共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
N. V. Astakhova 《Oceanology》2013,53(6):686-701
The examination of polished sections of ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan revealed abundant inclusions of small grains of base and precious metals: Ag, Pd, Pt, Au, Rh, Cu, Zn, Sn, P, Ni, Cr, Ti, Sb, As, W, and Mo. The metals occur in the form of native elements or intermetallic compounds, subordinate sulfides, sulfates, oxides, tungstates, and phosphides. The data on contents, occurrence forms, and distribution of these metals in the ore crusts from this region are discussed. 相似文献
2.
南海多金属结壳(核)铁锰矿物/海水界面效应与成矿元素的富集 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海底铁锰结壳和结核是重要的海底矿产资源,蕴含着丰富的金属元素并且具有巨大的经济价值。本文主要以南海多金属结壳（核）为研究对象,采用X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱、红外光谱分析（FTIR）以及X射线光电子能谱对铁锰矿物的矿物学和谱学特征进行了系统的分析和研究。粉晶衍射和拉曼光谱分析结果表明,南海多金属结壳的矿物组成为水羟锰矿、石英和长石,结核的矿物组成为钡镁锰矿、水羟锰矿、石英和长石,铁相矿物均为无定形铁氧化物/氢氧化物,并且锰相矿物和铁相矿物的结晶程度均较差。红外光谱分析结果显示多金属结核和结壳中的铁锰矿物具有大量表面羟基,这些含质子表面羟基官能团,可为海水中各成矿元素的络合提供丰富的活性位点。XPS分析表明多金属结核和结壳中铁锰矿物表面以Fe、Mn和O元素为主,其中Fe呈正三价态,Mn以正四、正三价为主,可能还含有少部分正二价态。对比南海多金属结壳（核）与太平海山结壳,南海多金属结壳（核）具有更为显著的表面羟基氧（-OH）含量,而太平洋海山结壳则以晶格氧（O2-）为主,表明太平洋海山结壳铁锰矿物结晶程度较南海多金属结壳（核）高。综合研究表明,在海底铁锰结壳和结核中（氢）氧化锰/铁矿物与海水之间界面效应对金属离子的富集机理主要有：（1）金属离子与矿物表面羟基进行络合反应,形成以配位键相连的羟基络合物,或与表面的质子交换生成稳定的内层络合物;（2）矿物的带电表面与金属离子通过静电作用形成双电层,生成外层络合物;（3）金属离子与矿物结构中的Mn、Fe离子同晶置换而成为结构阳离子。 相似文献
3.
过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中富集的控制因素 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在不同生成环境下生成的铁锰结核(壳)吸收不同的过渡金属元素。在成岩作用形成的铁锰结核中,Cu、Ni主要以锰相形式存在,而Co则以铁相的形式存在;在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中Cu、Co、Ni均以锰相的形式存在。这些过渡金属元素在成岩作用形成的结核中的存在与铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化学特征密切相关,而在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中的富集与锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化。学特征关系不大。同时铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物又严格地受结核(壳)的生成环境的制约,因此,过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中的富集在一定程度上受结核(壳)生成环境的控制。 相似文献
4.
N. V. Astakhova 《Oceanology》2017,57(4):558-567
Based on data on the concentration of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Os, Ir, and Ru) in bulk samples of ferromanganese crusts, the presence of inclusions of micro- and nanosized grains of Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt, often with impurities of other elements, as well as their chaotic distribution, three sources of incorporation of these metals into ore crusts of Far Eastern seas are suggested: seawater, postvolcanic gas–hydrothermal fluids, and hydrothermal plumes. The presence of grains of platinoids and gold in ferromanganese crusts on only some mounts may result from peculiarities in the formation of volcanic rocks on the ancient continental basement. 相似文献
5.
为探讨富钴结壳中矿物组成对稀土元素分布的制约,对约翰斯顿岛富钴结壳中矿物组成及稀土元素特征进行了研究。依据主要矿物组成,富钴结壳可以分为3种类型,分别命名为A、B、C。由A到C,水羟锰矿含量逐渐降低,B类中磷灰石含量最高,C类中水钠锰矿和钙锰矿含量最高。A类结壳中富集REE3+、Ce,B类结壳中富集Ce和Y。A类富钴结壳中,REE3+、Y以专属吸附的方式富集在铁氧化物上,Ce3+氧化成Ce4+与其他REE分离,吸附在锰矿物上。B类结壳中,稀土元素主要以独立矿物的形式存在,另有部分Ce、LREE3+吸附于铁相中,部分Y存在于磷灰石中。C类结壳中,稀土元素主要赋存在锰矿物中,部分Y存在于磷灰石中。 相似文献
6.
