共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Aborigines, because of their population numbers and increasing control over land and resources, are crucial to the sustainable development of rural Australia. However, appropriate Aboriginal development requires the replacement of the ‘top‐down’ approaches generally adopted by government agencies by ‘bottom‐up’ approaches reflecting the needs and aspirations of rural Aboriginal people. Past experience demonstrates that Aborigines have faced many frustrations in reconciling these concepts. But some approaches now being adopted in the use and management of Australia's rangelands provide interesting alternatives which may be more generally applicable in enhancing rangeland sustainability. Examples include land‐use practices conducted by Aborigines living in remote homeland centres on their own freehold land, and the diversity of land uses introduced on pastoral stations now under Aboriginal ownership. Broader recognition of the value of these approaches will depend on widespread acknowledgment of the overall worth of Aboriginal land management knowledge in rural restructuring 相似文献
2.
城镇化中后期中国人口迁移流动形式的转变及政策应对 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
人口迁移流动形式是构成人口迁移流动特征的一个关键要素。在中国进入人口城镇化中后期后,准确判断和把握人口迁移流动形式的转变是一项十分重要的工作。论文基于人口迁移流动形式转变的相关理论与国际经验,考察现阶段中国人口迁移流动形式转变的进程和特点及由此产生的问题与挑战。研究发现,中国人口迁移流动形式已发生转变,并突出表现为人口回流现象不断增多、省际和省内人口迁移流动此消彼长的趋势日益明显;城—城流动显著增加,人口的城-城间流动将渐成常态化;流动人口户籍城镇化进程开始加快,其城乡两栖生计的重心向城镇转移;住房驱动下的流动人口就地、异地城镇化渐成趋势等。同时,人口迁移流动形式转变过程中面临着人口回流推动的就近就地城镇化发展可持续性不足;城—城流动向东部少数省市聚集的态势明显;以户籍城镇化主导的农业流动人口市民化面临多重障碍等问题与挑战。最后,从流动人口城镇化的空间载体构建、城市治理方式转变、中西部小城镇自我可持续发展能力提升等方面提出相应的建议。 相似文献
3.
Christopher De Sousa 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(2):312-327
The redevelopment of brownfield sites has become a central focus of government efforts aimed at developing and revitalizing urban areas in the U.S. This article examines brownfield redevelopment efforts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, which gained momentum in the mid‐1990s, in order to determine how Milwaukee is performing in terms of redevelopment activities, what the effects of government support of such activities have been, and how performance outcomes are currently being measured. Through an examination of government data and interviews with key stakeholders, the Milwaukee case reveals that redevelopment is indeed progressing well as government becomes more effective at tackling the barriers to private‐sector redevelopment. However, progress in redeveloping brownfields is still being measured primarily in terms of economic development outcomes rather than in terms of the broader social, economic, and environmental objectives that both policy makers and private‐sector stakeholders associate with such redevelopment. 相似文献
4.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):270-280
Since 1979, when the new government came to power in Iran, there have been fundamental structural changes in Iranian society. The focus of this essay is on the pronounced redistribution of population, which has taken place largely as a result of the new Iranian government's policy favoring rural-urban migration. The government's justification for the redistribution has been that there is a need for the deprived lower classes in rural areas to receive a better deal within Iranian society. Mr. A. Khosrosphahi, government official in the area of Housing and Urban Development has publicly stated on many occasions that migrants who wish to live in the Tehran metropolitan area will be provided with housing facilities, including parcels of urban land and housing loans. This has caused a mass migration of rural settlers to the cities. In order to examine different aspects of how this redistribution has occurred, it will be useful to study in detail what has taken place in one city affected by the changes. The city of Kermanshah will be considered here as such a case study. 相似文献
5.
RURAL-URBAN CLASSIFICATION AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ram B. Bhagat 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(1):61-73
Rural‐urban classification constitutes an important framework for the collection and compilation of population data in many countries. While “urban” is often specifically defined, “rural” is treated simply as a residual category. The criteria defining urban also differ from country to country. This paper argues that these rural and urban statistical categories are also highly significant for local governance, increasingly so in recent years given the emphasis on local governance and its restructuring. In India, constitutional amendments have given constitutional status to local bodies in the federal structure of the country. Local bodies are thus now expected to draw up their own plans and initiate development works, which requires them to generate their own resources and lessen their dependence on central government funding. It is thus necessary to reorganize urban space into viable spatial units in terms of their revenue base. While rural‐urban classification is the task of the Census of India, state governments are responsible for granting municipal status to urban centres. This paper examines the criteria and limitations of the rural‐urban classification followed by the Census, its congruence with the dynamics of state‐accorded municipal/non‐municipal status and some implications for municipal governance in India. 相似文献
6.
