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1.
The Thornthwaite method for computing evapotranspiration has been employed in a variety of climatic realms. Recently, the equation for computing potential evapotranspiration has been shown to underestimate measured moisture losses in dry environments. This study presents monthly calibration equations that enhance the reliability of the Thornthwaite estimates of evapotranspiration for California stations. Six years of calibrated monthly potential evapotranspiration are compared with lysimetermeasured evapotranspiration at Davis and with other estimates of evapotranspiration for this site.  相似文献   

2.
The Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration model is well known and widely used, but has received some criticism as it is primarily based on air temperature to estimate potential evapotranspiration. Errors of the Thornthwaite model can be analyzed using adjusted pan evaporation as an index of potential evapotranspiration. An examination of ratios of adjusted pan evaporation to Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration indicates that the ratios are highest in the winter and lowest during summer months. This trend suggests a parabolic pattern. In this study a parabolic function is used to adjust Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration. Forty locations east of the Rocky Mountains are analyzed and indicate that a parabolic adjustment of Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration estimates generally increases correlation with adjusted pan evaporation and decreases error by 20 to 70 percent. [Key words: potential evapotranspiration, pan evaporation, Thornthwaite.]  相似文献   

3.
五种潜在蒸散发公式在汉江流域的应用   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  
以汉江流域14个测站1960-2009年逐日气象资料为数据源,采用FAO 56 Penman Monteith以及Hargreaves,Blaney Criddle,Thornthwaite,Hamon 4种温度法计算各测站逐日以及逐月潜在蒸散发量,利用反距离加权插值法得到流域面平均年潜在蒸散发量。以FAO 56 Penman Monteith结果为标准,与温度法年潜在蒸散发量计算结果进行对比,修正温度法计算公式的经验系数,分析修正公式在汉江流域的适用性。结果表明：参数修正前温度法计算结果存在较大误差,相对偏差最大可达41.34%。修正后计算结果相对误差明显减小,最大偏差小于0.1%,并显示出较好的变化趋势和峰谷一致性。修正后的Hargreaves公式与FAO 56 Penman Monteith公式相关性最好,相关系数达到0.94,其次为Hamon公式和Thornthwaite公式,最后是Blaney Criddle公式。  相似文献   

4.
A solar-radiation-based water balance model has been developed for use in sloping arid and semiarid lands. This model consists of equations for the calculation of direct beam, diffuse, and global radiation values from local values of extraterrestrial radiation, percent possible sunshine, latitude, declination of the sun, atmospheric pressure, and slope; an adaptation of the Makkink formula for calculation of evapotranspiration; and a modification of the Thornthwaite and Mather method for determining the soil moisture. Calculated global radiation values are within 4% of the measured values provided in the Climatic Atlas of the United States. Water balances determined for several mountainous sites show significant variation with slope and aspect.  相似文献   

5.
《自然地理学》2013,34(1):3-4
The interannual variability in warm-season soil-moisture deficits were examined for the Southern United States from 1895-2005. Moisture deficit values are computed using the Thornthwaite/Mather water budget technique. Five soil-moisture deficit regions were identified, each has a distinct pattern and magnitude of deficit. No long-term trends were evident but considerable interannual variability is observed. Severe deficits across the South are associated with high potential evapotranspiration in addition to reduced rainfall. The reduced precipitation across the region is associated with a decrease in frequency rather than any change in intensity. The role of atmospheric indices on affecting deficits, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration was explored. In particular, the Bermuda High and PNA indices show the strongest correlations with soil-moisture deficits during the warm season.  相似文献   

6.
Recently, whether drylands of Northwest China (NW) have become wetting has been attracting surging attentions. By comparing the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Indices (SPEI) derived from two different potential evapotranspiration estimates, i.e., the Thornthwaite algorithm (SPEI_th) and the Penman-Monteith equation (SPEI_pm), we try to resolve the controversy. The analysis indicated that air temperature has been warming significantly at a rate of 0.4°C decade?1 in the last five decades and the more arid areas are more prone to becoming warmer. Annual precipitation of the entire study area increased insignificantly by 3.6 mm decade?1 from 1970 to 2019 but NW presented significantly increasing trends. Further, the SPEI_th and SPEI_pm demonstrated similar wetting-drying-wetting trends (three phases) in China’s drylands during 1970-2019. The common periodical signals in the middle phase were identified both by SPEI_th and SPEI_pm wavelet analysis. Analysis with different temporal intervals can lead to divergent or even opposite results. The attribution analysis revealed that precipitation is the main climatic factor driving the drought trend transition. This study hints that the wetting trend’s direction and magnitude hinge on the targeted temporal periods and regions.  相似文献   

