,撕裂成“泥炭筏”,被泥炭筏载运移,断续沉积,并遭受改造。角砾岩成因及分布规律对煤层成因及厚度变化、煤炭资源/储量估算与开采具有重要指导意义。煤系、特别是煤层中沉积角砾岩的成因用泥炭筏载运移模式解释可能更为合理。 相似文献
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以邯峰矿区53个钻孔中2#煤层资料为基础数据进行线性回归分析,首先初步确定原煤水分、挥发分、灰分、煤厚、煤层倾角、埋深、顶板(岩性、厚度)和底板(岩性、厚度)等因素与煤层瓦斯含量的相关程度,并将其定量化,经一元线性拟合筛选,删除对2#煤层瓦斯含量影响较小的灰分和底板因素,对余下因素再进行多元线性拟合,建立2#煤层瓦斯含量与2#煤的水分、挥发分、埋深、煤厚、煤层倾角和顶板(岩性、厚度)的多元线性回归方程。经检验该方程较好地表达了瓦斯含量与相关因素的定量关系,预测值与实测值接近,可作为邯峰矿区预测其它钻孔2#煤层瓦斯含量的数学模型。 相似文献
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Kayode Festus Oyedele Olubukola T. Fatuna Olakunle J. Coker 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(3-4):543-550
Surface geophysics and a priori information were employed to delineate the subsurface geology at Idi-oro in Abijo, Ibeju Lekki area of Lagos, Nigeria for foundation investigation purpose. Resistivity measurement was conducted using 1-D and 2-D resistivity probing techniques. The resistivity measurements were made with ABEM tetrameter model SAS 1000 system. The 1-D vertical electrical resistivity sounding data were obtained using the Schlumberger electrode array while the 2-D resistivity data were obtained using the dipole–dipole array. The interpreted results revealed three to five subsurface geological layers. This is made up of the top soil with resistivity values that vary from 132.4 to over 2,313.5 Ω?m and thickness values that range from 0.3 to 4.8 m, the fine sand with resistivity values that vary from 221.0 to 3,032.7 Ω?m and thickness values that range from 0.4 to 5.5 m, the medium sand with resistivity values that vary from 202.8 to 1,247.7 Ω?m and thickness values that range from 4.9 to 58.4 m. On the other hand, the clayey sand has the resistivity values that vary from 146.1 to 1,744.0 Ω?m and thickness values that vary from 2.2 to 26.3 m, while the coarse sand has resistivity values that vary from 238.3 to 14,313.9 Ω?m but with no thickness value because the current terminated in this layer. The resistivity data correlate well with borehole logs. On the whole, it is concluded that the investigated area has competent sand layer that can support medium to giant engineering structures with resistivity values that vary from 202 to 14,314 Ω?m and thickness values that vary from 0.8 to 58.4 m. 相似文献
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本文应用二维物理地震模型实验手段，对影响煤层反射波的因素进行了如下研究：煤层厚度变化、３上煤分叉合并、３上煤厚度变化而３下煤厚度不变、上覆火成岩厚度变化而下覆煤层厚度不变。研究成果为煤层厚度的定性乃至初步定量解释提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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木里煤田是青海省重要的煤产地,煤类以炼焦用煤为主。聚乎更矿区四井田位于木里煤田的最西端,经详查、勘探提交煤炭资源量2.5亿t,煤类为气煤、1/3焦煤、焦煤、1/2中粘煤、弱粘、瘦煤、贫瘦煤、贫煤、不粘煤。通过对下2煤层物理性质、化学性质、煤岩特征及煤类的统计分析,认为区内同一煤层的变质程度随含煤地层和上覆岩系的总厚度增大而增高,在垂向上随煤层层位的降低而增高;四井田总体构造形态为倾向南西的单斜构造,其煤类分布总体表现北东到南西沿煤层倾向变质程度逐渐增高,沿煤层走向呈带状分布,但在井田边界断层附近煤的变质程度要比其它地段相同深度煤层的变质程度稍高;四井田煤的变质作用类型主要为深成变质作用,部分地段受动力变质作用影响。 相似文献