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1.
西太平洋板片俯冲与后撤引起华北东部地幔置换并导致陆内盆-山耦合 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北中生代构造-岩浆活动频繁,深部岩石圈地幔性质发生变化,即克拉通发生活化作用.活化作用大致可分为三个阶段:(1)晚古生代至早侏罗世(至~170Ma),(2)中侏罗世至早白垩世早期(160~140Ma),(3)早白垩世至新生代(~140Ma以来).其中后两个阶段与古太平洋板片俯冲及后撤导致华北东部深部的岩石圈地幔置换并引起陆内浅部的盆山耦合过程是本文讨论的重点.在第一阶段,古亚洲洋俯冲和关闭引起华北北缘经历弧后拉张、碰撞挤压及碰撞后伸展等构造-岩浆活动,而且造成陆块边缘完整性的机械破坏和地幔性质的化学改造,成为后续软流圈物质上涌的通道和岩浆活动的优先发生区;受华南陆块俯冲的影响,华北南缘也发生了类似的过程.在第二阶段,蒙古鄂霍次克洋闭合及古太平洋板片俯冲剪切,引起华北北缘的两次近S-N向的挤压作用(燕山运动的A、B幕),近E-W向分布的陆缘盆地被晚中生代岩体和NE-SW断裂肢解为零星分布的盆岭省,岩浆作用由东北角向西迁移进入地块内部,同时郯庐断裂的性质由左行走滑转换为正断层,华北由早期的近S-N向的压扭性背景进入NW-SE向的弧后拉张阶段.第三阶段是华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈地幔增生的关键时期,深部难熔的克拉通型地幔被饱满的大洋型地幔置换,实现岩石圈大幅度减薄后的小幅增生增厚过程;浅部的表现是岩浆作用持续向东南迁移,陆内岩石圈薄弱带优先发生伸展变形,包括在早白垩世(140~110Ma)中部带侏罗纪逆冲断层反转为正断层、郯庐断裂的持续拉张引起中地壳拆离和大渤海湾盆地的沉降;晚白垩世至今(110Ma~),中部山带发生断陷作用形成汾渭盆地和沁水盆地,大渤海盆地内部断陷形成盆-山相间的地貌特征,苏鲁造山带则发育莱阳盆地等.华北克拉通规模小并发育陆内薄弱带,是克拉通容易破坏的内因.具这种特性的克拉通容易受周边多个俯冲构造域和上涌软流圈物质的共同影响.晚中生代(~160Ma)以来,华北克拉通破坏主要表现为周边块体的俯冲导致软流圈物质上涌、岩石圈减薄和浅部地壳滑脱,岩石圈薄弱带处(如中部山带)出现褶皱和逆冲,实现伸展背景下的局部挤压;俯冲板块后撤(~140Ma)则使上涌的软流圈回落形成岩石圈并实现地幔小幅增生置换(~125Ma)与伸展背景下浅部地壳断陷和成盆过程.因此,西太平洋板片俯冲和后撤是引起华北东部深部岩石圈地幔置换并导致陆内浅部盆-山耦合的外在动力来源,表明华北克拉通破坏是地块内部与地块边缘、深部过程与浅部盆-山耦合响应的综合地质记录,我们认为这也是燕山运动的本质. 相似文献
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北京西山晚中生代火山岩U-Pb锆石年代学及地球化学研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
对北京西山髫髻山组和东岭台组火山岩锆石U-Pb SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS定年及地球化学的研究结果表明, 髫髻山组上部火山岩时代为137.1±4.5 Ma(2σ), 东岭台组中部火山岩时代为130~134 Ma. 前者略老于后者, 但两者时代相差<5 Ma, 证明两组火山岩的喷发是在很短的时间内完成的. 北京西山地区髫髻山组火山岩的年龄与承德盆地髫髻山组火山岩的年龄明显不同, 表明髫髻山组火山岩年龄可能存在明显区域变化. 北京西山髫髻山组中存在典型的埃达克岩(SiO2含量约为56%, Na2O = 3.99~6.17, Na2O/K2O = 2.2~3.1, Sr = (680~1074)×10-6, Y = (13.2~16.3)×10-6, Yb = (1.13~1.52)×10-6, Sr/Y = 43~66 ), 高镁埃达克岩和高镁安山岩(Mg# = 54~55). 髫髻山组埃达克岩及与其共生的其它中酸性火山岩均具有典型的Nb-Ta负异常和Pb正异常等大陆地壳特征, 表明它们是陆壳岩石部分熔融的产物. 上述结果表明, 北京西山地区髫髻山组埃达克岩代表了中生代曾存在于华北克拉通的加厚榴辉岩下地壳与岩石圈地幔一同拆沉至软流圈中, 榴辉岩随后发生部分熔融, 熔体上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生相互作用的产物. 髫髻山组火山岩的年龄制约了拆沉作用至少延续至137 Ma. 东岭台组火山岩为Mg#正常的流纹岩和英安岩, 表明它们没有与地幔发生反应, 它们可能代表了拆沉作用导致的软流圈地幔物质上涌造成的深部地壳物质重熔的产物. 相似文献
3.
