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1.
目前紫外后向散射反演臭氧总量的所有算法，都将云考虑成不透明的Lambertian反射体，并假定云顶有效反照率不随波长的变化而变化.然而本文通过模拟计算发现，由于云散射、瑞利散射、臭氧吸收三种作用的综合结果，云顶的有效反照率是与波长相关的，即使光学厚度比较大的云，辐射也可由云顶继续向下传输，因而会受到云顶以下臭氧吸收的影响.用V7方法进行反演，模拟计算结果表明：云的出现使得云顶以下，特别是云内光程增强，导致紫外波段的臭氧吸收衰减增大，所以反演出的臭氧总量值比真实值偏大，本文称这种现象为“云吸收效应”，并讨论了该效应的影响因子.最后，在辐射传输模拟的基础上建立一套反演算法，大大减弱了“云吸收效应”的影响. 相似文献
2.
风云三号C星(FY-3C)已经于2013年9月23日发射升空,其上装载的微波湿温探测仪(MWHTS)已于9月30日开机正常工作.MWHTS具有对大气温度和湿度垂直分布进行同步探测的能力.MWHTS为跨轨扫描式微波辐射计,在89~191GHz毫米波段内设置了十五个探测通道,其中包括118.75GHz氧气吸收线附近的8个大气温度探测通道,183.31GHz水汽吸收线附近的5个大气湿度探测通道,以及89GHz和150GHz两个窗区通道.设置在118.75GHz的一组毫米波探测通道是国际上业务卫星首次使用的大气探测通道,这组通道和183.31GHz通道对大气进行联合探测,将获得更加精细的大气温湿度垂直分布数据,为数值预报和气候研究提供丰富信息.为保证MWHTS观测资料的定量应用,对仪器性能和定标精度进行了在轨测试.利用MWHTS在轨正常工作后的三个月数据,对仪器在轨定标的基础数据:冷空和黑体计数值,黑体和仪器温度进行监测分析和质量检验,经过质量检验的在轨定标基础数据,结合发射前真空试验得到的非线性订正项在轨定标生成MWHTS观测亮温数据.评估MWHTS在轨辐射定标结果的精度和偏差特性使用了三种方法:1通过场地定标试验获取大气温湿廓线和地面温度等大气参数信息,结合微波逐线正演辐射传输模式MonoRTM(Monochromatic Radiative Transfer Model)模拟MWHTS的上行微波辐射亮温,与MWHTS实际观测结果进行对比分析;2两个通道特性一致的同类星载被动微波载荷同时观测同一目标,观测亮温的差异主要取决于两个载荷的定标系统偏差.选取美国SNPP上搭载的微波探测仪器ATMS作为MWHTS的参考载荷,基于SNO(simultaneous nadir overpass)技术,对两个仪器的观测亮温进行交叉比对,观测亮温时空匹配及均匀性检验的条件为:观测时间差异小于20min,观测像元中心距离小于3km,观测角度在星下点附近差异小于5°,观测像元周围3×3像元内的亮温标准差小于1K;3基于美国国家环境预测中心的全球数据同化系统GDAS(Global Data Assimilation System)数据,利用快速辐射传输模式CRTM(Community Radiative Transfer Model)对MWHTS各通道亮温进行正演模拟,模拟结果(O)和仪器实际观测的亮温(B)之间的差异记为"O-B",对偏差值"O-B"进行统计特征分析.仪器中心频率的变化、正演模式模拟精度和模式输入廓线自身的误差都会对"O-B"产生影响.但是对于首次使用的探测频点而言(如118.75GHz通道),由于国际上没有同类载荷可以进行交叉比对,借助于正演辐射传输模式计算得到"O-B"偏差的分析结果可以在一定程度上反映仪器整体定标情况.外场地定标试验结果显示除通道14外,其他14个通道的亮温差都在1.3K以内;与同类载荷ATMS的在轨观测进行直接交叉比对表明通道14与ATMS的亮温偏差最大,但中心频点一致的5个水汽探测通道的标准差都小于1K;将MWHTS观测结果和正演辐射传输模式模拟结果即"O-B"进行偏差分析显示,靠近118.75GHz吸收线中心的通道2—6"O-B"标准差小于0.5K,其他通道"O-B"标准差和ATMS相应通道的结果相当;MWHTS观测和模拟偏差随角度变化的研究表明通道1,7~13和15观测结果对角度有一定依赖性. 相似文献
3.