7.
张锐  刘普幸  张克新 《中国沙漠》2012,32(1):181-187
基于新疆地区52个气象站点1959-2008年逐月气温、降水资料,利用Miami模型和Thornthwaite Memorial模型、线性趋势线、ArcGIS反距离权重插值等方法,对新疆草地生产潜力的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,近50 a来,新疆草地温度、降水、蒸散生产潜力均表现为显著增加,且四季和生长季各生产潜力也呈线性增加,夏季和生长季增幅最大,其次,草地生产潜力以及增幅均表现为北疆高于南疆,基本为由南向北递增,并和多年平均降水量变化一致。其中,水分条件是影响新疆草地生产潜力的主导因素。根据二元一次线性回归方程计算得出,年平均气温每升高/降低1 ℃,草地的年气候生产力增加/减少17.309 kg·hm-2·a-1,年降水量每增加/减少1 mm,草地的年气候生产力增加/减少24.392 kg·hm-2·a-1。  相似文献   

8.
基于印度河流域及周围54个地面气象站气温、降水资料,结合CRU气温和GPCC降水全球格点化陆面再分析资料,通过插值构建了一套0.5°×0.5°分辨率1980—2016年逐月格点数据集。采用Thornthwaite方法计算了潜在蒸散发,基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,探讨了印度河流域气候变化及干旱演变特征。结果表明：（1）1980—2016年,印度河流域年平均气温以0.30℃·（10 a）-1的速率呈显著上升趋势,21世纪初增温幅度最大;干季（11月~次年4月）升温速率较快,达0.36℃·（10 a）-1,湿季（5~10月）增速0.25℃·（10 a）-1。年降水量呈现少雨—多雨—少雨—多雨年代际振荡。伴随着持续升温,年和各季的潜在蒸发量增加显著。干季干旱频率较多,但湿季干旱强度高,各季干旱频率与降水呈现较一致的年代际波动;干旱的影响面积在干季呈现微弱地增加趋势,湿季却略有减少趋势。（2）空间上,除西北局部,流域其他区域的年和季平均气温、潜在蒸发量增加趋势显著,均达到95%置信水平。其中南部平原和东北山区升温幅度较高,南部平原区潜在蒸发量增加也较大。新德里到喀布尔的东南至西北带状区域的年和湿季降水量,以及喀布尔周围地区的干季降水量呈显著增加趋势。东南平原区和东北局部山区的干季,以及东北和西南局部山区的湿季呈现显著的干旱化态势,需要加强防灾减灾的意识并采取相应措施,以规避干旱增多带来的不利影响。  相似文献   

9.
梭梭柴林地蒸散量估算模型的研究   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  
刘绍民  李银芳 《中国沙漠》1996,16(4):407-410
在前人工作的基础上选用Prietley和Taylor的湿润表面蒸发量与相对土壤湿度, 对1992~1994年新疆莫索湾治沙站蒸渗仪的实测资料, 用数理统计方法建立了梭梭柴林地蒸散量的估算模型, 并且检验了该模型的效果。该模型只需常规气象资料和土壤湿度资料, 计算简便, 具有较高的精度, 适应于干旱地区使用。  相似文献   

10.
With the possibility of future fresh water shortages increasing, a methodology that incorporates climatic and anthropogenic factors is needed. This research estimates future water availability in the Lower Cape Fear basin using changes in climate, land use, and population growth. The USGS Thornthwaite monthly water balance model is used with estimates of climate change and land use change parameters to assess future water resources based on predicted monthly fluxes of the water balance.The southern United States is a rapidly growing region. Trends present in the population data are used to produce future estimates of population for the basin. Precipitation and temperature estimates based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions and current climatology are inputs to the model. Projected increases in impervious surface cover due to population growth and urbanization are incorporated through the model runoff factor. Water stress indicators are used to categorize the sub-watersheds as water rich, water stressed, or water scarce. Scenarios incorporating regional predictions of climate change indicate a decrease in summer soil moisture minima and increases in summer water deficits. Ensemble runs indicate a shift toward water stress in the Lower Cape Fear River basin, due to a warming climate as well as increased demand. While climate change has a significant impact on water resources, population growth was found to have the most substantial impact. The methods and findings have application to water managers at local and regional levels.  相似文献   

11.
The criteria which may be employed when selecting an approach to a particular evapotranspiration mapping problem are discussed in the light of previous attempts at mapping evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration mapping involves two main stages: firstly the derivation of point evapotranspiration estimates, and secondly the interpolation of isolines around these estimates. Many studies have emphasized the first stage, frequently applying estimation formulae to data from climate stations, and have given substantially less attention to the interpolation of isolines. In the present study, where potential evapotranspiration estimates were derived for only 70 stations over the area of the European Economic Community and where maps showing the general trends in potential evapotranspiration were required, the technique of isoline interpolation was of great importance. Two forms of polynomial trend surface analysis were applied to the point estimates and a technique employing a restricted use of all three dimensions of location was found to be appropriate for denning the position of the smoothed evapotranspiration isolines.  相似文献   