Economic drivers of contemporary smallholder agriculture in a transitional economy: A case study of Hu Village from southwest China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on an in‐depth case study of a rural community, this paper documents the contemporary state of Chinese smallholder agriculture and the changes that it has been experiencing in the context of dramatic socio‐economic transition through the lens of three main economic drivers: livelihood diversification, market conditions and government interventions. Results reveal that the change in Chinese smallholder agriculture has been complex and multidimensional. All three factors exert profound influence and shape the current state of Chinese agriculture. Massive rural‐urban migration has resulted in labour shortages, which in turn have led to a reduction in agricultural diversity and land use intensity and a shift from traditional labour‐intensive technologies to modern capital‐intensive technologies. However, because of well‐developed agricultural markets, input use levels are similar across farmer categories (such as income diversification), helping to maintain productivity. Furthermore, reduced profits from farming due to increasing input prices and decreasing output prices have exerted pressure on smallholders to increasingly turn to nonfarm activities and have also triggered a thriving informal land transfer market, which was previously non‐existent. Policy implications include the need to strengthen local economies, improve market conditions, invest in rural infrastructures and facilitate smallholders' mobility. 相似文献
7.
城乡劳动力的转移与城市化 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文从城市化基本定义出发,探讨了劳动力在农村与城市两大经济载体之间流动的机制,指出农业容纳力与排斥力、城市吸引力与吸收力是劳动力流动的决定因素,并在对四个因素进行相互关系分析的基础上,阐明了均衡与非均衡条件下劳动力转移的不同途径。 相似文献
8.
George C. S. Lin 《The Professional geographer》2001,53(1):56-70
Much of the development literature and the theory of urban transition have been based on an arbitrary division of production space into city and countryside. Despite growing recognition of the need for an integrated approach to urban‐rural relations, controversial issues related to the definition and measurement of the phenomenon remain unresolved. This case study of spatial transformation in China's Pearl River Delta analyzes with greater precision the geographic extent and functional attributes of a zone of urban‐rural interaction located outside and between major metropolitan centers. This zone has been the spatial focus of industrial and commercial development, although most of its population remains officially classified as “agricultural.” The peri‐urban zone was initially left behind by the central cities in terms of its contribution to the regional economy. After a decade of postreform development, this zone has moved ahead of the central cities and become the region's main destination for in‐migrants and foreign investment. The growth of the zone of urban‐rural interaction outside the central cities has absorbed a significant amount of the increased urban population, but it has not brought about a reduction of regional economic inequality because of the persistence of a backward economy in the periphery. Theoretical questions are raised concerning the validity of several fundamental assumptions underlying the conventional model of urban transition. 相似文献
9.
VANESSA A. V. SLINGER 《Geographical review》2000,90(2):177-190
ABSTRACT. Together, urbanization and the search for sustainable development present a dilemma in the Brazilian Amazon: how to accommodate an expanding urban population while creating and maintaining sustainable production systems that feed the people and manage the forest. A unique peri‐urban agroforestry project, implemented by a municipal government in western Amazonia and concerned with a citywide influx of rural agriculturalists and former forest‐dwelling extractive producers, is examined as a source of food and self‐determination. Peri‐urban agroforestry seems to be a viable option for other Amazonian cities that are experiencing increasing urbanization and its associated problems. 相似文献
10.
中国农村转型与耕地保护机制 总被引：122，自引：10，他引：122
我国农村和城市的发展都处在转型时期，对土地的需求将进一步扩展，而开发边际土地的余地已经有限，未来耕地食物安全的形势将更趋势严峻，因而保护耕地成为我国的基本国策，但实际上由于缺乏保护机制，耕地仍在继续向效益更高的其它土地用途转移，因此，保护耕地的根本大计在于建立机制，保护耕地的经济机制是提高农业的比较经济效益，耕地生态服务功能的价值实现至关重要，在政策管理机制方面，要强化政府在耕地保护中的作用，规范土地管理行为，明确独立于市场的政府土地管理目标，并以法律形式固定的规划作为实现目标的手段，城市发展要加强内涵集约度。 相似文献
11.
2008年金融危机后东莞出现城市收缩现象,东莞城市政府出台了以户籍改革为核心的外来人口政策吸引人口定居、改善人口流失情况。然而,在政策实践中,不同特征人群对于外来人口政策的满意程度或有差异,但已有研究鲜有探讨这一问题。因此,文章从市民视角评价以户籍改革为核心的外来人口政策,重点对比未入户外来人口与已入户人口的政策满意度。基于2013年东莞外来人口工作生活的问卷调查数据,采用二元逻辑回归分析方法,探讨外来人口对于东莞城市政策的满意度及其影响因素。研究发现：全体外来人口中,高学历、没有因户口遇到教育/住房差别待遇、满意治安环境、参与公共政策制定的群体,对外来人口政策的满意度更高。对比未入户与已入户两类人群发现：已入户人群比未入户人群对于政策满意度更高;未入户人群对于住房、教育以及治安环境的关注更为明显;已入户人群则更为关注情感维度与社会融合。 相似文献
12.