大洋铁锰结壳的地球化学与古海洋环境示踪 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
主要回顾近年来铁锰结壳在深度定年、主量元素、微量元素及Sr，Nd，Pb同位素地球化学及其古海洋环境示踪方面的主要研究进展，并提出有关认识和展望。 相似文献
7.
中太平洋海山富钴结壳与基岩关系的研究 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13
对我国首次取得的中太平洋海山基岩和富钴结壳样品的结构构造、矿物和化学组成特征的研究表明,该区主要基岩类型为碱性玄武岩、磷块岩、磷酸盐化碳酸盐岩和燧石等,碱性玄武岩分布最广,并均有不同程度的风化.观察表明,富钴结壳的载体可以是各种岩性的基岩.玄武岩、风化火山岩和磷块岩上的结壳厚度比燧石的大,有较高的经济价值,是选矿冶炼的主要对象.对于调查区内富钴结壳形态总体上可分为三种类型:板状、砾状和结核状结壳.从以下四个方面探讨结壳与基岩之间的关系:(1)海水、基岩和结壳中主要金属元素含量特点;(2)通过聚类分析方法探讨结壳与基岩之间的亲疏程度;(3)结壳的分布特征;(4)不同基岩类型对结壳生长的影响.分析结果表明,调查区内的火山岩及磷块岩对结壳形成的贡献大(比其他类型岩石). 相似文献
8.
尖顶海山和平顶海山是洋底海山的两种类型,同时也是富钴结壳资源赖以成长的主要载体,两者在地形上具有显著差别,资源状况和分布也不尽一致。以地形分类为基础,就中太平洋海山区两类海山结壳的成矿特征、宏微观构造、矿物和化学组成以及空间分布等进行了比对研究。研究认为,尖顶海山体积虽小,但地形演化连续,底层流及环境氧化性较强,有利于结壳的长期稳定生长,结壳厚度总体较大,富成矿元素和生物组分,远景成矿区域连续绵长。平顶海山山体巨大,顶部和斜坡陡崖区不利于结壳成长,底流活动只在山顶边缘和山脊地带表现突出,环境氧化性整体较弱,后期构造活动相对频繁,结壳总体厚度较小,铁,碎屑和热液组分含量较高,远景矿区相对狭窄。 相似文献
9.
P. Walter G. P. Glasby W. L. Plüger H. Kunzendorf M. A. Meylan 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):321-337
Forty‐four sediment samples and 23 Mn crusts and Mn nodules have been analyzed for several elements in order to characterize their geochemical nature. Most of the Mn crusts and Mn nodules are of hydrogenous origin, although one crust (U375) from the flanks of the Rarotonga volcano is thought to be of hydrothermal origin. δ‐MnO2 is the principal Mn mineral in the crusts, whereas todorokite and birnessite occur in addition to δ‐MnO2 in the nodules. The sediments can be divided into carbonates, with calcite as the dominant phase, and deep‐sea clay, consisting mainly of illite and smectite. 相似文献
10.
大洋富钴结壳的基本框架——超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大洋富钴结壳和锰结核一样是潜在的海底矿产资源,对其成因的研究将有助于指导找矿和资源评价。通过大型反光显微镜、透射电子显微镜和其他测试手段,系统研究了结壳的结构构造、物质组成以及叠层石纹层与超微生物的关系。发现结壳与光滑型锰结核的叠层石类型及超微生物种极其相似,它们都以微小叠层石和中华微放线菌为主要特征,具有相同的生物成因机制。认为超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体是大洋富钴结壳的基本框架,从而对结壳矿体的形成提出了新的见解。 相似文献
11.
New data on the microstructures and the mineral and chemical compositions of ferromanganese crusts obtained from the western
slope of the Kuril Island Arc in the Sea of Okhotsk during cruises of the R/V Vulkanolog are discussed. The study of the crusts using analytical electron microscopy methods revealed that their manganese phase is
represented by vernadite, Fe-vernadite, todorokite, asbolane, and asbolane-buserite, while the iron phase consists of hematite,
hydrohematite, ferroxyhite, and magnetite. The assemblage of lithic minerals includes apatite, quartz, epidote, and montmorillonite.
According to the chemical analysis, most of the crusts contain a significant share of volcanogenic and hydrothermal material,
which is evident from the elevated values of the Mn and Ti modules, the low concentrations of some trace elements, and the
positive Eu anomaly in the rare earth elements composition. 相似文献
12.