“嫦娥一号”卫星微波探测仪数据处理模型和月表微波亮温反演方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
"嫦娥一号"卫星(CE-1)微波探测仪(CELMS)是人类第一次在月球轨道上对月球表面进行探测的被动微波遥感器.在发射前,CELMS在实验室进行了大量的关于系统响应参数和定标的试验,但是由于月球轨道条件复杂,特别是一轨之内温度变化很大,使得辐射计的各个部件的温度变化剧烈;冷空定标天线安装位置、月球轨道冷空背景的复杂性,使数据处理变得非常严峻.尤其是在轨两点定标数据的处理,涉及冷空的有效性判别以及通道传输参数随着温度的变化,都需要先验的知识和预先的测量数据作为支撑.而关于月表成分、温度和微波辐射规律存在大量的未知因素,所以给数据处理和分析带来很大的困难.通过对于CELMS地面和在轨数据的分析,结合月表已知的特征参数,详细讨论CELMS在轨定标及亮温处理的实现过程.重点论述了定标的微波辐射传输原理及其参数的试验测试方法,微波亮温的反演算法等内容,并通过与模拟的Apollo点数据的比较确定在轨天线的订正系数.最后对全月的亮温分布及其特点进行了分析,初步结果表明:月表微波亮温包含了丰富的有关月壤特性的信息,尤其是昼夜亮温差异能够较为直接地反映了月壤厚度和表面介电常数的信息. 相似文献
4.
《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(11)
根据1993-2015年南极中山站Brewer光谱仪臭氧总量测值,分析比较不同时期卫星探测反演的大气臭氧总量误差特征.结果表明,卫星测值总体偏高,这与以南、北半球中纬度为主的全球比对结果(卫星测值总体偏低于)不同,但误差没有超过4%.对同一颗卫星一天多次过境测值的选取中,注意到太阳天顶角(SZA)最低时的测值与地基一致性最好(平均误差为-0.02~1.15%).TOMS算法反演的臭氧总量(含SBUV、TOMS-EP、OMI-TOMS)与地基测值最接近,其次是GOD-FIT法(以GOME-2A为代表)和DOAS-TOGOM法(含GOME、SCIAMACHY和OMI-DOAS).卫星臭氧总量误差对SZA均有一定的依赖性:当SZA在60°~70°以上时DOAS、GOME-2A的臭氧总量误差呈增加趋势而TOMS则下降,但在80°~85°时GOME-2A下降.卫星测值在地基臭氧总量为300~350DU时与地基测值最接近.DOAS-TOGOM和GOME-2A的误差在300DU以下时随臭氧总量降低而呈增加趋势.卫星臭氧总量误差对卫星与地基在观测时间上的差异呈一定的统计特点:当时间差别在4h以上时误差呈上升趋势;在8h时OMI-TOMS的误差10%,而9h时DOAS-TOGOM误差可达15%但GOME-2A没有超过10%.当卫星过境点与地基测点的距离在100km以上时,卫星臭氧总量误差可达-5%;而当TOMS-EP或OMI-TOMS的过境位置在中山站东南方的南极大陆上空时,其臭氧总量总体偏低,而在中山站西北方的海洋上空则相反,可能反映了地表反射率差异对TOMS算法反演的影响."臭氧洞"期间卫星臭氧总量与地基测值的一致性较非"臭氧洞"期间明显降低.TOMS算法的卫星臭氧总量误差变化未超过1%/10a.1996~2015年中山站SBUV和Brewer的臭氧总量月距平变化趋势分别为1%/10a和0.9%/10a,表明臭氧层较一致的微弱恢复态势. 相似文献
5.