《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(6)
华北克拉通中东部岩石圈减薄研究已经成为近年固体地球科学研究的热点,同时该区域也是中国强震的多发区.在华北及邻近地区已完成了二维人工地震宽角反射/折射探测(简称DSS剖面探测)剖面42条,文章收集了这些二维探测剖面的研究成果,在对二维剖面速度结构和界面结构进行网格化处理的基础上,采用克里金(Kriging)插值方法构建了华北克拉通中东部地壳三维速度结构模型HBCrust1.0.采用走时拟合的办法对模型进行了检验,结果表明,用HBCrust1.0地壳模型计算得到的初至波走时与实际台站观测到的初至波走时之间拟合良好.研究结果表明,上地壳是主要的孕震层,C界面(上、下地壳分界面)附近区域是地壳内部的脆韧转换带.唐山地震震源区下方Moho面深度有明显的变化,其低速结构一直延续到下地壳,推断唐山地震的应力积累与地幔物质运移和变形密切相关.克拉通东部华北盆地中心区域的下地壳平均速度明显要高于周围地区,可能是地幔岩浆长期底侵作用的结果. 相似文献
4.
五台地区滹沱群砾岩物质源区及新太古代地壳生长:花岗岩和石英岩砾石锆石U-Pb年龄与Hf同位素制约 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对五台地区滹沱群底部四集庄组砾岩进行了详细研究,并选择其中花岗岩和石英岩砾石进行了锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素分析.2个花岗岩砾石中锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄分别为(2513±8)和(2527±8)Ma,与五台地区王家会灰色相花岗岩和光明寺/石佛花岗岩的侵位时代一致;2个石英岩砾石中锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄主要集中于2550~2490Ma,峰值为~2.5Ga,与五台群高凡亚群石英岩锆石年龄谱特征相似.砾石特征及年龄结果表明,滹沱群底部砾岩的沉积物源区为五台群和五台地区新太古代花岗岩.结合滹沱群底部玄武安山岩的时代((2140±14)Ma),限定滹沱群初始沉积时代为早元古代中期.豆村-东冶亚群中变质玄武岩(2200~2100Ma)具有裂谷火山岩地球化学特征,同时豆村-东冶亚群中碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩沉积于伸展构造环境中.因此,滹沱群豆村-东冶亚群火山沉积岩系与华北克拉通中部早元古代中-晚期(2200~2100Ma)裂谷活动有关,而郭家寨群沉积于裂谷闭合过程或之后.四集庄组砾岩中,花岗岩和石英岩砾石的锆石大多具有正的Hf(t)值,少量锆石的Hf(t)值与同期亏损地幔值相近,多数锆石的亏损地幔模式年龄与锆石U-Pb年龄相差200~100Ma.花岗岩和石英岩的源区为滞留时间较短的地壳(~2.7Ga)部分熔融形成的,同时存在新生地壳或亏损地幔物质的添加.研究进一步表明,华北克拉通经历了多期地壳生长并在新太古代末期初步完成克拉通化. 相似文献
5.