试论我国城市发展方针 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在执行重重工业的发展战略和城乡分割体制的计划经济背景下,我国制定了“控制大城市规模,合理发展中等城市,积极发展小城市”的城市建设方针。但是分析表明,这一方针不能适应市场经济和对外开放形势的需要,也不符合我国人多地少、农村剩余劳动力多的国情,必须调整现有的城市发展方针,选择适宜的城市化发展道路。因此,本文就适度发展大中城市,提高城市现代化水平;加速乡村城市化,积极合理发展小城镇;以及根据不同地区的具体情况,因地制宜地指定城市化途径等方面作了探讨。 相似文献
13.
In 2007, the Australian federal government introduced a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme, the 485 visa sub-class. This visa facilitates the transition from student to worker for overseas graduates from Australian higher education institutions, with the potential to significantly increase their numbers in the country. At the same time, local governments have introduced various policies designed to attract and retain human capital in rural areas to address the shortfall of highly skilled individuals. This paper redresses the current lack of research into the spatial dynamics of overseas human capital in Australia and their relation to the new visa scheme in combination with shifts in rural development policies. Drawing on survey data of graduates describing the ‘before’ (2005) and ‘after’ (2008) periods of the introduction of the 485 visa scheme, this paper shows that the propensity of overseas graduates to move between Australia's regions has increased substantially. In particular, there have been an increasing proportion of overseas graduates moving to major cities despite rural development policy efforts to attract human capital to rural areas. However, these policy efforts appear to have attracted overseas graduates with particular qualifications (education and health) to work in such locales. 相似文献
14.
中国人口收缩的城乡分异特征及形成机理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在县市尺度上对2000—2010年人口收缩区的城乡分异特征进行分析,划分出城增乡减型、城乡双收缩型和城减乡增型等类型,并建立人口收缩城乡分异的理论分析框架,探讨了不同类型的形成机理,主要的发现如下：① 2000—2010年,人口收缩单元占比约为38.6%,城增乡减型单元占据绝对主体,达到34.5%,而“城乡双收缩型”和“城减乡增型”单元占比均较低。② 中部地区人口收缩区城镇人口增长普遍较快,东北地区城乡双收缩的特征较为突出,而东部和西部地区存在较明显的空间分异。③ 城镇化水平和经济发展水平对人口收缩城乡分异特征的影响最为显著,城镇化水平较高而经济发展水平较低的人口收缩区越可能出现城镇人口增长缓慢甚至城乡双收缩。④ 经济发展速度、人口自然增长水平、公共服务等因素对人口收缩城乡分异特征也存在一定的影响。 相似文献
15.
Changes in world capitalism caused prices of traditional raw materials to fall and new energy demands to arise at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The Andean countries witnessed the fall in the value of their exports and began to receive large flows of foreign investment in mining and industry. Consequently, urban economies were strengthened and demographic patterns were changed. This led to the internal migrations and to a process of social change. These consequences are summarized from relevant studies focusing on Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Since the 1960s a compendium of information has become available which highlights the causes of the migration, migration patterns, the composition of migratory movements, and the mechanisms that the migrant uses to establish himself/herself in the city. Preston (1969) distinguished 2 migratory patterns in Ecuador: rural to urban, with migratory flows from the rural areas to urban centers and new industrial cities that experienced development and high demand for unskilled labor at comparatively high wages: and rural to rural, based on the movement of population from depressed rural areas to other areas in which programs for colonization or commercial agriculture have been promoted. In a study of Colombia, McGreevey (1968) identifies the lack of cultivatable land, rural violence in certain departments, and other economic and family causes as the principal factors that induced migrations to the cities. The study emphasizes that the predominant model of movement relates to "fill in" migration. The spatial mobility of the Venezuelan Andean population was initially outlined in a voluminous report on economic and social problems of the region (1954). The study indicates that during the intercensal period 1941-50 cities grew much more rapidly than rural "municipos" and that the drive to find employment and earn a living were the most important motives in the movement of peasants to the cities. All of the studies identified that use demographic, economic, or phychosocial approaches have provided partial explanations of the current status of Andean migrations. The explanations they offer, by not transcending the current reality of the migrants, overlook the historical traits of internal migration. Migratory flows do not spring up suddenly. They result from specific socio-political circumstances which, when closely linked to demographic evidence, serve as a basis for understanding the process. Review of studies on internal migration in the Northern Andes, as presented here, reveals a series of distinguishing characteristics: there are 5 migratory patterns--rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, seasonal worker migration, and return migration, and the predominant pattern has been rural to urban; the demographic data show the importance of rural migrants to urban growth in the region and a complementary loss of population in the rural areas; depopulation of the countryside has been selective; and there is a marked disparity in employment remuneration between rural and urban areas. 相似文献
16.