本文利用MODTRAN 3.7和TOMRADE模式分别计算了308.0 nm、312.5 nm、317.5 nm、322.3 nm、331.2 nm、360.0 nm六个紫外波段的后向散射强度并进行了比较,且利用两个模式计算得到的插值表,对EPTOMS实测资料分别进行反演,得到结论如下：1）两模式算得的后向散射强度随着太阳天顶角、卫星天顶角、地表反照率的变化特性基本一致,均能较好的反映紫外后向散射的辐射特性;2）总体而言,两模式计算的后向散射强度值相对偏差在－6％～18％之间;3）分别把MODTRAN 3.7和TOMRADE模式计算的插值表用于2003年7月30日中纬度地区EPTOMS实测资料的反演,得到的臭氧总量相对偏差在－3％～5％之间.本文对紫外波段大气辐射传输模式的研究和紫外后向散射探测臭氧总量的反演误差研究有着重要意义. 相似文献
6.
针对对流层主要污染物(对流层臭氧、NO_2、SO_2及HCHO)的高分辨率、高频次监测需求,开展了基于静止轨道卫星监测中国大气污染物的模拟观测实验.在参考现有极轨卫星载荷的遥感监测能力和仪器参数基础上,根据静止卫星观测模型,利用正演辐射传输模式模拟观测光谱.根据最优估计反演理论,分析光谱仪的主要指标参数对各目标气体的反演敏感性和反演误差.基于各目标气体反演精度需求,提出光谱仪的观测波段、光谱分辨率和信噪比等关键指标参数的建议方案.为评估选定的光谱仪参数能否满足需求,利用大气化学输送模式模拟中国区域大气成分的三维分布,进行中国区域的模拟反演实验.结果表明,针对各目标气体,满足反演需求的实验数目均达到90%左右.臭氧总量和平流层臭氧的反演精度可达到2%,且各气体反演在太阳天顶角高于70°范围内仍可以获得有效数据.因此,我们所提出的静止卫星观测方案和仪器参数方案具有一定可行性,为优化将来中国静止轨道卫星光谱仪仪器指标提供了理论依据和模拟工具. 相似文献
7.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(6)
基于最优估计理论,采用LBLRTM和VLIDORT辐射传输模式以及包含Line Mixing效应的aer_v_3.2数据库,构建了一套短波红外高光谱卫星反演XCO2的算法.利用该算法试验了Line Mixing效应对卫星反演结果的影响,对GOSAT卫星观测光谱数据进行了系统性试验反演,并利用选取的TCCON站点一年中的匹配观测资料进行了地面验证,同时与GOSAT卫星官方L2B产品进行了比对.试验表明,忽略Line Mixing将系统性低估约0.25%的CO2柱浓度.在气溶胶光学厚度小于0.3的大气条件下,本文反演算法反演结果与GOSAT官方数据产品精度接近,与地基观测值相差小于1%,而高浓度气溶胶背景下卫星反演CO2浓度的有效方法仍有待于突破. 相似文献
8.
研究表明在珠三角目前的污染状况下,至少一半以上的紫外辐射被大气气溶胶衰减,如此大幅度的紫外辐射衰减对城市生态系统和物种化学循环,尤其是臭氧光化学反应过程有重大的影响.利用地面观测的臭氧、紫外辐射、气溶胶辐射特性参数以及辐射和化学模式定量评估了大气气溶胶对地面臭氧影响的显著性.实例分析表明,珠三角大气气溶胶和紫外辐射与臭氧之间的相关性显著,气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）与地面PM10的浓度相关性高达0.98,AOD与相应时次的紫外辐射和臭氧的反相关性明显,相关系数可达-0.9.分析表明气溶胶污染通过衰减紫外辐射可显著降低臭氧的产率,AOD为0.6时臭氧的午间峰值区消失,AOD至1.2时午间峰值区呈下降趋势,造成午间臭氧的生成产率明显降低.目前干季（10,11,12和1月）广州的气溶胶光学厚度AOD550 nm≥0.6（AOD340 nm≥1.0）的出现概率为47%（55%）,珠三角在干季出现臭氧极大值的机会少与严重的气溶胶污染抑制臭氧峰值的出现应有密切的关系.分析表明应用辐射化学模式计算气溶胶的辐射效应时对单散射因子（SSA）十分敏感,表明应用辐射化学模式计算臭氧的产率时应慎重选取合理的单散射因子值. 相似文献
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10.