鄂尔多斯地块紧邻青藏高原东北缘,位于华北克拉通的西部,在我国中生代、新生代以来东部地区的构造活动中起到了重要作用.对鄂尔多斯及其周缘地区的研究可以提供有关华北克拉通的形成、演化和破坏过程的重要信息.本文选取了纵贯鄂尔多斯的107.6°E附近南北剖面上的44个流动地震台站进行分析,采用接收函数方法,进行Kirchhoff偏移成像,并且结合在该区域内前人的地震面波频散进行联合反演,获得剖面下方的地壳内部精细结构.研究结果显示:(1)莫霍面在鄂尔多斯北部较平缓,约45km深;在鄂尔多斯南部有所加深,达到50km;其北边的河套盆地的地壳厚度约为50km;南边的渭河盆地到秦岭地区及四川盆地的地壳厚度从约为40km增厚到47～50km.(2)河套盆地下方存在大规模的低速异常,最深可达25km,反映了其显著的拉张构造和沉积历史.(3)秦岭造山带下方的低速异常对应于其主要为长英质的地壳组分,可能是由于中生代的拆沉作用导致的地壳下部基性岩石层的缺失.(4)以38°N为界的鄂尔多斯地块,南北部地壳速度结构存在差异,可能表明了这两部分经历的构造历史不同. 相似文献
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基于二维稳态热传导方程,利用有限元数值模拟方法,选取东西向横穿鄂尔多斯盆地地质与地球物理解释大剖面进行了深部温度场数值模拟研究,得到了华北克拉通西部的鄂尔多斯盆地下伏岩石圈热结构特征.地幔热流变化范围:21.2~24.5mW·m-2,体现为东高西低特征.壳幔热流比(Qc/Qm)介于1.51~1.84之间,为"热壳冷幔".与华北东部地幔热流对比表明,西部的鄂尔多斯盆地相对处于稳定的深部动力学环境.在岩石圈热结构研究基础上,对克拉通地震岩石圈与热岩石圈厚度差异进行了对比,研究表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西部地震岩石圈与热岩石圈厚度差异约达140km,而东部的汾渭地堑,渤海湾盆地二者差异逐渐减小.华北克拉通自西向东,地震岩石圈厚度与热岩石圈厚度差异不断减小,意味着华北克拉通岩石圈下部的软流圈地幔黏性系数自西向东逐渐降低,本文从地热学角度可能印证了太平洋俯冲脱水作用对华北克拉通的影响. 相似文献
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华北克拉通晚中生代发生了大规模岩石圈减薄并伴随着地壳层次区域性伸展作用的发生.在此伸展背景下,华北克拉通区发育有一系列的伸展构造,大营子拆离断层系即为一个典型实例、大营子拆离断层系位于华北克拉通东部（辽东半岛东南部）,主要由上盘火山-沉积盆地,大营子-黄花甸拆离断层带以及下盘古元古代变质岩系和侵入岩体三部分组成.依据拆离断层带中构造岩组合、构造岩变形显微构造和石英EBSD组构分析揭示出下盘岩石主要经历了从高绿片岩相到低绿片岩相的变形变质过程.基于火山-沉积盆地中火山岩的SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果,推断伸展构造开始活动于（135±1.2）Ma之前,结束于（127±1）Ma.通过与辽南变质核杂岩及辽东半岛其他伸展构造的对比,以及这些伸展构造的分布及影响深度,可充分说明辽东半岛岩石圈破坏和减薄的不均一性,从而显示出其破坏程度的差异,并藉此探讨了华北克拉通破坏和伸展减薄的不均匀性. 相似文献
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华北是全球古老克拉通遭受破坏最明显和最典型的地区.自国家自然科学基金委员会设立＂华北克拉通破坏＂研究计划以来,通过不同学科间的有效交叉融合,围绕该克拉通破坏的时间、范围和机制等重要科学问题,进行了大量的工作,并取得了诸多新认识太行山东西两侧地壳与岩石圈厚度空间变化以及地球化学属性的异同显示,华北克拉通破坏主要集中在东部,而西部主要表现为克拉通的改造.克拉通化之后的沉积建造、岩浆活动和构造变形等特征表明,克拉通破坏发生在中生代,其峰期为125Ma左右.通过对比发现,岩石圈减薄在全球其他克拉通中也多有发生,但大多并不伴随克拉通的破坏;只有当受到大洋板块俯冲作用的强烈影响时,克拉通破坏才有可能发生.具体到华北地区,在早白垩世全球地幔整体升温背景下,太平洋板块的俯冲使华北克拉通东部地幔对流系统失稳,导致了华北克拉通东部破坏;岩石圈拆沉或热-化学/机械侵蚀是地幔对流失稳所产生的不同表现形式. 相似文献
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华北克拉通破坏与古太平洋板块俯冲密切相关是当今学界的重要共识,但缺乏华北克拉通破坏峰期古太平洋板块俯冲的物质证据.为解决这一问题,本文对华北克拉通东北缘(辽东-吉南地区)中生代火山岩开展了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf-O同位素、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究.研究发现,辽东-吉南地区中生代火山岩主要为玄武粗安岩-粗安岩-粗面岩和安山岩组合,形成于早白垩世(129~124Ma),均富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等)和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等),表明其来源于与俯冲相关的地幔源区.这些岩石具有不均一的同位素组成,其中,碱性玄武粗安岩-粗安岩-粗面岩具有富集的全岩Sr-Nd-Hf、锆石Hf同位素组成和与地幔类似的锆石O同位素,表明其母岩浆来源于同位素富集的岩石圈地幔的低程度部分熔融,而钙碱性安山岩则具有相对亏损的同位素组成(锆石εHf(t)高达+5.2)和高的锆石O同位素组成(δ18O=+8.1^+9.0‰),揭示它们来源于遭受俯冲流体/熔体交代的地幔源区,交代介质来源于俯冲到深部的低温热液蚀变洋壳.辽东-吉南地区早白垩世火山岩是由来源于富集地幔和交代地幔的两种不同性质的岩浆混合形成,利用锆石Hf-O同位素组成有效识别出的低温热液蚀变洋壳组分,为中生代古太平洋板块俯冲对华北克拉通破坏影响提供了确凿的物质记录和同位素证据. 相似文献
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华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一.我们利用布设于华北中部的ChinArray计划461个宽频带地震台阵的连续波形资料,基于背景噪声成像技术,获得了克拉通中西部5～45 s的Rayleigh波群速度频散曲线,并利用线性反演方法获得了研究区地壳上地幔顶部的S波速度结构.密集流动地震台阵使我们能够揭示研究区精细的地壳上地幔顶部速度变化,以深入探讨华北克拉通中西部深部结构及其对岩浆和地震的控制作用.8 km深度的S波速度切片显示低速与高速异常分别与地表的盆地和山脉对应良好.不同经度和纬度方向的S波速度剖面均表明,西部克拉通地壳大致可以分为上、中、下地壳三层.克拉通西部鄂尔多斯块体的下地壳S波速度介于3.7～3.8 km·s-1,暗示其下地壳以长英质岩石为主.大同火山区下方的S波低速异常从中地壳延伸至上地幔顶部,推测源自软流圈的地幔热流提供了近垂直的主干上涌通道,并控制了该区新生代岩浆活动.强震集中分布在上地壳高速体内部或高低速相间区,其下地壳乃至上地幔顶部都呈现明显的低速异常,推测源自上地幔/下地壳的深部热流沿地壳尺度的陡深断裂上侵,诱发上覆高应力刚性块体发生蠕动破裂... 相似文献
11.
The North China Craton (NCC) witnessed Mesozoic vigorous tectono-thermal activities and transition in the nature of deep lithosphere. These processes took place in three periods: (1) Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic (～170 Ma); (2) Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (160–140 Ma); (3) Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic (140 Ma to present). The last two stages saw the lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain response within the North China Craton due to subduction and retreating of the Paleo-Pacific plate, and is the emphasis in this paper. In the first period, the subduction and closure of the Paleo- Asian Ocean triggered the back-arc extension, syn-collisional compression and then post-collisional extension accompanied