A widespread distribution of hydrothermal and hydrogenetic manganese deposits is described in the results of the Hakurei‐Maru cruises conducted in the Bonin Arc areas of the West Pacific from 1984 to 1989. Manganese deposits occur in the active volcano chains, back‐arc basins, remnant back‐arc ridges, and oceanic seamounts. The hydrogenetic iron‐manganese deposits commonly form earthly black crusts and nodules on the topographic highs of inactive ridges and old seamounts, sometimes as thick as 10 cm. They are always composed of the iron‐manganese mineral vernadite. Co and Ni contents are relatively high in the crusts from the seamounts in the open Pacific Ocean (up to 1.1% Co and 1.0% Ni). Two generations of distinct chemistry and texture are typical of these crusts, which can be compared to reported thick crusts from the Central Pacific seamounts. The hydrothermal deposits, characterized by dense, submetallic, and gray appearance, are dominant in the recent and also in past submarine volcanoes of the island‐arc systems. Evidence of past hydrothermal activity was ascertained as fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits inside the hydrogenetic nodules or beneath the hydrogenetic crusts over the Tertiary island arc. Their component minerals are considered to be todorokite and bimessite (stable and contractible upon dehydration), having almost negligible amounts of Fe, Si, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, etc. In the small model site, the Kaikata Seamount hydrothermal area, the presumably recent hydrothermal activity has yielded thin slabs of pure manganate deposits growing downward within volcanic and sand layers. Early diagenetic influence is negligible on nodules of this area. 相似文献
13.
利用微区XRF技术的大洋固体矿产成分快速无损检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深海固体矿产主要由铁锰结核、富钴结壳和多金属热液硫化物组成,元素在矿产中原位的分布和含量,对了解矿物成因、品位以及评估其经济价值有重要指示作用.本研究利用微区XRF分析技术对铁锰结核、富钴结壳、热液硫化物3种大洋类型矿产样品,进行高分辨、原位和无损的多元素空间分布检测,结果显示了不同元素在3种类型矿物中的空间分布特征.... 相似文献
14.
Fifty analyses of rare earth elements as well as mineralogical studies have been carried out on a suite of manganese nodules and crusts from the Central Indian Basin and the Western Indian Ocean. The aim was to identify the processes controlling the REE patterns of the phases hosting the REE in the manganese nodules, with an emphasis on an understanding of the Ce anomaly. This has involved separating the encrusting layers and nuclei physically as well as Fe-Mn oxides from the aluminosilicate phase chemically (using a 2 M HCl leach) prior to analysis.
The presence of nodule nuclei seems to have little influence (mostly <5% to a maximum of 30%) on the overall magnitude of the Ce anomalies in these nodules. The ratios of concentrations of elements in the acid leachates and the corresponding bulk values yield flat REE patterns indicating that the aluminosilicate phase contributes very little to the Ce anomalies. Interelement relations indicate that the Ce anomalies are largely controlled by the amorphous mineral phase FeOOH.xH2O. The relationship of Fe, Ce anomaly and δ-MnO2 further suggests that Ce is chemisorbed onto iron oxyhydroxides which are epitaxially intergrown with δ-MnO2.
The regional distribution of the Ce anomaly values appears to depend on many of the factors responsible for the uptake of other minor metals in nodules and crusts. 相似文献
15.
根据连续沥取实验结果及相关文献,富钴结壳的生长可用一个双阶段胶体-化学吸附模型来说明.第一阶段是混合胶体的形成及元素的清除与富集,富氧的底层水与缺氧、富Mn2＋的中层水体混合,Mn2＋被氧化而形成MnO2胶体,并与水柱中的Fe（OH）3、Al（OH）3、SiO2、Ti（OH）4等胶体形成多种混合胶体[MnO2-Fe（OH）3、Fe（OH）3-Ti（OH）4和Fe（OH）3-Al（OH）3-SiO2],后者根据各自的表面物理化学特征吸附和富集不同的元素;第二阶段是混合胶体的沉积及富钴结壳的生长,第一阶段形成的混合胶体在海山基岩上以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉积,吸附的元素结合进矿物点阵,然后通过自催化或自反馈的方式生长.在富钴结壳生长中,生物起着重要的作用,包括为富钴结壳的生长提供大量的成矿物质、对Mn2＋的催化氧化作用及在铁锰胶体的沉淀及富钴结壳壳层的生长过程中的媒介作用. 相似文献
16.