臭氧的时空分布特征对气候和环境变化具有显著影响,随着臭氧资料数量的增加和质量的提高,有必要对臭氧时空分布特征及其与气候变化的关系进行详细研究.本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的1979—2013年的全球月平均臭氧总量资料、平流层温度场资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)、Morlet小波分析、合成分析等方法研究了20°N以北的北半球冬季(12—2月)臭氧总量异常的主要空间分布结构与时间演变特征,并进一步分析了主要模态与平流层上层(2hPa)、中层(30hPa)以及下层(100hPa)温度异常的关系.结果表明:近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量异常变化最显著的区域主要有5个,分别位于极地地区(75°N—90°N,0°—360°)、北半球副热带地区(20°N—40°N,0°—360°)、阿拉斯加地区(60°N—75°N,180°—260°E)、北大西洋地区(45°N—60°N,310°E—360°E)及西伯利亚地区(50°N—65°N,80°E—130°E).5个区域的冬季臭氧总量异常具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征.1980年代后期是各个区域的臭氧总量异常由年代际偏多转为偏少的转换时段.此外,各区域存在显著的年际变化周期,而且各个区域的年际周期存在明显的差异.臭氧总量异常变化与平流层温度异常变化的关系表明,臭氧总量异常的增加(减少)能够导致平流层上层温度异常偏冷(暖)和平流层中、下层温度异常偏暖(冷),其中平流层中层温度异常的偏暖(冷)程度要比下层更加明显. 相似文献
11.
VIIRS(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)作为MODIS(The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)的后继传感器,可在全球范围内实现对气溶胶的连续时空监测.卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)是研究地球能量收支平衡、气候效应和空气质量的重要大气参数.但在中国重污染天气情况下,现有的VIIRS陆地气溶胶产品存在一定不足.因此,本研究改进云识别方法,优化像元筛选,约束气溶胶类型选择,实现重污染情况下AOD的反演.基于地基AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork)的验证结果表明,相比NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)产品,改进后的反演结果克服了反演值偏低的问题,且表现出更好的相关性,RMSE从0.236下降到0.219.为验证在重污染条件下改进算法的适用性和准确性,本文对比了两种污染条件下的反演结果(0.61).统计结果表明,在较重污染天气条件下(AODAERONET>1),相比NOAA的AOD产品,本文结果的反演率从32.3%提升为68.8%,回归分析的斜率提高为0.80,相关系数达到0.76,均方根误差为0.307,在增加反演量的同时保证了反演的精度. 相似文献
12.
M. I. Beloglazov V. M. Demkin A. A. Krasilnikov L. M. Kukin Yu. Yu. Kulikov V. G. Ryskin V. N. Shanin 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2010,50(2):256-262
As a result of the long-term observations lead in region of Kola Peninsula, connection between character of variations of
the ozone content in a stratosphere of Arctic regions and behavior and structure of a winter polar vortex is established.