by ubiquitous magmatism along the northern margin of the NCC. Similar processes happened in the southern margin of the craton as the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys ocean and collision with the South China Block. These processes had caused the chemical modification and mechanical destruction of the cratonic margins. The margins could serve as conduits for the asthenosphere upwelling and had the priority for magmatism and deformation. The second period saw the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean and the shear deformation and magmatism induced by the drifting of the Paleo-Pacific slab. The former led to two pulse of N-S trending compression (Episodes A and B of the Yanshan Movement) and thus the pre-existing continental marginal basins were disintegrated into sporadically basin and range province by the Mesozoic magmatic plutons and NE-SW trending faults. With the anticlockwise rotation of the Paleo-Pacific moving direction, the subduction-related magmatism migrated into the inner part of the craton and the Tanlu fault became normal fault from a sinistral one. The NCC thus turned into a back-arc extension setting at the end of this period. In the third period, the refractory subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) was firstly remarkably eroded and thinned by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling, especially those beneath the weak zones (i.e., cratonic margins and the lithospheric Tanlu fault zone). Then a slightly lithospheric thickening occurred when the upwelled asthenosphere got cool and transformed to be lithospheric mantle accreted (～125 Ma) beneath the thinned SCLM. Besides, the magmatism continuously moved southeastward and the extensional deformations preferentially developed in weak zones, which include the Early Cenozoic normal fault transformed from the Jurassic thrust in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the crustal detachment and the subsidence of Bohai basin caused by the continuous normal strike slip of the Tanlu fault, the Cenozoic graben basins originated from the fault depression in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the Bohai Basin and the Sulu Orogenic belt. With small block size, inner lithospheric weak zones and the surrounding subductions/collisions, the Mesozoic NCC was characterized by (1) lithospheric thinning and crustal detachment triggered by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling. Local crustal contraction and orogenesis appeared in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt coupled with the crustal detachment; (2) then upwelled asthenosphere got cool to be newly-accreted lithospheric mantle and crustal grabens and basin subsidence happened, as a result of the subduction zone retreating. Therefore, the subduction and retreating of the western Pacific plate is the outside dynamics which resulted in mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain respond within the North China Craton. We consider that the Mesozoic decratonization of the North China Craton, or the Yanshan Movement, is a comprehensive consequence of complex geological processes proceeding surrounding and within craton, involving both the deep lithospheric mantle and shallow continental crust. 相似文献
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华北克拉通是近年来我国地学界研究的热点之一.本文利用布设在华北东北部地区的华北地震科学台阵所记录的远震波形资料,用波形互相关方法拾取了9105条S波走时残差数据,进而用体波走时层析成像方法反演获得了研究区从地表至600 km深度的S波速度结构.所获得的S波层析成像结果表明,华北克拉通中部块体的山西断陷带低速异常一直从地面延伸至上地幔约300 km深处,推测该低速异常体可能与中、新生代的大同火山群的形成与活动有关.研究发现华北东部存在一高速异常体由东部渤中凹陷的地壳一直向西延伸至太行山山前断裂下方地幔转换带410 km附近,推测该高速异常体可能为太平洋板片向西俯冲在华北克拉通东部块体下方地幔过渡带内的滞留.研究结果显示华北克拉通东部的华北盆地表现为高低速相间分布,表明该地区下方的岩石圈发生了破坏,而位于华北克拉通北缘的燕山造山带显示为高速异常,表明燕山造山带下方的岩石圈没有明显的破坏迹象. 相似文献
14.
Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China: Implications for thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The North China Craton (NCC) has been thinned from >200 km to <100 km in its eastern part. The ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has been replaced by the juvenile SCLM in the Meoszoic. During this period, the NCC was destructed as indicated by extensive magmatism in the Early Cretaceous. While there is a consensus on the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China, it has been hotly debated about the mechanism of cartonic destruction. This study attempts to provide a resolution to current debates in the view of Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China. We made a compilation of geochemical data available for Mesozoic mafic igneous rocks in the NCC. The results indicate that these mafic igneous rocks can be categorized into two series, manifesting a dramatic change in the nature of mantle sources at ~121 Ma. Mafic igneous rocks emplaced at this age start to show both oceanic island basalts (OIB)-like trace element distribution patterns and depleted to weakly enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. In contrast, mafic igneous rocks emplaced before and after this age exhibit both island arc basalts (IAB)-like trace element distribution patterns and enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. This difference indicates a geochemical mutation in the SCLM of North China at ~121 Ma. Although mafic magmatism also took place in the Late Triassic, it was related to exhumation of the deeply subducted South China continental crust because the subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab was not operated at that time. Paleo-Pacific slab started to subduct beneath the eastern margin of Eruasian continent since the Jurrasic. The subducting slab and its overlying SCLM wedge were coupled in the Jurassic, and slab dehydration resulted in hydration and weakening of the cratonic mantle. The mantle sources of ancient IAB-like mafic igneous rocks are a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the cratonic mantle wedge peridotite not only with aqueous solutions derived from dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust in the Jurassic but also with hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducting South China continental crust in the Triassic. On the other hand, the mantle sources of juvenile OIB-like mafic igneous rocks are also a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the asthenospheric mantle underneath the North China lithosphere with hydrous felsic melts derived from partial melting of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust. The subducting Paleo-Pacific slab became rollback at ~144 Ma. Afterwards the SCLM base was heated by laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, leading to thinning of the hydrated and weakened cratonic mantle. There was extensive bimodal magmatism at 130 to 120 Ma, marking intensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. Not only the ultramafic metasomatites in the lower part of the cratonic mantle wedge underwent partial melting to produce mafic igneous rocks showing negative εNd(t) values, depletion in Nb and Ta but enrichment in Pb, but also the lower continent crust overlying the cratonic mantle wedge was heated for extensive felsic magmatism. At the same time, the rollback slab surface was heated by the laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, resulting in partial melting of the previously dehydrated rocks beyond rutile stability on the slab surface. This produce still hydrous felsic melts, which metasomatized the overlying asthenospheric mantle peridotite to generate the ultramafic metasomatites that show positive εNd(t) values, no depletion or even enrichment in Nb and Ta but depletion in Pb. Partial melting of such metasomatites started at ~121 Ma, giving rise to the mafic igneous rocks with juvenile OIB-like geochemical signatures. In this context, the age of ~121 Ma may terminate replacement of the ancient SCLM by the juvenile SCLM in North China. Paleo-Pacific slab was not subducted to the mantle transition zone in the Mesozoic as revealed by modern seismic tomography, and it was subducted at a low angle since the Jurassic, like the subduction of Nazca Plate beneath American continent. This flat subduction would not only chemically metasomatize the cratonic mantle but also physically erode the cratonic mantle. Therefore, the interaction between Paleo-Pacific slab and the cratonic mantle is the first-order geodynamic mechanism for the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(9)