The species of molybdenum, thallium, and tellurium in standard technological samples of ferromanganese crusts from the Magellan Seamounts in the Pacific Ocean were studied by means of analytical electron microscopy and chemical analysis. In the initial samples and in the products of their acid treatment, some ultramicroscopic inclusions of molybdenite, thallium oxide and chlorite, and tellurium oxide were found. The origin of the molybdenite is supposedly related to the sedimentation of organic matter particles from oceanic water, thus, forming a local reducing environment. The presence of thallium chloride in the crusts correlates with the existence of this compound in oceanic waters; the same is true for thallium and tellurium oxides. The data presented show that, in ferromanganese crusts, along with the sorbed forms of the microelements considered, their own mineral phases are present. 相似文献
17.
G. V. Novikov M. E. Melnikov O. Yu. Bogdanova A. N. Drozdova N. V. Lobus 《Oceanology》2017,57(5):716-722
Co-bearing manganese crusts (CMCs) from the Govorov and Volcanologist guyots (Magellan Seamounts, Pacific Ocean) are of the same type and consist of three layers (I-1, II, III) and a “dried crust” variety of layer III. It is shown that the structural and textural pattern are quite similar within individual layers. The major ore minerals of the crusts are poorly crystallized, have a low degree of structural ordering, and include Fe-vernadite, Mn-feroxyhyte, and less abundant, well-crystallized, and structurally ordered vernadite. It is shown that the cations of ore (Со, Ni, Cu), rare, and rare-earth metals are irregularly concentrated in ore minerals of CMCs, which provides evidence for the pulsating nature of their supply at different geological stages. 相似文献
18.
S. D. Iyer 《Geo-Marine Letters》1991,11(1):44-50
SEM/probe analyses of two ferromanganese crusts from the Central Indian Basin, formed on basalt substrate, reveal botryoids
and cusps. The botryoids composed of δ-MnO2, are enriched in Co, and the cusps and laminations with todorokite are enriched in Ni and Cu. Microstructural and elemental
variations, from the ferromanganese crust outer surface to the basalt substrate, probably reflect changes in the accretion
or in the source of metals. The major source of the crust metals is the seawater, as indicated by the Mn/Fe ratio of unity
and by the microstructures. 相似文献
19.
P. P. Sujith D. Ramanan P. A. LokaBharathi 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(8):1158-1167
The different mineral phases of the ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crusts stem from the interaction of biotic and abiotic components. It is therefore vital to study the activity of these components to decipher their contribution to the enrichment/depletion of metals in the crust. Thus, the present study examined sorption and release of Co and Ni by Fe-Mn crusts with associated microbial communities in the presence and absence of the metabolic poison sodium azide (15?mM). The study was conducted in the presence (G+) and absence (G?) of added glucose (0.1%) at temperatures of 4?±?1°C and 28?±?2°C. Results showed that the microbial community had maximal sorption of Co of 66.12?µg?g?1 at 4?±?1°C in the absence of added glucose and 479.75?µg?g?1 at 28?±?2°C in the presence of added glucose. Maximum sorption of Ni in the absence of added glucose was 1.89?µg?g?1 at 4?±?1°C and release of Ni was 51.28?µg?g?1 in the presence of added glucose. Under abiotic conditions with 15?mM sodium azide as a metabolic inhibitor, significant amounts of Co and Ni were released in the G+ medium. Total cell counts on the Fe-Mn crust in the presence of added glucose increased by an order of magnitude from 106 to 107 cells g?1 and in the absence of added glucose remained within the order of 106 cells?g?1 irrespective of temperature of incubation. Microscopic observation of the samples from biotic incubations showed numerous bacterial cells, exopolysaccharides, and structures resembling secondary minerals formed by bacteria. The results indicate that bacteria promote the enrichment of Co and Ni on the hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts by sorption processes and release of Ni by reductive dissolution of the oxides. The higher enrichment of Co than Ni is attributed to the way in which microbes interact with the metals. 相似文献
20.
浅论富钴结壳柱状构造的成因机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
柱状构造为富钴结壳中多种微观构造类型之一。为探讨富钴结壳柱状构造的形成机制,利用高分辨率电子探针技术分析了位于中太平洋某海山的富钴结壳中柱状构造的微观形态和微区元素化学特征,结果表明,柱状构造是由围绕核心的微层呈弓形外延辐射生长逐渐分枝而成。壳层由亮色、暗色微层交替叠置而成,其中亮色微层富锰、钴、镍和氧,而暗色微层富铁和硅;同一微层各部分的生长速率不同,介于0.27~0.92 mm/Ma。柱状构造壳层亮色、暗色微层交替变化以及相应成分的不同是微观氧化还原环境变化的结果,而柱状构造的分枝和同一微层生长速率的差异则与富钴结壳生长界面有界面双电层有关。 相似文献