贫困地区乡村振兴与精准扶贫有效衔接研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
精准扶贫与乡村振兴是新时代统筹城乡发展的重要途径和根本抓手,基于贫困地区发展历程、扶贫实践及成效梳理,提出了乡村振兴与精准扶贫有效衔接的理论框架,对于指导贫困地区乡村转型与可持续发展具有重要意义。结果表明,对贫困户、贫困县、贫困片区的精准扶贫,能够显著改善乡村地区的生产、生产和生态条件,逐步解决城乡发展不平衡的问题。通过乡村产业、生态、文化、人才、组织振兴,能够激发乡村发展活力、能力、动力和竞争力,解决乡村发展不充分的问题。精准扶贫旨在补齐乡村发展的短板,是乡村振兴的重要基础。乡村振兴可以巩固提升脱贫成果,是精准脱贫的有力保障。因此,在精准扶贫和乡村振兴的交汇期,应同步推进和实施两大战略,按照人?地?业?财的耦合协调状态,设定贫困地区精准脱贫量表,实现贫困地区乡村稳定与持续脱贫,设定县域乡村振兴率、村域居业协同度等指标,为乡村振兴成效评估提供定量考评依据。 相似文献
17.
Iltanen J 《Terra (Helsinki, Finland)》1996,108(4):224-232
"There has been a clear tendency to decreasing population density and increasing rate of primary output in urban municipalities in Finland in the 20th century. It is a commonly known fact that this tendency is caused by some rural municipalities changing their status to urban municipalities and by some rural municipalities incorporating urban municipalities.... In this article urban regions have been created, which are quite [the] same as urban municipality districts in Finland today. In these regions population density has increased in contrast to urban municipalities each year of compiling these statistics." (EXCERPT) 相似文献
18.
Preliminary results of the 1981 Nepal census are analyzed as to urbanization and population movement to the Terai. Noting the substantial shift in the pattern of Nepal's population distribution occurring between 1971-81, and projecting these rates of change for the future, the paper reports a process of transformation wherein Nepal is shifting from a rural hill and mountain society to an urban-subtropical plains (Terai) state. While the flow of migrants to urban areas and the Terai region is well known, the increase in rate of change poses a serious challenge for the Nepalese government. Economic development planning must readjust its goals and assumptions to take into account the massive metamorphosis that is occurring in Nepal. Development efforts aimed at rural hill and mountain areas may need to be reevaluated in light of the changing distribution of population. 相似文献
19.
Xuan Liu 《Urban geography》2017,38(6):884-902
This article argues that the changing distribution of power between coalitions of stakeholders challenges typical top-down dynamics of policy mobility, and causes contestations that in turn lead to the multi-scalar co-construction of policy- and place-making in China. When property-led redevelopment, commandeered by the coalition between government and investors, could no longer dominate the renewal of brownfield sites, a nationally endorsed mobile policy of creative transformation led China’s renewal of these areas into a new phase of “contested policy mobility”. Three kinds of contestations have been observed in Redtory, Guangzhou. First, in adopting the alternative mobile policy of using brownfields temporarily before permanent redevelopment, local governments were aiming to retain control of development rights throughout a nationally mandated urban economic “creative transformation” process. Second, emerging new interest groups from within the public sphere were able to resist subsequent redevelopment plans, thereby challenging the mobile policy’s top-down momentum. Finally, divisive interests within the coalition ultimately weakened their power when contesting the government and investors. 相似文献
20.
Max Eriksson 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(11):1374-1388
Attitudes towards wolf policy are likely to be driven by perceived differences in political power between urban and rural groups. Using Swedish survey data collected in 2014 and structural equation modeling, I evaluated the effects of political alienation. Political alienation mediated the effect of having an urban or rural place of residence on attitudes towards wolf policy. Politically alienated individuals also preferred more extreme policy options than other respondents, while being less likely to approve of the current wolf policy in Sweden. These findings suggest that political alienation drives attitude polarization in wolf related social conflicts. Awareness of these underlying power asymmetries could possibly increase both policy legitimacy and management efficiency. This highlights the importance of accounting for social context in relation to policy-making and conservation efforts related to wolves. 相似文献