The Circum-Pacific subduction zone is a famous gold metallogenic domain in the world, with two important gold metallogenic provinces, the North China Craton and Nevada, which are related to the destruction of the North China Craton and the Wyoming Craton, respectively. Their ore-forming fluids were possibly derived from the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone. The oceanic lithospheric mantle usually contains serpentine layers up to thousands of meters thick. During plate subduction, serpentine is dehydrated at depths of 200 km and transformed into high-pressure hydrous minerals, known as Phases A to E, which carries water to the depth of 300 km. The overlying big mantle wedge is hydrated during the breakdown of these hydrous facies in the mantle transition zone. The dehydration of the subducted slab in the big mantle wedge releases sulfur-rich fluid, which extracts gold and other chalcophile elements in the surrounding rocks, forming gold-rich fluid. Because the cratonic geotherm is lower than the water-saturated solidus line of lherzolite, the fluid cannot trigger partial melting. Instead, it induces metasomatism and forms pargasite and other water-bearing minerals when it migrates upward to depths of less than 100 km in the cratonic lithospheric mantle, resulting in a water-and gold-rich weak layer. During the destruction of craton, the weak layer is destabilized, releasing gold-bearing fluids that accelerate the destruction. The ore-forming fluids migrate along the shallow weak zone and are accumulated at shallow depths, and subsequently escape along deep faults during major tectonic events, leading to explosive gold mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are rich in ferrous iron, which releases hydrogen at low pressure through iron hydrolysis. Therefore, decratonic gold deposits are often reduced deposits. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(9)
The Early Cretaceous represents a peak period of the North China Craton(NCC) destruction. A comprehensive analysis of crustal deformation during this period can reveal processes and dynamics of the destruction. The peak destruction of the NCC was associated with intense extension whose representative deformation products are metamorphic core complexes(MCCs), extensional domes and rifted basins. These MCCs occurred along both northern and southern margins of the NCC, and resulted from synchronous extension and magmatism, showing difference from the typical orogen-type MCCs in many aspects.The MCCs of the Early Cretaceous were replaced by extensional domes under relatively weak extension and uplift. In contrast to a major depression-type basin of the Early Cretaceous in the western NCC, rifted basins of the same age in the eastern NCC appeared as medium-to small-scale ones extensively. In the eastern NCC, the rifted basins north of the Bohai Bay are characterized by a feature similar to an active rift whereas those south of the Bohai present similarity to a passive rift. Various sorts of extensional structures developed during the peak destruction indicate a stable stress state of NE-SE extension over the entire central to eastern NCC, consistent with the plate margin-driven stress field. Spatial distribution of the extensional structures presents an 1800 km wide back-arc extension region in the central to eastern NCC, consistent with the Paleo-Pacific slab rollback model following flat subduction. Temporal-spatial variation of initial extension and volcanic activity during the peak period also supports the rollback model right after the flat oceanic slab. The crustal deformation evolution demonstrates that the peak destruction of the NCC took place after the B-episode compression of the Yanshan Movement of the earliest Early Cretaceous and terminated with onset of the C-episode compression of the earliest Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