During winter seasons with well developed cyclone and duration of stable existence not less than 1.5–2 months were observed
extremely low ozone number density at heights 20–25 km connected, apparently, with its chemical destruction. On the other
hand, during disturbances of the vortex, accompanied strong stratospheric warming, was registered almost double increase of
ozone amount in a high-altitude interval from 20 up to 40 km. Comparison of results of ground-based microwave monitoring of
an ozone layer to data of the satellite instrument EOS MLS installed on satellite AURA is lead. In most cases comparison has
shown satisfactory within the limits of an error of measurements coincidence of results. However in conditions of atmospheric
disturbances when arose significant spatial heterogeneity, the discrepancy of results of comparison was marked. The possible
reasons which cause the detected disagreement in results are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Heath Donald F. Mateer Carlton L. Krueger Arlin J. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1973,106(1):1238-1253
Summary In April 1970 the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment was placed into orbit aboard the Nimbus-4 satellite. This double monochromator experiment measures ultraviolet terrestrial radiance at twelve discrete wavelengths between 2550 Å and 3400 Å. Approximately 100 scans covering a 230 km square are made between terminator crossings on the daylight side of the earth. A colinear photometer channel with the same field of view is used to derive the Lambert reflectivity of the lower boundary of the scattering atmosphere. The extraterrestrial solar irradiance is measured at the northern terminator. The instrument has currently produced almost three years of nearly continuous data which are being used to infer the high-level ozone distribution and total ozone on a global basis. The high-level ozone data have been verified by independent coincident rocket ozone soundings, and the total ozone values show good agreement with Dobson spectrophotometer determinations as well as those made with the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer also on Nimbus-4. An increase has been observed in equatorial radiance at 2550 Å relative to 2900 Å, which seems to indicate that the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere is related to the eleven-year solar cycle. 相似文献
14.
For the period December 1970, comparison is made between the monthly average analyses (mapped fields) of the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) total ozone data and the ground-based observations. In particular, significant differences of over 50 Dobson units are noted over the region of the North Atlantic Ocean with the BUV of greater magnitude than the ground-based data. As part of the overall verification program, both analyses are compared against the 100 mb height fields. The results indicate that the BUV analysis in the region of question is the more consistent of the two. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2005,67(7):739-748
A new retrieval method for satellite remote sensing of global sodium during nighttime is proposed. This method uses satellite limb observations of ozone density, neutral temperature, and Na D nightglow volume emission rate to retrieve sodium density. Our calculations show that, in the ideal condition in which there is no measurement noise, the retrieval error in the main region of sodium layer is very small (less than 1%). The retrieval error is mainly determined by the uncertainties in the observations of ozone, temperature and the Na D-line nightglow emission. 相似文献
16.
Tropospheric delay acts as a systematic error source in the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning. Empirical models UNB3, UNB3m, UNB4 and EGNOS have been developed for use in Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). Model performance, however, is limited due to the low spatial resolution of the look-up tables for meteorological parameters. A new design has been established in this study for improving performance of the tropospheric delay model by more effectively eliminating the error produced by tropospheric delay. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) were analyzed with findings that ZTD exhibits different annual variations at different locations and decreases exponentially with height increasing. Spherical harmonics are utilized based on the findings to fit the annual mean and amplitude of the ZTD on a global scale and the exponential function is utilized for height corrections, yielding the ZTrop model. On a global scale, the ZTrop features an average deviation of -1.0 cm and Root Mean Square (RMS) of 4.7 cm compared with the International GNSS Service (IGS) ZTD products, an average deviation of 0.0 cm and RMS of 4.5 cm compared with the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) ZTD data, and an average deviation of -1.3 cm and RMS of 5.2 cm compared with the ZTD data from the Constellation Observing System of Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC). The RMS of the ZTrop model is 14.5% smaller than that of UNB3, 6.0% smaller than that of UNB3m, 16% smaller than that of UNB4, 14.5% smaller than that of EGNOS and equivalent to the sophisticated GPT2+Saas model in comparison with the IGS ZTD products. The ZTrop, UNB3m and GPT2+Saas models are finally evaluated in GPS-based Precise Point Positioning (PPP), as the models act to aid in obtaining PPP position error less than 1.5 cm in north and east components and relative large error (>5 cm) in up component with respect to the random walk approach. 相似文献
17.