12.
潜在蒸散发公式2种修正方法及其在闽江流域的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
各类潜在蒸散发经验估算法具有区域性的特点,实际运用时需要进行修正。常用的修正方法是通过线性回归法对经验公式的计算结果进行修正,并没有将修正反映到经验公式中的系数上。本研究提出一种系数修正的方法,通过逐月误差比例校正来修正经验公式中的参数,称之为误差比例校正法。以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith法为标准,比较经线性回归法、误差比例校正法2种方法修正前后6种经验估算法（Blaney-Criddle、Hargreaves、Hamon、Makkink、Priestley and Taylor、Rohwer）在闽江流域的计算精度,从而对误差比例校正法的修正效果及稳健性进行探讨。结果表明：逐月误差比例校正法整体上具有较好的修正效果,可以较大程度提高6种经验方法在该区域的计算精度;常用的线性回归法虽计算较误差比例校正法稍复杂,但其修正效果及稳健性略优于误差比例校正法。  相似文献   

13.
Annual above-ground net primary production (ANPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of rangeland have the potential to provide an objective basis for establishing pricing for ecosystem services. To provide estimates of ANPP, we surveyed the biomass, estimated ET and prepared a water use efficiency for dwarf shrublands and arid savanna in the Riemvasmaak Rural Area, Northern Cape, South Africa. The annual production fraction was surveyed in 33 MODIS 1 km2 pixels and the results regressed against the MODIS fPAR product. This regression model was used to predict the standing green biomass (kg DM ha−1) for 2009 (dry year). Using an approach which combines potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and the MODIS fPAR product, we estimated actual evapotranspiration (ETa). These two models (greening standing biomass and ETa) were used to calculate the annual WUE for 2009. WUE was 1.6 kg DM mm−1 ha−1 yr−1. This value may be used to provide an estimate of ANPP in the absence of direct measurements of biomass and to provide a comparison of the water use efficiency of this rangeland with other rangeland types.  相似文献   

14.
遥感数据驱动的耕地生产潜力模型与应用   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
采用传统的潜力递减法模型,在 GIS空间建模技术支持下,分别计算光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力和耕地生产潜力。本研究以遥感数据驱动模型构建：首先,通过日本的静止气象卫星GMS-5数据反演每日的实际蒸散、相对蒸散,用以计算气候生产潜力;其次,通过SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据提取耕地空间位置和耕地类型信息,用以计算耕地生产潜力。研究表明模型估算的耕地生产力与现实粮食产量整体相差在10%左右,模型估算耕地生产潜力比现有粮食产量提高30%左右;同时研究表明,耕地生产潜力受高程、坡度和水源的影响较大。  相似文献   

15.
Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspi-ration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971–2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56–Penmen–Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and mini-mum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate gen-erally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly poten-tial evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simulta-neous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary.  相似文献   

16.
1971-2000年青藏高原气候变化趋势   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspi- ration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971–2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56–Penmen–Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and mini- mum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate gen- erally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly poten- tial evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simulta- neous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary.  相似文献   

17.
This study uses two forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI), namely the PDSI_TH(potential evapotranspiration estimated-by the Thornthwaite equation) and the PDSI_PM(potential evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation), to characterize the meteorological drought trends during 1960–2016 in the Loess Plateau(LP) and its four subregions. By designing a series of numerical experiments, we mainly investigated various climatic factors' contributions to the drought trends at annual, summer, and autumn time scales. Overall, the drying trend in the PDSI_TH is much larger than that in the PDSI_PM. The former is more sensitive to air temperature than precipitation, while the latter is the most sensitive to precipitation among all meteorological factors. Increasing temperature results in a decreasing trend(drying) in the PDSI_TH, which is further aggravated by decreasing precipitation, jointly leading to a relatively severe drying trend. For the PDSI_PM that considers more comprehensive climatic factors, the drying trend is partly counteracted by the declining wind speed and solar radiation. Therefore, the PDSI_PM ultimately shows a much smaller drying trend in the past decades.  相似文献   

18.
Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961-2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the an-nual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of -0.17 mm a?1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.  相似文献   

19.
互补相关蒸散发理论与应用研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
本文提出和建立了一个计算蒸散发能力和饱和湿润表面蒸散发量的经验公式,并把互补相关模型应用到湖北省十六个流域,江汉平原水网区和东湖的蒸散发估计。模型的计算值同水量估计值以及蒸发的研究和计算提供了另一条简便易行的途径。  相似文献   

20.
基于GIS的农业气候资源区域化问题研究——以甘肃省为例   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
在农业气候资源研究中,站点数据的区域化问题是进行资源优化配置和高效利用的一个重要环节。通过采用逐步回归分析与空间插值相结合的方法,以甘肃省及其相邻省区的112个站点1970~2001年31年的月平均温度和降水数据以及计算得到的月平均太阳辐射和潜在蒸散量为数据源,对甘肃省气候资源进行了区域化。对每种气象要素都采用了两种空间插值方法,并对插值结果运用了绝对验证和相对验证两种方法进行了验证和对比。结果表明:温度残差的平均绝对误差(MAE)是Spline< IDW, 其值分别为:0.744℃和0.754℃,平均相对误差(RME)分别为:9.56%和9.66%。降水的平均绝对误差是Kriging温度>潜在蒸散量>降水,但都达到了较高的精度。  相似文献   

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