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本文通过地震层析成像研究获得了华北克拉通及其东邻地区（30°N-50°N,95°E -145°E）1°×1°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,在西太平洋俯冲带地区,上地幔中西倾的板片状高速异常体与其上方的低速异常区构成俯冲带与上覆地幔楔的典型速度结构式样.俯冲板片高速体在约300~400 km深度范围内被低速物质充填,暗示俯冲板片可能发生了断离.在华北克拉通地区的上地幔中发现三个东倾排列的高速异常带.在此基础上,本文构建了华北克拉通及其东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的上地幔速度结构模式图,并据此探讨克拉通岩石圈减薄与西太平洋活动大陆边缘的深部动力学联系.本文认为,太平洋板片的俯冲（断离）,触发热地幔物质上涌并在上覆地幔楔中形成对流,使克拉通岩石圈受到改造（底侵与弱化）.随着俯冲板片后撤,地幔楔中的对流场以及对岩石圈改造的影响范围均随之东移,最终导致华北克拉通岩石圈自下而上、从西向东分三个阶段依次拆沉减薄.这一模式能很好地解释现今克拉通岩石圈自西向东呈台阶状减薄的深部现象. 相似文献
18.
Cratons have a long history of evolution. In this paper, applications of the magnetotelluric method used in the study of craton lithosphere over the past 30 years were reviewed, examining case studies of cratons in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa. The nuclei of the Archean cratons, for example the Kalahari Craton and Rae Craton, are usually characterized by thick and highly resistive lithospheric roots. During or after the formation of the cratons, tectonothermal events, such as collision, mantle plume, and asthenosphere upwelling led to the formation of high-conductivity zones in the craton lithosphere, which could be attributed to the increased hydrogen content (of nominally anhydrous minerals), higher iron content, and formation of graphite films or sulfides along the grain boundary of minerals. These conductive zones are characterized by resistivity discontinuities in craton lithosphere. In particular, the conductive zones include (1) large-scale lithospheric mantle conductors beneath the Slave Craton, Gawler Craton, and central part of North China Craton(Trans-North China Orogen); (2) near-vertical high-conductivity zone associated with the fossil subduction zone beneath the Dharwar Craton and Slave Craton; and (3) regional lateral electrical discontinuities, such as a conductive anomaly under the Bushveld Complex of the Kaapvaal Craton. The eMoho refers to the electrical discontinuity in the crust-mantle boundary. In existing research, this has been detected under the condition of extremely high lithospheric resistivity with only a slight decrease in the lower crust, and in the case of a very thin conductive lower crust or the lack thereof. In the resistivity model, the unique “mushroom-like” lower crust-lithosphere mantle conductor and very thin lower crust layer of the North China Craton may represent lithosphere destruction and/or thinning. We also find that some of the cratons are still not well understood. Therefore, extensive three-dimensional inversion and joint interpretation of geochemical, geophysical, and geologic data are necessary to understand the tectonic evolutionary history of craton lithosphere.
相似文献19.
The discovery of the Neoarchean mafic dyke swarm in Hengshan and reinterpretation of the previous "Wutai greenstone belt" 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The structural mapping and section study indicate that the "greenstone belts" in the southern to central parts of Hengshan were intensively sheared and transposed mafic dyke swarm,which originally intruded into the Neoarchean grey gneiss and high-pressure granulite terrain(HPGT).The HPGT is characterized by flat-dipping structures,to the south it became steep and was cut by the Dianmen mafic dyke swarm.After high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphic event,the mafic dyke swarm occurred,and was associated with the extensional setting and reworked by the late strike-slip shearing.The zircon age dating proves that the Dianmen mafic dyke swarm was emplaced during the period between 2499±4 Ma and 2512±3 Ma,followed by late tectonothermal reworking.The Dianmen mafic dyke swarm further documents the extensional episode in the central to northern parts of North China Craton(NCC),providing the important constraint for the limit between Archean and Proterozoic and correlation between NCC and other cratonic blocks of the world. 相似文献