The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard the ERS-2 satellite has been in operation since July 1995. The Norwegian ground-based total ozone network has played an important role both in the main validation during the commissioning phase and in the validation of upgraded versions of the analysis algorithms of the instrument. The ground-based network consists of various spectrometer types (Dobson, Brewer, UV filter instruments). The validation of the second algorithm version used until January 1998 reveals a very good agreement between GOME and ground-based data at solar zenith angles <60° and deviations of GOME total ozone data from ground-based data of up to ±60 DU (∼20%) at zenith angles ≥60°. The deviations strongly depend on the season of the year, being negative in summer and positive in winter/spring, The deviations furthermore show a considerable scattering (up to ±25 DU in monthly average values of 5° SZA intervals), even in close spatial and temporal coincidence with ground-based measurements, especially in the high Arctic. The deviations are also dependent on the viewing geometry/ground pixel size with an additional negative offset for the large pixels used in the backswath mode and at solar zenith angles ≥85°, compared to forward-swath pixels. 相似文献
18.
Synchronous retrieval of land surface temperature and emissivity 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
This is an old topic for more than ten years to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from satellite data, but it has not
been solved yet. At first, people tried to transplant traditional split window method of sea surface temperature (SST) to
the retrieval of LST, but it was found that the emissivities of land surface (εi) must be involved in atmospheric correction. Then many different formulas appeared with assumption of emissivities known.
In fact, emissivities of land surface with pixel size cannot be known beforehand because of various reasons, so in recent
years the focus of attention has been transferred to retrieving emissivities (εi) and LST at the same time. Therefore, we have to solve missing equations problem. For this some people try to introduce middle
infrared information, but new problems will be brought in which means that it is very difficult to describe middle infrared
BRDF of targets with high accuracy and the scattering of atmospheric aerosol cannot be ignored. Therefore a different way
is offered to solve this problem only using two thermo-infrared bands data based on three assumptions, constant emissivities
in two measurements, and the same atmospheric parameters for neighbouring pixels and the difference of emissivity (Δε) of
two channels can be known beforehand. Results of digital simulations show that it is possible to retrieve LST with its root
mean square (RMS) of errors less than 1 K and RMS of relative error of ground radiance at 7% if the error of atmospheric temperature
at ± 2°C and the relative error of atmospheric water vapor at ± 10% can be satisfied. Results have been confirmed by initial
field test.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49471056) and China’s National Key Basic
Research Plan. 相似文献
19.
Coherency spectra derived from time series of stratospheric quantities indicate oscillations in the frequency range below 0.5 d–1 which are correlated on a global scale. Satellite observations of total ozone and stratospheric radiance (BUV and SIRS, Nimbus4, April–November 1970) have been used to derive phase relationships of such oscillations. As an example, an oscillation of total ozone with a period of 7.5 d and zonal wave number zero is analyzed in detail. The basic assumption is made and tested, that the oscillation reflects stratospheric planetary waves as obtained from Laplace's tidal equations. The observed latitudinal phase shifts for the total ozone oscillation are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. It is concluded from the observations of ozone and radiance that mainly divergence effects related to global-scale waves are responsible for the 7.5 d oscillations of total ozone at high and middle latitudes and at the equator whereas in the latitude range 10°S–20°S predominantly temperature effects are important. Meridional wind amplitudes of some 10 cm/s are sufficient to explain the high and mid-latitude ozone oscillations. At low latitudes vertical wind amplitudes of about 0.2 mm/s corresponding to height changes of the ozone layer of roughly ±20 m are obtained. 相似文献
20.
Ground-based observations of the spectral sky radiance within the totality region during a total solar eclipse are of significant interest because the contribution from direct and single scattered light from the solar disk is eliminated. In the present paper, we develop a numerical model of the spectral sky radiance during totality, evaluate the contribution of double scattered sunlight to the sky radiance at totality and compare it to solar corona emissions. The results show that the single scattered coronal light is the major contaminant in ground-based observations of the corona, opposite to what was believed before. For observation directions outside the corona the double scattered sun radiation dominates over the single scattered coronal light. 相似文献